Viaje al centro de la infamia (Spanish Edition)

Mexican medicinal and food plants offer a rich field for interdisciplinary research, which in the longer term also needs to benefit local populations. Interdisciplinary in the interpretation of trans-Atlantic networks Dr Caroline Dodds Pennock , University of Sheffield pennock sheffield. There is rich potential for interdisciplinary collaboration to shed light on the history of indigenous Mexican cultures. Focusing on Mexican travellers to Europe in the sixteenth century, this paper will consider some of the possible links between ethnohistory and other disciplines and consider how an interdisciplinary approach can contribute to a fuller and more nuanced understanding of the encounters, confrontations and hybrid cultures which shaped the Atlantic world.

A fascinating and significant migrant group in their own right, these previously-unacknowledged Amerindian travellers are also vital both to our understanding of specific issues, such as the diffusion routes for food, music and artistic styles, and to a wider appreciation of the hybrid cultures which shaped our modern world. This paper reflects on how, through interdisciplinary work, it may be possible to illuminate not only the experience of these indigenous travellers, but also the transcontinental and cross-cultural networks within which they operated.

Deprivation has many faces and many dimensions. However, behind the broad numbers and statistical comparisons lie the personal experiences, the ways in which people deal with every day challenges and resolve their shortfalls. Drawing on data from the Mexican context, this paper aims to consider the following questions: Is it any different from non-indigenous poverty? How informative is a multidimensional method of poverty measurement for this? This paper is a shortened version of an empirical chapter in a doctoral dissertation, and therefore should be considered a work in progress.

Working with the Maya in the Yucatan: Our research group has been working with the Maya in the Yucatan since The overall aim of our project is to identify factors that impact on the health of the families. The ultimate goal is to use our findings to implement intervention programmes among the Maya communities in order to improve their health and well-being. Our research, so far, has shown that the Maya in the Yucatan are poorer, less healthy, with very short stature stunting , and with fewer opportunities to improve their lives than non-Maya groups.

The Maya are undergoing nutritional and epidemiological transitions. The nutritional transition is leading them to shift from a traditional diet with more fibre, less fat and less calories to a globalised diet, rich in calories and fat content and poor in fibre. Consequently they are becoming very overweight. The epidemiological transition means that the Maya are suffering less from infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms but more from non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. In turn, the epidemiological transition is aggravated by their overweight status.

Short stature associated with overweight is the worst possible health outcome. When the two outcomes very short stature and overweight coexist in the same group, same family or same individual we say that a situation of nutritional dual-burden has occurred. Our research shows the existence of many dual-burden families in which the mother is overweight and at least one child is undernourished. Most of the mothers are dual-burden individuals. In this presentation we discuss the current health status of these Maya and offer some ideas for intervention to improve their health.

Los Maya del Norte: Smith2, and James Loucky3]. The migration of Maya refugees to the United States since the late s affords the opportunity to study the consequences for the health status of Maya children. The Maya of this study live in Florida and California. Maya children were interviewed about lifestyle and measured for growth status. Maya-American children are significantly taller and have longer legs than their counterparts in Guatemala. However, the Maya-American children also have high rates of overweight and obesity. Television, computer games, and English language use increase the risk for overweight.

Families with greater economic resources and families that invest economic and social resources in their children tend to have taller children. Drugs and Hallucinogens in Mexico: Past and Present Dr. Elizabeth Baquedano , UCL e. In this paper I intend to study drugs and hallucinogens in Ancient Mexico and their use in some indigenous communities at present. The importance of drugs and hallucinogens goes back to the Formative Period BC and it continues to be important in several ethnic groups in several Mexican regions.

The drugs most often employed were: XI, VII left descriptions in his Florentine Codex of this black mushroom as well as the effects that it produced for those who ate them. In addition, there is at least one Aztec sculpture that according to Wasson depicts the hallucinogenic mushroom as well as flowers of Rivea corymbosa. Drugs were used in a variety of contexts from relieving pain to seeking communication with the gods and in aiding human sacrifice.

One of the most powerful hallucinogens is the Peyote plant Lophophora williamsii. It grows in the deserts of northern Mexico and the buds of the cactus are still taken today by the Huicholes and the Coras. I intend to explore the relationship between the consumption of certain drugs and certain activities such as hunting. This paper will incorporate ethnohistory, codices and archaeology and will consider modern ethnographic work.

This kind of subject will greatly benefit from interdisciplinary work, particularly from scientists who will no doubt contribute to a fuller understanding of the use of drugs and hallucinogens in the ancient cultures of Mexico as well as in the present ethnic groups. Donoso, el pene perdido y la envidia de la vagina Philip Swanson , University of Sheffield p. Peruvian Identities in the 21st Century. The co-constitutive relationship between identity and space is explored in this panel as speakers interrogate the concept of place and its impact on individual and collective identities.

Contemporary Peruvian Identity formation is investigated by exploring three main contexts: In this session, we aim to open up discussion on the complex ways in which identities are constructed, maintained, and imagined, and the far-reaching social implications of these. Crucially, we emphasise the fluidity of identity, which we view as evolving and contingent on power relations.

By bringing together speakers from anthropology, human geography and cultural studies, we aim to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on contemporary Peruvian identities. Lexy Seedhouse , Newcastle University a. The dramatic expansion of the extractive industries in Peru in recent years has brought with it an escalation of indigenous social movements. These social movements have seen women assuming key roles and accessing previously male-dominated spaces. This paper investigates the negotiations of ethnicity and gender within two communities resisting natural resource extraction in the Peruvian Andes.

The findings underline the complex interconnections between gender and ethnicity, and highlight the fluidity of the ways in which participants perceive their identities. The making of Peruvian identity by the social networks: There, the protagonists disseminate their national cultural practices and products that are welcomed by the locals.

The video has been strongly disseminated around the social networks and the media. Several reactions in favour and against it have been presented and discussed. My paper will focus, on one hand, in analyzing the video; and on the other, in describing and analyzing the discussions held among participants on social networks -particularly Facebook and Youtube. By doing is, I intend to deepen on the question around the struggles on the construction of Peruvian contemporary identity, where the market, the advertising and the social networks are central actors and spaces.

Surnames, bilateral descent and the mixing that produces persons: The production of bilaterality at the level of the individual person is narrated by ordinary Peruvians in this village through ideas about surnames, in particular the Hispanic practice of surname transmission paternal followed by maternal surname.

Political and Economic Perspectives on the Crisis in Argentina. The crises in Argentina represented a moment of critical juncture. This panel seeks first to map out the contours of the crisis, and then attempt to assess its longer-term impact. This impact is to be understood through a variety of multi- and trans-disciplinary approaches, from a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SLA to viewing the post-crisis period through the lens of the political economy of development.

