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Fake news and the spread of misinformation
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Jacques Khalip ; Robert Mitchell Publisher: Stanford University Press, English View all editions and formats Summary: It has become a commonplace that "images" were central to the twentieth century and that their role will be even more powerful in the twenty-first. But what is an image and what can an image be? Releasing the Image understands images as something beyond mere representations of things. Releasing images from that function, it shows them to be self-referential and self-generative, and in this way capable of producing forms of engagement beyond spectatorship and subjectivity.
This understanding of images owes much to phenomenologythe work of Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Pontyand to Gilles Deleuze's post-phenomenological work. They reveal the aesthetic, ethical, and political stakes of the project of releasing images and provoke new ways of engaging with embodiment, agency, history, and technology. Allow this favorite library to be seen by others Keep this favorite library private.
Find a copy in the library Finding libraries that hold this item Electronic books Additional Physical Format: Document, Internet resource Document Type: Jacques Khalip ; Robert Mitchell Find more information about: Jacques Khalip Robert Mitchell. From painting to poetry to new media technologies, this book theorizes "the image" beyond the logic of representationalism and provokes new ways of engaging topics of embodiment, agency, history, and technology. In this paper we present a methodology that has enabled us to collect, identify and annotate a dataset of rumor threads 4, tweets associated with 9 newsworthy events.
We analyze this dataset to understand how users spread, support, or deny rumors that are later proven true or false, by distinguishing two levels of status in a rumor life cycle i. The identification of rumors associated with each event, as well as the tweet that resolved each rumor as true or false, was performed by journalist members of the research team who tracked the events in real time. Our study shows that rumors that are ultimately proven true tend to be resolved faster than those that turn out to be false.
Whilst one can readily see users denying rumors once they have been debunked, users appear to be less capable of distinguishing true from false rumors when their veracity remains in question. In fact, we show that the prevalent tendency for users is to support every unverified rumor. We also analyze the role of different types of users, finding that highly reputable users such as news organizations endeavor to post well-grounded statements, which appear to be certain and accompanied by evidence.
Background to the Issues
Nevertheless, these often prove to be unverified pieces of information that give rise to false rumors. Our study reinforces the need for developing robust machine learning techniques that can provide assistance in real time for assessing the veracity of rumors.
The findings of our study provide useful insights for achieving this aim. Journalism Practice , Through textual analysis, this paper demonstrates how a Fifth Estate comprised of bloggers, columnists and fake news organizations worked to relocate mainstream journalism back to within its professional boundaries. This experimental study demonstrates that the independent experience of two emotions, anger and anxiety, in part determines whether citizens consider misinformation in a partisan or open-minded fashion. Anger encourages partisan, motivated evaluation of uncorrected misinformation that results in beliefs consistent with the supported political party, while anxiety at times promotes initial beliefs based less on partisanship and more on the information environment.
However, exposure to corrections improves belief accuracy, regardless of emotion or partisanship. The results indicate that the unique experience of anger and anxiety can affect the accuracy of political beliefs by strengthening or attenuating the influence of partisanship. The prediction of the chances that a particular news item is intentionally deceptive is based on the analysis of previously seen truthful and deceptive news.
A scarcity of deceptive news, available as corpora for predictive modeling, is a major stumbling block in this field of natural language processing NLP and deception detection. This paper discusses three types of fake news, each in contrast to genuine serious reporting, and weighs their pros and cons as a corpus for text analytics and predictive modeling.
Filtering, vetting, and verifying online information continues to be essential in library and information science LIS , as the lines between traditional news and online information are blurring. Communication Research , , Vol. Using survey data collected during the Israeli election campaign, the study provides evidence for an indirect positive effect of fake news viewing in fostering the feelings of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism, through the mediator variable of perceived realism of fake news.
Within this process, hard news viewing serves as a moderator of the association between viewing fake news and their perceived realism. It was also demonstrated that perceived realism of fake news is stronger among individuals with high exposure to fake news and low exposure to hard news than among those with high exposure to both fake and hard news.
Releasing the image; from literature to new media.
Overall, this study contributes to the scientific knowledge regarding the influence of the interaction between various types of media use on political effects. There are both positive and negative effects of social media coverage of events. Media and press releases include news, feature stories, bulletins, media advisories and announcements, all of which flood media offices. Their purpose is to develop and maintain public goodwill for the organisation sending them as well as favourable government policies.
