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Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of penance and reconciliation

There may be consciousness of sin and sorrow which lead to no blessing. It may be hindered by cleaving, subtle love of sin, or by self-trust. But where all these have been overcome there is true repentance. The loving divine answer. Another ear than the prophet's has heard the plaint from the bare heights. Many a frenzied shriek had gone up from these shrines of idolatrous worship, and as with Baal's prophets, it had brought no answer, nor had there been any that regarded.

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But this weeping reaches the ear that is never closed. Contrast with verse It is like the action of the father in the parable of the prodigal son, who saw his repentant boy afar off and ran and kissed him. There seems to be, in both the invitation to return and in the promise to hear the backslidings, a quotation from Hosea xiv. We see here how God meets the penitent with a love that recognises all his sin and yet is love.

It is not rebuke or reproach that lies in that designation, 'backsliding children. He loves us sinners with a love that beckons us back to Himself, with a love that promises healing. The truth which should be taken into the mind and heart of the man conscious of sin is God's knowledge of it all already and yet His undiminished love, God's welcome of him back, God's ready pardon. All this is true for the world in Christ, and is true for every individual soul. The answer and the invitation here are immediate.

There is often a long period of painful struggle. In , the Fourth Council of the Lateran canon 21 required that every Christian who has reached the age of discretion must confess all their sins at least once a year to their own priest. In the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in "condemned and proscribed" as heretical the proposition that:. The words of the Lord, "Receive the holy Spirit; whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained" John In the early Church, publicly known sins were often confessed openly or publicly in church.


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However, private confession was still used for private sins. For example, it would not have been unusual for someone to receive a year penance [25] for committing the sin of abortion, which the Catholic Church considers to be a grave or mortal sin. During the Counter-Reformation of the 16th century, confession became less of a public declaration of loyalty to the Church and more of a private affair. Since the Council of Trent , compulsory annual confession was required only of those conscious of mortal sin.

It was a change in emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God; and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins, called the "secret sins of the heart". The provision of a fixed grille is required by the Code of Canon Law. Although spiritual direction is not necessarily connected with the sacrament, the sacrament of penance has throughout the centuries been one of its main settings, enabling the Christian to become sensitive to God's presence, deepen the personal relationship with Christ, and attend to the action of the Spirit in one's life.

This further distinguished the role of penance from forms of psychotherapy. Also in the 20th century, Pope John Paul II began a program of fostering and renewing the focus on this sacrament. Quoting the Epistle to the Romans 8: Catholics believe that no priest, however pious or learned, has of himself the power to forgive sins apart from God. However, through the absolution that the priest imparts God grants forgiveness of sins and reconciliation with the Church. A local ordinary may grant any priest, either permanently or for a limited time, the faculty to hear confessions, but is obliged to make sure by an examination or some other adequate means that the priest has the knowledge and character to do so.

If the priest belongs to a religious institute , he is not to exercise this faculty without the at least presumed permission of his religious superior. The superior of a religious institute can give to any priest the faculty to hear confessions of the religious superior's subjects and of others who live day and night in the religious house or institution. Any bishop ordinarily has the authority to hear confessions worldwide, unless the local bishop where the confession takes place or the penitent's own bishop has made an objection.

The Pope, as the supreme earthly Catholic judge, and all cardinals have the right to hear confessions of any Catholic anywhere in the world by virtue of canon law. A Catholic of one rite may have a confessor of another rite in communion with Rome. Major superiors, rectors of seminaries and heads of houses of formation, and heads of novitiates should not ordinarily be the ones to hear the confessions of those they supervise unless the person freely requests it of them they may not make use of any information learned in confession when they are disciplining their charges because of the seal of confession.

The rite of the sacrament has been fairly uniform since the Council of Trent. The role of the priest is as a minister of Christ's mercy. He acts in persona Christi.

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In the Roman Rite , celebration of the sacrament may begin with a greeting or blessing by the priest, who invites the penitent to have trust in God. It has been state a time since my last confession," or using more informal language. The mention of time is to establish whether there is a habit of serious sin that may not be repented. It may be omitted if there are no mortal sins. Mortal sins must be confessed within at most a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of venial sins also is recommended.

This yearly confession is necessitated for performing one's "Easter duty," the reception of Communion at least once between Ash Wednesday and Trinity Sunday. The priest may offer counsel, and proposes an act of penance which the penitent accepts and then recites an act of contrition. The priest imparts absolution.

Since the Council of Trent, the essential words of absolution have been: Through the ministry of the Church may God give you pardon and peace. Finally, the priest invites the penitent to "give thanks to the Lord, for he is good", to which the penitent responds, "His mercy endures forever. May the Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of all the saints, whatever good you do and suffering you endure, heal your sins, help you to grow in holiness, and reward you with eternal life. Before the absolution, the penitent makes an act of contrition , a prayer declaring sorrow for sin.

The older form stressed: The Catholic Church teaches that the individual and integral confession and absolution as opposed to collective absolution is the only ordinary way in which a person conscious of mortal sins committed after baptism can be reconciled with God and the Church. Receiving the sacrament of penance from a priest is distinct from receiving pastoral counseling or psychotherapy without confession of absolution from a priest — even if that priest is one's spiritual director or a member of the pastoral team of one's parish.

The hierarchy of the Catholic Church have insisted on this point in order to avoid confusion, as both confidential processes have distinct roles in church life. The rite presents the sacrament in three different ritual forms:. Canon of the Code of Canon Law states: What is of strict obligation is confession of mortal sins.


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There is never a strict obligation to confess venial sins, or to go to Confession if one has no mortal sins to confess. The sacrament of Penance is also known as the sacrament of peace. Paul VI said that frequent confession is "of great value," and John Paul II, who went to confession weekly and who stressed the universal call to holiness as a characteristic mark of Vatican II , enumerated three advantages of frequent confession: Because of what he considered misinformation about this sacrament, John Paul II recommended this practice and warned that those who discourage frequent reception of the sacrament "are lying.

Ignatius of Loyola , patron of spiritual exercises in the Church. Ignatius called this examen the most essential spiritual practice for Jesuits. The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the " seal of confession ", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.

This is unique to the Seal of the Confessional. Many other forms of confidentiality, including in most states attorney-client privilege, allow ethical breaches of the confidence to save the life of another. But a priest, or anyone else who witnesses or overhears any part of the confession, who breaks that confidentiality incurs latae sententiae automatic excommunication reserved to the Holy See. There are limited cases where portions of a confession may be revealed to others, but always with the penitent's permission and always without actually revealing the penitent's identity.


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