From the domestic perspective, in what ways did this moment of critical juncture translate into a new politics in terms of the Senate? If so, how can this be characterised? A historical reflection on this process, coupled with analysis of mass media representations of it, suggests that much of the Argentine debt crisis could have been mitigated or even avoided, if it were not for powerful assumptions about currency valuation, deficit spending, and austerity that permeated the economic and political cultures.

What was in fact a solvency crisis from the beginning was repeatedly misinterpreted as a liquidity crisis—in large part because political leaders, International bankers, and prominent economists could not fathom the possibility of a disconnect between their theories and economic realities on-the-ground. This paper contributes to the literature on Argentine political elites by shedding light on the way that the Senate composition has changed since the social, political and economic crisis of The prosopographical analysis of Senator profiles drawn from the period illustrates both an increasing diversification of their basic social characteristics and also their political careers.

In Argentine political history, the Senate has always been more conservative than the lower chamber of the Congress. Whilst its members have belonged to the most powerful political groupings, they have also occupied the highest positions in the national and provincial State structures and political parties. Since this defining characteristic of the Senate has been called into question as a consequence of a series of legal reforms. Thus, this also leads us to rethink the category of political outsider.

The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach SLA has traditionally been used to facilitate understanding about how structurally poor urban households maintain or enhance their resources, capabilities and activities in order to recover from stresses and shocks. However, this paper evaluates whether the framework can also be used to assess how those in the middle class who become impoverished utilize these resources. The research therefore finds that the transferability of the SLA to fluid situations of downward social mobility is problematic. In order to improve the framework, it is suggested first that its contextual sensitivity be improved to account for the impacts of macroeconomic and political crisis on livelihoods, secondly, that greater consideration be given to the psychological consequences of a sudden change in lifestyles and thirdly, it renews the call for the incorporation of political capital into the model.

This article analyses the participation of Argentinean and Brazilian actors in the higher bodies of global initiatives of social and corporate standardisation launched within the last decade, such as the UN Global Compact, the Global Reporting Initiative and ISO Through these case studies the paper argues that the participation profile in such projects of global governance is strongly conditioned by the structures shaping the local relations between the different politico-economic sectors in these two countries, in particular the state, business, labour and civil society organisations.

Both countries shared a stable and growing economic environment during the decade, and the presence of progressive left-leaning administrations that promoted a strong state and friendly arm-length relations with both labour and social movements. Nonetheless, this paper suggest that the closure of Argentine politics to external cleavages, while blocking the development of specialised actors able to communicate with new instances of policy-making, allows for the subsistence of independent local socio-political cleavages.

On the other side, while Brazil displays a more institutionalised approach to political inclusion, and greater involvement in global governance initiatives, its organised corporatism fosters the consolidation of technocratic elites that monopolise access to participation. These ideas propose not only the existence of structural relations between global governance and local institutions, but reflect on whether different functional systems configure different types of politics articulating the local and the global.

The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning? Christopher Wylde , University of York christopher. This will form a basis to examine deeper processes of social change in Argentina present since the crisis of Therefore, analysis of changes in the state-market dichotomy will be complemented by analysis of changes in the state-society dichotomy, or social contract, in Argentina under Cristina Kirchner. This will contribute to the development of a better understanding of the impact of the current international financial crisis among other factors such as the role of international commodity prices on Argentina.

Hilal Gezmis , University of Sheffield h. The Consensus promoted reducing the role of the state in economy and the rise of market-led development as a response to the debt crisis of across Latin America. Under Convertibility regime, Menem government embraced neoliberal recipes in a very drastic way, which resulted in the collapse of the economy, high social protests and temporal loss of governability.

In effect, the shift was embedded in government policies that favoured production over finance, promoted formal economy through re-regulation of labour market and redistribution through export taxes in the context of favourable international economic conditions.

Overall, this paper argues that financial crises can be understood as part of complex relations between global political economy and state-society structures. Finally, this paper aims to explore the nature of the post-crisis recovery in Argentina in the context of a more globalised economy.

It questions to what extent policies in the post-crisis era were successful and constitute alternative model from previous policies of Menem government in terms of the changing role of the state in development. Francisco Eissa Barroso F. During the last quarter of the twentieth century British historiography of Colonial Latin America deservedly attained the highest international reputation. The work of scholars such as David Brading, Malcolm Deas, John Fisher, Brian Hamnett, John Lynch and Anthony McFarlane transformed our understanding of the politics, economy, and society of the region, especially during the late colonial period and the transition into independent nations.

Yet, the last decade witnessed the retirement of a number of the leading figures of this generation. A generation of mid-career scholars, many of them former students of the big names of the twentieth century, have reinvigorated the field, introducing new cultural approaches and expanding the ways in which we study the politics of early modern Latin America.

At the same time, the ranks of early career researchers and lecturers continue to grow. This panel will provide an opportunity for scholars of colonial Latin America at different stages of their careers, and linked to British Academia, to get together, and discuss the current state of British colonial Latin American Studies, by presenting their individual research within the themes of politics, power and culture. The close identification of the Parmesan cleric Julio Alberoni with the aims and priorities of Elizabeth Farnese, Philip V's second Queen, made him all but absolute ruler of Spain from his arrival in to his sudden downfall in late Alberoni has been recognised since his own day as among the most important 'Spanish' statesmen of the eighteenth century, one whose programme of rapid rearmament and military adventures in Italy astonished Europe.

His broader significance to the history of Bourbon reformism in Spain and in Spanish America was long obscured, however, by the relative brevity of his administration and by the fact that only part of the programme he developed was implemented before his own departure from the scene. Recently there has been renewed interest in Alberoni as a major figure in Spanish Enlightened reformism, not least from the leading scholar of Bourbon Spain and America, Allan J.

This paper seeks to further contribute to the study of Alberoni as perhaps the key figure in early Bourbon Spanish government, above all by arguing that the significance of his colonial programme can only be understood when set within the context of the wide-ranging and closely related programme he developed for the Peninsula.

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In doing so, it argues that Edward Armstrong's judgement of some years ago, that 'almost all the beneficial projects of the century may be traced back to him', bears stronger scrutiny than might at first appear. Eissa-Barroso , University of Warwick f. This paper challenges the argument that reforms introduced in Spanish America during the first half of the eighteenth century were limited in scope and significance by exploring the careers and profiles of men appointed to a number of strategic Spanish American provincial governorships and captaincies-general between and It argues that during the period the Spanish crown stopped selling appointments to these offices and increasingly chose experienced military officers, who had progressed through the ranks and earned their stripes in Iberian and Mediterranean battlefields, to serve them.

The paper highlights significant parallels between these developments and the transformation of many Spanish corregimientos into politico-military governorships occurring during the final years of the War of Spanish Succession. Manuel de Guirior's viceregal court in Santa Fe of Bogota: The years during which Manuel de Guirior ruled as viceroy of the New Kingdom of Granada —from to were crucial for the implementation of the bourbon reforms in the territory. For the viceroy to successfully carry out this process of transformation and exert his delegated power, he needed to secure the collaboration of the already established instances of power.