Yet it is very difficult for the public to be able to distinguish real news from news generated by public relations. Often news stories are copied straight from news releases; at other times they are rephrased and sometimes they are augmented with additional material.
This practice does not vary much between large and small papers as larger papers need more stories and smaller papers have fewer staff to write their stories. According to various studies, press releases are the basis for 40—50 per cent of the news content of US newspapers Blyskal and Blyskal By providing the news feedstock, they cause reporters to react rather than initiate. Journalists who are fed news stories are less likely to go looking for their own stories, which could bring negative publicity. In this way source journalism displaces investigative reporting.
Jeff and Marie Blyskal in their book PR: Good PR is rather like the placement of a fish-eye lens in front of the reporter. The facts the PR man wants the reporter to see front and center through the lens appear bigger than normal. Other facts, perhaps opposing ones, are pushed to the side by the PR fish-eye lens and appear crowded together, confused, obscured. Blyskal and Blyskal Public relations is a multi-billion dollar industry.
Today most of the top PR firms include environmental PR as one of their specialities. One of the ways PR experts enhance the image of their clients and show that they care is by emphasising and publicising their positive actions, no matter how trivial, and downplaying any negative aspects, no matter how significant.
- Blanca de Borbón (Spanish Edition).
- Releasing the image : from literature to new media.
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- Das kleine Glück (German Edition);
Sometimes this involves putting a positive spin or interpretation on the available information:. But bp remains committed to ever increasing production and usage of oil and gas and it spent more on its rebranding than it did on solar energy quoted in Beder a. Environmental problems are poorly reported in the media because of the need to provide entertainment rather than political awareness, to attract audiences for advertisers, even in news and current affairs programs.
This occasionally affects a specific item of news but more generally affects the sorts of stories that are covered and the way they are covered. News editors are reluctant to deal with controversial political and social issues that might alienate potential consumers. As a result news has become bland and neutral and ignores issues that concern large portions of the population who are not considered to have or exercise much buying power Bagdikian Yet bland news can be boring so the lack of controversy and social significance is made up for by making the news entertaining and interesting.
Television news producers prefer very short stories with good visuals and action stories that add excitement to the news. They are very good at providing drama and emotion but poor at giving in-depth information on complex issues. News stories are presented very quickly, in rapid succession and with little explanation. The need to entertain turns social processes and events into stories.
Stories that take longer than a day to unfold are told as a series of climaxes Windschuttle As a result environmental reporting tends to concentrate on events such as the Earth Summit or various Earth Days, accidents, disasters such as oil tanker spills, and official announcements Spencer Reporting of environmental problems tends to be superficial, narrowing the focus to specific events in isolation rather than looking at systemic problems that caused them such as the international monetary system or the unregulated power of corporations, and concentrating on the costs of environmental measures Lee and Solomon Environmental problems become a series of events that emphasise individual action rather than social forces and issues.
The environmental movement relies extensively on the mass media to get its message across to the general public, but doing so has its costs. The media tend to present images and style, not meaning and content. In his analysis of how the media treated the New Left student movement of the s and s, Todd Gitlin observed:. In many news stories about local controversies the intelligence and research of local residents is downplayed and they are presented as passionate, self-interested and inexpert.
This tends to discourage wider support for their cause from the viewing public and to disempower other citizens by depriving them of attractive models of political activism. The more radical environmental groups are sometimes treated as fringe loonies. The shaping of the news is a well understood area despite the existence of differing views on the significance and impact of news filters such as journalists, media owners, advertisers and news sources.
The implications of these filters for the reporting of environmental news stories can readily be deduced. But the wider implications for environmentalists seeking to change perceptions of environmental problems and encourage action to be taken to solve them is an area that requires further research and discussion. The truth about bias and the news. Countering greenwash, infiltration and other forms of corporate bullying , Devon, UK: The [c] Corporate assault on environmentalism , rev.
How the [p] Public relations industry writes the news. Thought control in democratic societies. The rich get richer.
Fake news and the spread of misinformation - Journalist's Resource
Media and the decay of American politics. Mass media in the making and unmaking of the New Left. University of California Press. Rescuing America from the media elite. A CBS insider exposes how the media distort the news. Chomsky , Manufacturing Consent: The political economy of the mass media. How advertising changes the way we think and feel. How the media frame controversial issues. A guide to detecting bias in news media. Lichty eds The Future of News: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp. London and New York: How the press covers science and technology.