A celebração do caos (Portuguese Edition)

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Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Withoutabox Submit to Film Festivals. The architecture of Badajoz is indicative of its tempestuous history; even the Badajoz Cathedral , built in , resembles a fortress, with its massive walls. Archaeological finds unearthed in the Badajoz area have been dated to the Bronze Age. Megalithic tombs are dated as far back as BC, [1] while many of the steles found are from the Late Bronze Age. Archaeological excavations have revealed remnants from the Lower Paleolithic period. From the 8th century, the Umayyad dynasty controlled the region until the early 11th century.

In or possibly [10] , it became the capital of a small Muslim kingdom, the Taifa of Badajoz ; [4] with some 25, inhabitants. In addition to an invasion by the Almoravids of Morocco in , Badajoz was later invaded by the Almohads in Their victory forced the king of Portugal to desert the city and it fell into neglect. The first hospital was founded in the town by Bishop Fray Pedro de Silva in Queen Anne of Austria died in the city two months later, and on 5 December , Philip moved out of the city.

In the city was attacked during the Portuguese Restoration War. The battle for control of the town and its fortress continued with attacks by the Portuguese in During the Peninsular War , Badajoz was unsuccessfully attacked by the French in and In , Arthur Wellesley , Earl of Wellington and future duke , again attempted to take Badajoz, which had a French garrison of about 5, men.

These were assaulted by two British divisions on 6 April, reputed to be "Wellington's bloodiest siege", with a loss of some 5, British soldiers out of 15,, [24] after a five-hour onslaught the storming of the breaches failed.

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The victorious troops massacred about 4, Spanish civilians. Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana , died at Badajoz on 23 January in a fit of apoplexy, seized at the moment when he was leaving his house to concert a plan of military operations with Lord Wellington. In the Siege of Badajoz, a detachment of the 45th Regiment of Foot later amalgamated with the 95th to form the Sherwood Foresters Regiment succeeded in getting into the castle first and the red coatee of Lt. James MacPherson of the 45th regiment was hoisted in place of the French flag to indicate the fall of the castle.

This feat is commemorated on 6 April each year, when red jackets are flown on regimental flag staffs and at Nottingham Castle. Volume 23 of the Museum of Foreign Literature, Science and Art , published in , described Badajoz as "one of the richest and most beautiful towns in the south of Spain, whose inhabitants had witnessed its siege in silent terror for one and twenty days, and who had been shocked by the frightful massacre.

The Spanish Civil War in Badajoz in the s was a gruesome affair. Infamously, several thousand of the town's inhabitants, both men and women, were taken to the town's bullring after the battle and after machine guns were set up on the barriers around the ring, an indiscriminate slaughter began. On 14 August , hundreds of Republicans were shot at the Plaza de Toros.

Overall it is estimated that over 4, people were murdered by the Nationalists after the battle. After the war, the town continued to grow, although since it has suffered significant migrations to other Spanish regions and other European countries. During the following decades, the predominant economic activity of the city increasingly fell within the tertiary sector, and today Badajoz is a major commercial centre in southwestern Spain and an important bridge between Spain and Portugal for trade and cultural relations.

On 6 November , a heavy flood devastated several neighbourhoods of the city, causing the deaths of 21 people and devastating the property of hundreds. Badajoz is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula on the bank of the Guadiana River on the border with Portugal. The newer part of the city is on the left bank of the river, with several industrial estates and the university hospital.

In geological terms, Badajoz is located in the South Submeseta. On this hill is the Alcazaba, one of the main sights of the city. The municipality of Badajoz contains soils derived from tertiary deposits, dating to the Paleozoic era. The climate of Badajoz has drastic changes between the summer and winter as seen in the chart below. The average annual temperature is The average high temperature in July is Average annual rainfall is millimetres The city receives an average 2, hours of sunshine a year.

In , the town of Badajoz had a population of 5, people. According to the census, Badajoz has 73, men and 77, women, representing a percentage of Although the city is the most populated of Extremadura, it has a relatively low population density It should be noted that in addition to the metropolitan centre the population includes districts, neighborhoods and towns with small populations, the most populous of which is Guadiana del Caudillo , which had 2, people as of , but gained independence on 17 February The increase shown in was reduced because of the independence of the municipalities of Valdelacalzada and Pueblonuevo del Guadiana in Badajoz was the birthplace of the statesman Manuel de Godoy , the duke of Alcudia — Many of the provincial administration buildings are located in Badajoz, as well as the government buildings of the municipal administration.

Politically, Badajoz belongs to the Spanish Congress Electoral District of Badajoz , which is the largest electoral district about of 52 districts in the Spanish Congress of Deputies in terms of geographical area and includes a significant part of the Extremadura region. The electoral district was first contested in modern times in the General Election. Historically, frequent wars ravaged Badajoz's economy and people were poor. Agricultural land was not fertile with no industry of any major importance in its territory.