The arrival of a new administrative official and his retinue —composed of family members, friends, followers and servants, all of them seeking to improve their personal circumstances- tended to modify the balance of power between the different networks of influence that existed in the capital of the viceroyalty.

To Burn the Royal Palace at Leisure. Fresh analysis of official documentation exchanged between Madrid and Mexico City reveals that the implementation of the peninsulares-criollos dichotomy is far from straightforward for the early part of the Colonial Period and invites a re-assessment of those traditional historiographical approaches, perhaps most notably championed by J. Brading, that seek to present a self-conscious Creole national identity as differentiated from the Peninsular Spanish identity.

A detailed consideration of the period of conflict in Mexico during the first half of the seventeenth century shows, contrary to what Israel and others suggest, a clear predominance of Peninsulares as opposed to Creoles. The emergence of a free coloured elite? During the eighteenth century, Panama City was the theatre of a series of trade conflicts, which involved coloureds and whites.

Between and , the conflicts intensified between a subset of free coloured people and the white merchants mercaderes of the city. This conflict favoured the formation of a so-called coloured guild, which defended its economic interests and challenged local and viceregal legislation that prevented them from trading. Alejandra Irigoin , London School of Economics, m.

Twenty-two Kings and a Lost History: It resulted into an engraving and numerous canvases, which popularized the effigies of the Peruvian rulers for the next century, and a half. An American in Paris and a Spaniard in Paraguay: This paper examines the transatlantic dimensions of Spanish science in the years During this period, Spain made strenuous efforts to survey and exploit the natural productions of her overseas possessions, organizing a series of scientific expeditions to the New World and displaying American fauna and flora in metropolitan gardens and museums.

Focusing on the careers of two contemporary naturalists, the Spanish-born Felix de Azara and the creole Pedro Franco Davila, the paper explores the geographical dimensions of natural knowledge in the Hispanic World and considers how the place in which 'scientific' knowledge was formulated affected the nature and credibility of that knowledge.

Questioning Discourses of Latin American History. Por fin toda la verdad suggests that the truth about a historical event can eventually be told or written. However, the existence of many texts presenting the same event with just as many variations questions the validity of a single account accepted by collective conscience. Instead, we posit that a number of variations on the theme of the event are sustained by either cognitive or affective control mechanisms or even a combination of the two used by both the state and populace.

The panel will examine a variety of discourses of historical events in Latin American countries in order to determine whether there are multiple mechanisms of creating multiple collective memories of an event, and if so, how these mechanisms interact. We are particularly interested in finding out whether the interaction is complementary or confrontational. Publicly available state texts, newspaper articles, academic studies and literary texts will be examined. Such events have come to the attention of human rights activists and academics that have produced documentaries and testimonio accounts with a view to improving conditions in the city and heightening international awareness.

Four Paths Five Destinations: This paper examines the ways in which the concepts, ideas and forms of action articulated in Neozapatismo are present in documentaries and writing, which aim at an international audience, and how these cultural products contribute to the articulation of imaginaries of the other world that is possible. I will trace the use of particular formal characteristics — the interpenetration of different genres and the use of different voices — in a variety of cultural products. The intersection between storytelling and analysis will be foregrounded here. Drawing on these case studies, I will outline a re-conceptualization of the relationship between commitment and autonomy in, along the lines of dialogical, consensus-based and horizontal forms of interaction and of political organizing.

Where Truth is Known?: In a sense, it is easy to identify the emergence of the state-student conflict in Mexico in The first signs of confrontation became visible on July 26th when protesting students clashed with the police and, after three days of fighting, the first two deaths had already been registered.

According to Hodges and Gandy It is true that these events, to retain and extend the metaphor, were one of the many sparks that ignited a fiery conflict that would burn for months. Yet even now, in , the emergence of the conflict remains partially obscured by a number of unanswered questions and by our knowledge of certain events that still have no obvious and convincing explanation. This paper therefore examines the major problems we face in our attempts to narrate the history of the state-student conflict at its inception in July Nothing but the Truth, Take Two: The hypothesis put forward in this project is that there are two mechanisms of creating a collective memory of the event: We also posit that neither mechanism produces or even aims to produce an accurate representation of the event; instead, the two systems control cognitive and affective domains in collective conscience.

The present paper will compare the way the two mechanisms are used in the contemporary analyses of the Tlatelolco massacre. The two works in question are Roberto Blanco Moheno, Tlatelolco: I aim to determine whether the two authors, apparently representing the opposing camps in the Tlatelolco discourse, approach the representation of the massacre from two divergent perspectives or whether their texts are characterised by the unity of the mechanisms involved in creating a memory of the event in the collective conscience.

In the Service of El Comandante: Hugo Chavez is a man in command of history, albeit a particular version of it. Next, the paper examines how the Chavez regime has actively sponsored historical research, concentrating on the role of the National Center of History as the creator and defender of a new national consciousness. What is their new approach? And, in the purview of Venezuelan historiography, why is it necessary? The trilogy deals with defining historical events of Paraguayan modernity: The trope of latency applies, therefore, to both the form and content of this film.

But the viewer is also required to explore what is hidden in this film in order to construct its meaning. What is hidden, I argue, are structures of gender practice based on Connell's three categories of power, production and cathexis. Once these are uncovered, we gain an understanding of Ramiro's masculinity based firstly on exclusion within and then on regeneration from within these categories. Reflections on the Bicentenary: Notwithstanding the mixed responses in the academic world to the festivities of nearly twenty years ago, also spawned a flurry of activities to mark the bicentenary of the supposed independence of Spanish America.

Even in the UK, celebrations of the bicentenary were organised by a range of official entities, including The British Library, the British Academy, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. With this context in mind, the symposium will discuss what actually happened in Spanish America in and around , why, and with what consequences. It will pay particular attention to the fact that so many Spanish Americans fought against independence until the final collapse of Spanish imperialism on the mainland of Spanish America but not in Cuba and Puerto Rico in the earlys.

It focuses on Mapuche organisations and intellectuals, exploring the multiple and creative ways in which many of them rejected the validity of the official celebrations, and made use of the occasion to elaborate their own counter histories of the Chilean republic and to denounce the continuing repression of Mapuche political activism in contemporary Chile.

Significantly, such rejections, denunciations and alternative histories have often come from Mapuche working with or within the Chilean state apparatus. Thus, we see how official discourses of neoliberal multiculturalism in Chile have led to some important albeit small openings, as well as constraints, for Mapuche activism. Almost a decade later, despite a shift to the right in Peruvian politics, bicentennial celebrations, somewhat less extravagant than those of , further perpetuated this myth. In the longer term, the separatist rebellion of Cusco, the first serious bid for Peruvian independence, might be worth celebrating, despite the fact that it horrified the upper echelons of the creole elite.

Surprisingly little has been written to explain how the empire lasted so long and what sustained it. For this we need to look inside the American territories for the linkages, family and commercial, which enabled it to survive. These realities subsisted on a regular basis beneath the structure of institutions and laws provided by the metropolitan government. These linkages often reached beyond the official colonial system to the world market and involved complex internal and inter-colonial relationships.

Focussing on these might help to direct attention away from metropolitan policies and imperial objectives. A major historiographical problem has been the relationship between later Bourbon policies and the disaggregation of the Hispanic Monarchy after c. Even so, the collapse of the empire on the American continent cannot be understood without attention to the condition of metropolitan Spain. The Steins have argued that failure of reform in Spain led to increased pressure on the American sector of the monarchy. Although a compelling argument, structural problems — economic, social, juridical and political — frustrated an effective mobilisation of the resources essential for resistance to French or British competition.

Metropolitan Spain, at the same time, failed to resolve the tension between the strategic needs of empire and American pressures for a greater share in decision-making within the Indies. The inclusion of Cuba within this symposium is, of course, unusual in that an independence movement failed to form in Cuba in the period, leading to the persistence of Spanish colonialism to and a long-lasting contestation among Cuban criollos about the possibility and desirability of independence witnessed in the separatist movement for US statehood, rather than national independence, and also in the failure and divisions of two of the subsequent independence rebellions.

The Heroes, the Villanos and the Others: Mexican independence has been interpreted from a variety of standpoints, reflecting both the interests of groups in power and shifting academic fashion. Heroes and villains, with some exceptions, have swapped roles, and sometimes it has been very difficult to determine who was what.

After the consolidation of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional PRI in the early-twentieth century, the Liberal tradition became predominant in both Mexican political life and in the official curricula of state schools and other educational establishments. Many of the streets of Mexico City lost their traditional names, replaced by those of leaders of the PRI and its Liberal heroes.

This paper examines key features of these historiographical trends, with particular reference to the historiography of Independence. Rethinking the Cuban Revolution Nationally and Regionally: Politics, Culture and Identity. As many Cubanists recognise, the unexpected survival of the Revolution cannot be attributed solely to political or economic factors.

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The papers assembled here, based on the forthcoming volume in the BLAR Book Series Wiley-Blackwell , thus rethink the relationships forged between the national and the regional, the past and the present, in contemporary Cuban political, social and cultural life, and propose new approaches to cultural and political identity in Cuba. Cuban medical internationalism began in , when the revolutionary government sent its first medical mission to Chile following an earthquake there.

Since that time, thanks to the leadership of Fidel Castro, Cuba have developed an enormous profile in terms of medical support throughout the Third World—and there are now almost 40, medical personnel in 67 countries. It seeks to illustrate the ongoing commitment of Cuba to provide medical support around the globe. Secondly, despite changes that few could have imagined in the early days, why does the whole phenomenon still continue to attract admiring glances from the region?

This paper considers the universalistic human rights polemic surrounding Cuba in the specific political context of US-Cuba relations. The origins of US human rights attacks on Cuba are discussed in terms of the impact of US policy on the enjoyment of human rights by Cubans in general and by Cuban dissidents in particular. The paper discusses the political prioritising of civil over social and economic rights in the human rights campaigning of states and of rights NGOs. The paper considers whether Cuba is disproportionately targeted for criticism in terms of civil rights abuses, and distinguishes between criticism based on rejection of the Cuban Constitution per se, and criticism of the persecution of dissidents on the island.

The paper concludes that the most dramatic improvement in human rights in Cuba would result from the abandonment by the US government of its regime change policy, and the consequential impact for civil rights if the equation of dissidence with treason ceased to have validity. Anne Luke , Birmingham City University anne.

The stabilisation of meaning of the concept of youth in the s provides us with the context in which to assess the later years of the Cuban Revolution, and the s remain an under-researched decade in scholarship in this field. Just as the past 15 years has seen the Sixties develop into a popular field amongst historians, the contention is that studies of the eighties will in coming years occupy a prominent position in our assessment of twentieth-century history because of the point of crisis at the end of that decade.

If the experience of the eighties in the West seems to be proof that the utopian visions of the sixties failed, Cuba — where that utopia vision still held relevance — is a revealing counterpoint. The paradigm of regime change, furthermore, dominated early s research on Cuba so much of the s was overlooked in the traditional end-of-decade analysis.

This paper will address the gap in the historiography, looking less at moments of change such as rectification and the collapse of the Soviet Union but rather focusing on continuities. As a group identified as crucial in the s, demonstrating agency and radicalism, this paper will focus on youth and the lives of young people in the early s, assessing how and whether this dominance continued.

The chapter presents a discourse analysis of opinion articles on race and otherness in the Cuban press during various periods of the Cuban revolution: It analyses the construction of ideas of race, ethnicity and racism. It also examines some discourse strategies, particularly those referring to argumentation and the representation of social actors, used by the newspapers to propose and legitimise their idea of race and national identity.

For the and period, the articles come from Granma, and for the current decade, due to the complete silence of the press about the subject, the analysis focuses on the articles published in various academic periodical publications. Finally, the definition of the Cuban national identity is contextualised and compared with others in the Latin American region.

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Par Kumaraswami , University of Manchester parvathi. The aim of this chapter is to explore two neglected areas or blindspots in the construction of the various Cuban literary canons that exist, both inside Cuba and off the island, with the purpose of beginning to develop a more comprehensive framework within which to analyse Cuban literature as both textual production and everyday practice. Especially in view of Cuba's specific trajectory of postcolonial development and nation-building after and the centrality of culture within these but also the phenomena which emerged after , the chapter ultimately aims to present a more complex and comprehensive view of the interplay of local, national, regional, transnational and international forces in the construction of canons of Cuban literature since the Revolution.

Jens R Hentschke j. It also asks for responses of teachers, students, and their families to these policies. Panellists apply a transnational perspective and use a wide range of sources, from school regulations, study plans, and textbooks to historias patrias, foundational fiction, and periodicals of the time. My paper focuses on the creation of Argentina's and Uruguay's public school system which formed an integral part of the emerging nation-state.

Most liberal planners and educators from Argentina and Uruguay believed that education should be free, compulsory, and lay for all children ages 6 to 14; yet, their ideological differences became apparent in the implementation of their projects. Inventing a Foundation Myth: In Uruguay, the construction of a national pantheon to unify and energise the populace proved to be difficult. Orientales themselves had never contemplated full separation from the United Provinces, the patria grande. In the first decade of the twentieth century, the 'problem of the race' 'el problema de la raza' started to be addressed in Latin America by stressing the role of education in the formation of the national body.

Education increasingly came to occupy a central place in the debates on the constitution of a healthy society that would be able to stand the challenges of the modern world. As this paper aims to show, in the new century the question of the formation of the national elites became paramount in the River Plate in relation to a concern with the regeneration of the national character. More specifically, I will address, on the one hand, the debates on Latin versus Anglo-Saxon education and, on the other hand, the emergence of a new cultural and political project of Latin American modernity based on Krausist pedagogical theories.