Badajoz primarily is now a commercial city, ranked 25th place in economic importance in Spain according to Spain's Economic Yearbook for , published by Servicio de Estudios de La Caixa. Because of its location, the city shares a considerable transit trade with Portugal.

The service sector is dominant in the city. The main shopping street is Menacho, where most national and international chains are located. The Centro Comercial Abierto Menacho is the largest outdoor shopping centre in Extremadura which has had several hundred thousand euros invested into it, and it is visited by thousands of Portuguese a year. An economic and cultural centre, it has a wide range of markets from fish and various food stalls to health shops," [49] The Old Town area has been affected by this trade fair but is slowly recovering, with the opening of new stores.

The city's industrial land on the western side of the river is concentrated almost entirely in a large industrial estate, El Nevero, located next to the A-5 one of the six radial roads in Spain with numbers AA-6 , which is continually expanding, with a diversity of companies operating there.

There are also other industrial estates in the suburbs and small businesses in neighborhoods like San Roque. In summer , the project to build the new 38 million euro headquarters of the Caja de Badajoz was made public, [51] which began to be built in October and is currently in use. It was the only important fort on the southern Portuguese frontier during the 17th and 18th centuries and controlled the routes of southern Portugal and Andalusia and was a staging point for invasions against Portugal.

It presently serves as the Archeological Museum of Badajoz. Its restaurants, pubs and nightlife are a major attraction for the Portuguese across the border. Palacio Municipal houses the City Hall. The remains of the original City Hall building are in ruins. The current building dates to , and the clock was added in It features a balustrade, a central balcony and columns. The Alcazaba , a Moorish citadel built in the 9th century by Ibn Marwan , was fortified by the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf in , although there are traces of earlier work dating back to and The Alcazaba served as the primary residences for the rulers of the Taifa of Badajoz in the 11th and 12th centuries.

It has an octagonal plan with a quadrangular structure that once provided scenic views of the countryside. The name is attributed to the sharp ringing of a bell that was one installed in the tower. The building attached to it, built in the 16th century called La Galera, once served as city hall, then a prison and finally it is now the Archaeological Museum.

A well-tended garden surrounded this monument where archeological finds from the Visigothic, Roman, and other periods were found. The Vauban military fort was built in the 17th century during the war between Spain and Portugal that lasted from to as a defense measure to counter-attack forces entering the city from the northwest and southeast. It is made of stone, brick and lime concrete. It has eight bastions built on the northern part of the fort as the Guadiana and Rivilla rivers on the south provided the defense.

The structure was completed in by a local businessman for commercial intent. Various proposals for the local government to acquire the building have been made, including plans for appropriating an expansion of the Museum of Fine Arts, a regional cultural centre, and an Easter -centric museum, Easter being a major touristic draw for the city.

The Puerta de Palmas was built in The towers are fortified with battlements and they have two decorative cords at the top and bottom levels. Its entrance is east-facing, and is double-arched and is decorated with medallions of the shield of the Emperor Charles V. It was once used as a prison, but has since undergone many renovations and has been an entrance point to the city. Clare in the city and lies in the heart of the old city. It was founded in by Ms. The monastery underwent a major transformation in the 18th century although the original structure partly remains.

On the vault of the chancel stands a lookout tower with a lattice brick convent, topped with pinnacles. The church of the monastery has a single nave which was rebuilt in the late 17th century, and the presbytery is covered by a late Gothic rib vault dated to the first half of the 16th century. The Jardines de la Galera date back to the 10th century. They are nestled between the Torre de Espantaperros and the Chemin de ronde , within the Alcazaba.

Many Alhambran ruins still exist within the gardens, and have been open to the public since after the site was restored after being closed for more than thirty years. The etymology of the gardens stems from the fact that the gardens provided a respite for prisoners sentenced to the gallows in Seville.

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Plant species extant in the gardens include cinnamomum camphora , dichondra repens , ceiba speciosa , and trees of the myrtle , laurel , orange , lemon , and pomegranate. The city also has a water and leisure park, called the Lusiberia. The building is located on the site of the old Pretrial Detention and Correctional centre, which had been built in the mids on the grounds of a former 17th-century military stronghold, known as the Fort of Pardaleras. The building houses the 16th-century palace of the dukes of Feria.

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The collection is organized into six major areas: The elegant building is built of stone and brick masonry, and has four towers at the corners with a terraced facade. The interior is made up of Mudejar brick arches resting on octagonal columns. The Museo Catedralicio Cathedral Museum is situated on the cathedral grounds.

It provides a historical journey through the different stages of the building's construction. It also features artifacts from the founding of the archdiocese to the present day. It includes posters, photographs and objects from the world of bullfighting. Costumes of groups who participated over the years in the city's carnival are exhibited in the museum. In , it joined the Extremadura network of museums.