Sarah Barrow sarahbarrow btinternet. This panel explores the relationship between cinema, politic and identity in range of Latin American nations. Individual films, including examples of documentary as well as fiction, popular genre as well as art house movie, are analysed with regard to their modes of representation of events and issues that have been pertinent to the shaping of the production and perception of Latin American identities.

Of particular interest to several of the papers is the relationship between cinema and politically motivated violence, and the reshaping of cinema and society after periods of repression. The capacity for cinema to invoke or re-imagine memories of traumatic events and figures is also explored, as is the tendency by some film-makers to deploy humour and romance to bring controversial issues such as the exploitation of migrants to the attention of more mainstream cinema audiences.

This paper explores the relevance of documentary films made in the aftermath of the Uruguayan dictatorship by CEMA Centro de Medios Audiovisuales. It reflects upon how its cinema, from production to recovery and preservation, mirrors the way Uruguay has dealt -and still deals- with its recent past. They started to be rescued from mould and humidity in This action has allowed the recovery of documentaries that show some of the immediate consequences of the dictatorial regime. Actually, it was just in October that the parliament, in a divided and conflictive context, annulled its effects.

The path followed by these films reflects the Uruguayan attitude towards a past that has also been inaccessible for more than twenty years. This research paper, part of a broader investigation into the representation of urban space in New Argentine cinema ss , is interested with the diegetic appearance of political street-signs afiches and wall paintings pintadas in many of the films associated with this movement.



A familiar sight in any Argentine city, it could be argued their presence in film is not founded in choice but in coincidence or mere beingthereness. I will argue the opposite and suggest that these presences are coherent with New Argentine cinema's surreptitious modes of doing politics also evident in dialogues, choices of characters, use of sound, narrative decisions, rejection of the allegory, etc. My argument will be sustained with what I will call "the politics of the frame" and "the politics of the depth of field".

Filmmakers in Mexico, meanwhile, largely treated Chicanos as misfits who belonged nowhere, or ignored them and their complex experience completely. The film, which was a hit in Mexico and in the US, where it was seen by four million non-Latinos, was inspired by the introduction of anti-immigration legislation in California in , and was first made as a documentary. The paper asks whether in fiction feature form, the work offers anything more than a light-hearted critique of the Chicano immigrant experience, and to what extent the politics of resistance that are so often aligned with this experience are inscribed in its narrative form.

Rosie Doyle rd st-andrews. The panel seeks to explore issues relating to political action and the rule of law in the public sphere in Mexico over the past two centuries; How do political actors engage with politics or the state in contexts of uncertain or contested legitimacy? How are the lines between legitimate and illegitimate political action defined and drawn and by whom?

How often do extra-constitutional political movements self-legitimate by calling on abstract discourses of rights and the rule of law? How much of political action constitutes a simulacro, performance or imitation of constitutional procedures by non-state actors? How often are parallel institutions or parallel forms of politicking established where the state has proved to be or is considered to be insufficient or lacking?

Are these pseudo-legal forms of politicking exclusive to periods of transition or has contention continued in periods of relative stability? De tumultos y movilizaciones. Por un lado se examinan cuales fueron los cambios en la forma de las acciones colectivas y en su manera de legitimar las protestas. Rights and Law in the Late Porfiriato. The Revolutionaries in Puebla: The pronunciamiento was a subversive political practice that became a favourite tool of the Mexican political class after Independence and for the greater part of the nineteenth century.

Pronunciamientos were movements of political petitions drawn up by coalitions of military and civilian actors who claimed the right to protest against the authorities and call them to account in the event of their breaking the social pact. Mexican and Latin American political actors drew a clear distinction between on the one hand, just and legitimate insurrection and, on the other hand, violent, unjust and therefore illegal coups and revolts.

In nineteenth-century Mexico pronunciamientos became not only an accepted political practice but the usual means of affecting political decision-making. Most of the major political changes between and were preceded or precipitated by pronunciamientos. Pronunciamientos affected the lives of most Mexicans and pronunciados were frequently celebrated and lauded for protecting the interests of the people and the public good.

Pronunciamientos developed alongside the new constitutions and institutions of the early republics. They became so closely involved with the new authorities, governments and political systems that distinguishing between constitutional and extra-constitutional practices became difficult. How and in what conditions could an extra-constitutional, subversive and insurrectionary practice become the norm?

Did this set a precedent for the use of insurrectionary political practices in Mexico? This paper analyses the process of legitimating pronunciamientos and looks at the precedent set by the pronunciamiento as a driver of change in the early stages of state-formation in Mexico. It explores the accepted and sometimes celebrated nature of insurrectionary politics in Mexico, particularly in times of political transition, institutional disarray and uncertain legitimacy. During fieldwork in in west Mexico, I asked informants what it meant to them to be citizens; I found that their replies echoed the Civics textbooks that they had read at school.

I examine how that Catholic version of civility persisted, even in the secular textbooks of the twentieth century, while being modified and combined, coherently or otherwise, with the versions of classical liberalism, revolutionary nationalism and neo-liberalism. I will end by reflecting on what these notions of civic virtue do in contemporary Mexico — how they shape what people do. Ana Cecilia Dinerstein A. The theme of social emancipation has been historically marginal within the Academic circles of Latin American studies. Yet, for the last two decades, driven by the desire to experiment with alternative forms of organisation and social relations, social movements have been articulating action around new utopias, revitalised the interest in the subject but also pose significant challenges to Latin American studies.

As Boaventura de Sousa Santos Papers will discuss epistemological innovation, theoretical redefinitions; socioeconomic, legal and political transformations, democracy, participation, autonomous practices, alternative discourses, values, subjectivities and politics. Social movements are rupturing the epistemological assumptions of traditional understandings of emancipatory change.

They do this through the incorporation of radical education pedagogies and methodologies in their struggles to construct new forms of politics. Such practices challenge and transgress the idea that movement intellectuals construct theory and strategy at a distance from everyday practice.

Instead they focus on the construction of knowledge through practice and reflection and the creation of mass intellectuality where all are, and have the potential to be, theorists. Emancipation is thus understood as a process not as an end. In this contribution I attempt to explore such epistemological ruptures and their implications for our understanding of emancipatory change through an engagement with the experiences of the Rural Landless Movement MST in Brazil and the Urban Land Movement CTUs in Venezuela.

Re-Examining the Role of Law in Emancipation: Webber, University of London J. While the international left has found renewed hope in recent mass mobilizations in Bolivia and the subsequent formation of an indigenous-populist government present , this paper reflects critically such transformations in both periods, by intersecting prisms of land, law, and resistance.

The paper offers an analysis of the potential of the law to do both: Secondly, the paper explores the role of law in the land reform in Bolivia by drawing on analyses based on the idea that neoliberalism has involved the juridification of society i. By drawing on recent research, the paper tracks these interesting uses and mis-uses of the law by the Bolivian Landless Movement and re-examines the significance of the law for both projects of oppression and emancipation.

Returning to the past or anticipating the future? Dinerstein , University of Bath a. It contains both a practical orientations towards production, organization and distribution, and a discourse based on the meaning of time, human realisation, and the relationship between sociability and nature, both of which have been interpreted as an anti modern return to the past.

By examining a variety of textual and narrative sources and relying on discourse analysis, I explore four axes of the buen vivir discourse: Subsequently, I analyse how this discourse is being articulated and diffused by means of both: In June of , the protest and mobilisation of indigenous people in the Peruvian Amazon resulted in a massacre of 34 and hundreds others wounded. According to the government, this legal innovation would promote economic development and improve the social conditions of indigenous people. This paper addresses three dimensions of the indigenous struggles against neoliberal globalization that were made apparent by the Bagua Massacre.

First, the paper offers a critique of the idea of private property as the ultimate tool to achieve development among indigenous Peruvian communities, and argues for the sustainability of common property regimens. Secondly, in the anthropological arena the paper contests the idea that indigenous communities could adapt easily to neoliberal globalization. It argues that this view of indigenous people is a Western construction functional to corporate interests. Finally, regarding the sociopolitical aspects of the problem, the paper challenges the idea of inevitability of neoliberal globalisation and offers an analysis of autonomous practices by indigenous communities as a form of struggle to promote legal and economic counter-hegemonic discourse from the indigenous perspective.

New Democratic Subjectivities in South America: From democratic regimes to democratic politics? The enduring presence of non-institutional forms of collective action alongside traditional ones has opened a space to revisit and challenge dominant ideas on democracy in South America. By characterising the features and dynamic of new democratic subjectivities NDS , I explore how NDS displace the given boundaries of democracy and what it is their contribution to the process of democratisation.

The materialisation of the latter is visible through tensions underpinning a Public Policies, b Institutional crystallisations and c legitimising discourses. As a result of this, the dimension of imagined politics is lost in translation. I conclude with three ideas. Secondly, the understanding of the scope, meanings and effects of NDS is critical to perceive what are the drivers for socio-political change in South America. Space, Place and Contentious: Politics in Latin America. In recent decades Latin America has been at the epicentre of creating alternative spaces both within states and to the dominant global order.

This paper examines the changing processes of state formation in Chiapas, as well as the concomitant processes of resistance. Nationally, the transition to neoliberalism in Mexico has seen a shift from corporate forms of citizenship to a more individualistic market-based approach.

However, not only has this change been articulated unevenly across the country, it has also been contested in significant ways. However, as Chiapas has increased in geo-economic importance, due to multinational development plans for the region, there have been renewed attempts to re-inscribed the hegemony of the state into the everyday life of the population. XI parisons, invocations, are compositions of a higher order than the former, and have therefore been placed next in suc- cession. The work then concludes by some allegories, fictions, and a few select pieces of poetry, which increase the collection to nearly one hundred and fifty pages.

It being one part of the design of this work to form the taste of the student, few extracts have been admitted into it which are not master-pieces in their kind, and did not come from the pen of Granada or Cervantes — Solis or Quevedo — Gracian or Garcilaso — Mariana or Feijoo — Saavedra or Me- lendez — Olavides or Cadalso. These are proud ornaments of the Spanish literature, and it is in the immortal works of these authors chiefly, that the language is found in its native splendour and idiomatic purity.

The author will now proceed to state the method he has used, to place, through the medium of these models, the translating of the Spanish idiom, within the reach of the American or English student. The difficulty in distinguishing the verb in all its various ramifications of moods, tenses, and persons, from other parts of speech, has often been found to impede the progress of young students. Hence, perhaps, arise the reluctance with which they sometimes attempt, and the facility with which they frequently relinquish, the study of a foreign language.

To obviate this inconvenience, all the verbs which occur in this work have been printed in Italic characters. Every language, if compared with another, will present many uncommon modes of expression, known under the appellation of idioms. Of these, no useful selection can be made. They are subject to constant modification, and, ac- cording to their position in a sentence, to a variety of mean- ings. Every nicety of idiom has its peculiar place, and the most elegant expression, if not appropriately applied, may become an inaccuracy of language.

To obviate the difficulties which this part of the language presents to the beginner, every nicety of expression, or intricacy of grammar, has been fully explained as it occurs. Thus theory is joined to practice, and those obstacles, which, so long as they are not removed by oral explanation, throw even the most zealous student into languor and despondency, will, in this work, form new incentives for the prosecution of his labours.

In noting the difficulties which the learner encounters, as he advances in a language, none has more forcibly struck the author, than the unavoidable deficiency of dictionaries. Participles and tenses of verbs constitute a considerable por- tion of a language ; yet they are not, nor can they be, in- cluded in any lexicon, unless it be swollen to an unwieldy size.

If the student happens, therefore, to have forgotten the root of any branch of a verb, which the most tenacious memory will not always retain, he is immediately bewil- dered. Proper names present also no inconsiderable bar to his improvement. The meaning of a whole sentence fre- quently depends on an accurate knowledge of a fictitious personage, or an unknown writer — of a remote river, or an obscure place.

These words are generally spelled differ- ently in various languages, and even when they happen to agree, they sometimes cannot be found in immense encyclo- paedias. Parsing is allowed, by all professors, to be the only means, by which, in translation, any solid advancement can be made. Yet every experienced instructor knows, that, in the only manner in which grammars and dictionaries are or perhaps can be made, the meaning of a page must be known before it can be parsed. We are, therefore, deprived of the means, which, in the acquisition of a language, are considered the most effectual ; and the beginner is led into a labyrinth, the moment he is obliged to understand through the medium of analysis.

Xlll To be thus entangled in any one of these intricacies, creates in young learners, unless endued with superior powers, that disgust at application, that feeling of distress, which is so apparent when they are called on to study. If, under these circumstances, the instructor is one of those who think that youth must learn by intuition, and instead of clear explanations, employs rude usage, the young student is left to linger for years, afraid of his preceptor and appalled by his task.

It has long been the wish of the author, and it is now the chief design of this work, to remove all these obstacles. He has, therefore, used means, which, it is fondly hoped, will be found equal to the object. Every word contained in the extracts, whether proper or common, primitive or derivative, has been carefully selected, and alphabetically arranged.

The author has been particularly careful to give a full analysis of every part of speech. Thus, in the pronouns, the case in which they are used, and the source from which they are derived, have been explained. As to the participles, not only the verb from which they have been formed, will be found, but whether they are absolute or used as adjectives, as substantives, or in any other way. Respecting the verbs, every particular concerning them has been fully given. On a certain vowel of every Spanish word, consisting of more than one syllable, an emphatic stress is laid.

This vowel is sometimes distinguished by an acute accent ; but, in general, no sign whatever is given. That the student may never be at a loss to know on what vowel to lay this stress, so important in the acquisition of the Spanish language, every word contained in the Vocabulary has been regularly accented. Fully convinced that it is through the medium of our understanding alone, that we can attain any knowledge, the author has always explained, never performed, the task of the student.

A student may, for example, find the full meaning of every word, and the explanation of every difficulty ; still these are but auxiliaries to his conception of the meaning of a sen- tence, — the meaning of a sentence has not been conceived for him. Perfection, however desired, has not probably been at- tained in the execution of a work, in which, from a confused mass of words, an alphabetical list was to be formed, and, from a maze of idiomatic perplexity, clearness and perspi- cuity were to be produced.

Some words contained in the extracts, may have been omitted in the vocabulary — some may have been misplaced — and some may have been printed in Roman or Italic characters, when the contrary should have been done. These, however, are defects of very little importance ; they are seleom noticed ; and when they are, they can readily be supplied.

To conclude these few remarks, the author will observe, that, in this undertaking, it has been his ardent desire to be useful. Whether amidst the great number of his professional avocations, this wish has merely been a pleasing delusion to beguile his literary toil, or a hope which experience will realize, the event must decide.

El Valiente Ufano, Jeronimo Feijoo. Humanidad del Czar, Jeronimo Feijoo. Juicio Final, Luis de Granada. Ill Don Quijote a Sancho Dormicio, idem. Jose Joaquin de Mora. Garcilaso de la Vega. Esta virtud no se 5 dquiere sino por la reflecsion continua que llega a 6 ha- ernos 7 habituar a juzgar bien.

Procuremos conocer las 8 1 For rules on reading, orthography and accent of the Spanish Lan- guage, see the Author's Grammar, from p. Whenever the student is referred to Grammar in this book, it must always be under- stood that of the Author, 5th or 6th Edition entitled, 6 A New Spanish Grammar, adapted to every Class of Learners. By Mariano Cubi i Soler. Nos, os, le, la, lo, les, las, me, te, se, objective personal pronouns, are placed after infinitives, imperatives and present participles, forming with them one single word.

Sin embargo 10 es preciso estar al tanto de 11 las atenciones de los otros para dirijir nuestras operaciones respecto a ellos. La justicia nos prescribe dar a cada uno lo que le corres- ponde; i es la virtud que sostiene la sociedad. Se, is frequently used, as it is in this case, to form the passive voice. La fortaleza sostiene al hombre 30 en los peligros ; le ensefla a sufrir los males; a no vacilar en la abundancia de los bienes ; i a emprender graudes obras. Pero es preciso que no dejenere en temeridad, 6 mejor dicho, 21 en barbarie ; pues hai muchos que creen que son fuertes porque se esponen a todos los peligros sin necesidad, i buscan, por decirlo asi, 29 los males, para ostent.

Otros desti- erran de su alma la compasion ; otros aspiran al barbaro ejercicio de sus fuerzas contra sus semejantes, como lo harian entre si los animales mas feroces, 23 i esto creen que es la virtud de la fortaleza. La templanza pone unos justos limites a todos nuestros apetitos para que 25 no se opo? SO and , note at bottom. No solo en los manjares, como se crcc 2S por lo comun, 29 sino tambien en ios deleites de los demas sentidos, tierce cabida 30 la templanza.

La benevolencia produce en nosotros una sensacion apaci- ble, i en los demas, aprecio; pues todos avian al que 33 desea los bienes para sus semejantes. Sin embargo, es preciso que no dejenere en una absoluto condescendencia, i un deseo de que todos consigan lo que apeteccn, ora sea justo, ora sea injusto. La conmiseracion es como el distintivo de la humanidad, pues solo las fleras no se resienten de los estragos de sus semejantes, ni ponen termino a su furor.

Pero es preciso no confundir la conmiseracion con la 74 debilidad que pretende dejar impunes los delitos i protejer al 35 malevolo. Personal pronouns, as subjects of verbs, are only used in a few cases. La ira convierte al hombre en una fiera, privandole de todo, el uso de su razon. Basta decir esto para entenderse que debe ser reprimida. En tal caso debe arreglarse por la lei divina i humana, para no perder el amor natural que debe- mos a todo hombre, por el odio que merece el vicio. Amemos al malo i aborrezcamos su maid ad ; pero mientras no se cor- rija manifestemosle el rigor que merece.

La desesperacion siempre es irracional, i jamas tiene funda- mento. El hombre debil, el hombre de un espiritu bajo, es el que no puede sufrir los males, i se desespera. Prueba la venganza tin alma debil i rastrera; porque ver- daderamente los males recibidos no se destruyen 44 con hacer otros iguales al que 45 los causo; i es una necia complacencia la de no seiitir 46 los males porque otro tambien los siente. Pero no se debe inferir de aqui 47 que el que hace an dano se quede impune ; pues hai el recurso de aplicarle la pena que merece, no por venganza, sino por correccion, para evitar que haga mayores daiios, Felics Varela.

La tristeza debe moderarse 48 con todo empeno porque un alma triste es un alma decaida 6 abatida ; i en el abatimiento no pucden ejercerse 49 acciones grandes. Debemos considerar un espiritu triste como un cuerpo desfallecido, que apenas puede ejercer las acciones mas sencillas. In translating the above phrase, construct it thus: La alegria ecsalta al alma, i es como el gran resorte de sus operaciones 5 mas cuando es escesiva llega a trastornar el espiritu i le da cierta lijereza opuesta a la madurez i buen juicio.

No te alabes a ti 52 mismo porque no granjeas sino el menosprecio ; no procures hacer ridiculos a los otros, porque es peligroso emperio. Mir a el orijen de la inquietud que traes, i las desgracias de que te quejas, i verds que provienen de tu propia locura ; de tu amor propio ; 53 i de tu desarreglada imajinacion. Corrij 50 Te proportioned, discordias, 'bring discord upon you.

No tengas envidia 56 al que goza una felicidad aparente, porque no conoces sus penas secretas. El hipocrita opera de un modo con- trario a sus sentimientos ; estd profundamente escondido: Es incomprehen- sible para los necios, pero estd mui descubierto a la vista del prudente. Es la esperanza Una de las facultades del alma, que mat sirven a hacemos felices en este mundo de miserias, cuando estd guiada por el juicio i la moderacion.

Debemos pues 54 No te digas jamas a ti mismo, 'never say to thyself. Pero al mismo tiempo es preciso que no abata nuestra actividad, 6 sirva de instrumento 60 para in terceptar nuestros esfuerzos. Hagamos pues de nuestra parte 61 lo que se debe 62 para que se efectue lo que esperamos; 63 dejemos sr ecsito al Todo Poderoso Cubi. La urbaniclad es una obligacion que debe el hombre a sus semej antes en su trato con ellos. Es de la mayor impor- tancia, pues, que los padres inculquen esta idea a sus hijos desde la cuna. La urbaniclad pone, en gran medida, freno a nuestras pasiones ; i da, en el trato social, cierta delicadeza, que sin ella los hombres dejenerartan en brutos.

No se limita este deber, como muchos creen, en una mera forma esterior, que se ha inventado parar obrar segun el estado de algunos indivicluos respecto de otros ; no, este deber va mucho mas lejos. Es la que ensefia al juez a ser recto con afabili- dad ; al jeneral, severo con ternura ; la que quita toda osten- tacion i orgullo al 65 ponderoso ; i la que inspvra a todos los hombres en jeneral a hacerae agradables por medios dulces, verdacleros i virtuosos. Indi spues to el rei de Inglaterra Henrique octavo con el rei de Francia, Francisco primero, resolvio e?

Luego que el prelado supo el objeto de su embajada, temeroso de perder 68 la vida, si trataba a Francisco primero del modo que querta su amo, le represento el peligro a que le esponia, rogdndole con instancia que le ecsonerase 69 de semejante comision. Un hombre respetable, que habia hecho gran papel en Paris, quedb reducido a la indijencia, i solo se alimentaba de las limosnas de pan que de ocho en ocho 75 dias le mandahan de la parroquia. Un dia encargb le enviasen mayor cantidad ; llamole el cura, i le preguntb si vivta solo.

El cura le manifesto que el solo era un distribuidor del pan de los po- bres, i que la honradez ecsijia que se deshiciese de su perro. In such cases the articles el, la, los, or las, is used. Cierta senora tenia un hijo a quien no querza contradecir para que no se pusiese enfermo. Los parientes, amigos, i aun el mismo marido, le Meier on presente 79 que iba a perder al chico, mas todo fue inutil. Un dia oyb a su hijo llorar en el patio, con muestras de mucha colera. Al instante corre, i averigua que la causa 80 es negarle un criado 81 cierta cosa que le pedia: Su 86 esposo, que era tan debil con su mujer, como esta con el hijo, grita al criado: Esta escena la avergonzb i corrijib en lo sucesivo.

Here it might just as well be left out 85 En terminos, 'so much,' 'in such a manner. Mas lejos, nuestros ojos perdzan de vista la inmensa planicie de los mares. Era mediodia ; la arena nos abrasaba los pies, i a cada paso que ddbamos se levantaba una polvareda inflamada que nos quemaba los ojos, introduciendose por nuestros labios resecos. Asi ibamos subiendo 91 llenos de languidez ; mas mui pronto apresurdmos el paso, cuando percibz? Llenos de un pavor relijioso entramos oor aquel sitio, cuya boca despedza una dulce frescura.

Este delicioso lugar ofrecza a la vez cuanto podia recrear los sentidos, pues los arboles rodeaban una glorieta de ces- pedes, regada por una fuente de fresca i cristalina agua ; ramas cubiertas de peras i doradas manzanas se inclinaban hacia ella. La fuente salza a borbotones 93 del pie de un se- pulcro rodeado de madre de selva, sauces i yedra. Mi corazon bendice a aquel 94 cuya mano benefica ha plantado estos arboles, i cuyas cenizas puede ser reposen aqui.

Xe- 90 Construct Licias i yo ibamos d Delfos. Su vida solo fue una progre- sion de beneficios. Queriendo seguir dispensandolos des- pues de su muerte, condujo esta fuente aqui, i plantb los arboles. El agua de esta fuente es tan pura, como las frutas deliciosas, i fresca la sombra. Ser fitil 96 Los tuyos, 'thine,' i. En sus ultimos dias, vema continuamente a sentarse aqui al lado del camino, i con su aire dulce i amable saluddba a los viajeros, ofreciendo refresco a los fatigados.

La sombra i el agua estdn lejos de este sitio, es necesario ejecutar mi designio. Cuando el cielo llamb su alma a si, para pre- miar su beneficencia, nosotros depositamos su ataud en esa tumba, para que cuantos pasasen hendijesen sus cenizas. En la tarde de mi hermoso dia de verano, salt a pasear para disfrutar la frescura del campo. A pocos pasos, perdz de vista mi heredad, i empezo a ensancharse mi espiritu con los objetos que se le presentabdn.

Ya los ganados eniraban en sus rediles, i los bueyes con paso lento volvian a sus casas, cuando distraido me halle a la orilla de un Wo, bastante entrada la noche. Volvt la vista, i adverti cerca de mi a un re- spetable anciano de rodillas, que oraba vivamente. Fijc la atencion, i con el silencio, entendi estas palabras: Lo conozco; toco el fin de mis dias; pronto mis cenizas se mezclardn con las de mis padres ; cuando esto se verifique; yo os recomiendo mis hijos ] tened piedad de su tierna madre ; velad sobre estos objetos caros ; 6 Dios mio, no los abandones jamas.

To crez ver entonces no se que de divino brillar en aquel rostro. It means 'something,' 'a certain something. Juanot i Colin aprendian a leer en casa del maestro de la aldea; aquel era hijo de un mulatero, i Colin, de un buen labrador. Poco tiempo despues un ayuda de camara vino en posta, trayendo una segunda carta al serior marques de la Juanoteria, que era la orden de su serior padre que fuese a Paris. Juanot month en la silla volante, alargando la mano a Colin con una sonrisa de pro- teccion noble. Colin llorb, i Juanot partio entre la pompa i la gloria.

Colin, siempre tierno, escribib una carta a su antiguo com- pafiero; pero el marquesito no conteslb, i Colin estuvo enfermo de la pesadumbre. El senor de la Juanoteria trataha de educar brillantemente a su hijo; pero la senora marquesa no quiso que aprendiese Unos amigos de escuela, 'school-inates. Este, dedicado a semej antes tareas, se hizo un libertino, gas t undo sumas inmensas en falsos placeres, interin los marqueses padres solo se ocupaban de vivir como grandes senores; Una viuda joven i noble, de poca fortuna, se resolvib de apoderarse de los bienes de los marqueses, casandose con el senorito.

En la noche del matrimonio, ya cerca de efectilarse la ceremonia, llega un criado mui de prisa: Despues que llorb con su madre, pasb a casa de la novia, quien, enterada del suceso, le preguntb que queria. El novio queda inmovil. The student, however, is referred to Grammar, from page to , where he will find whatever he may wish concerning them. Venia en el coche un hombre rustico, pero de buena cara, con su mujer i familia.

El viajero contemplo aT marques inmoble i dolorido: La bondad de Colin desplegb el buen natural del corazon de Juanot, que el mundo no le kali a qui- tado todavia, i conocib le era imposible abandonar a sus padres.

Society for Latin American Studies

Un Espariol i un Frances, marineros, se hallaban cautivos en Arjel ; el primero se llamaba Antonio i el otro Rojerio, i la casualidad hizo los empleasen 1 ' 34 en un mismo trabajo. Como la amistad es el consuelo de los desgraciados, los dos cautivos se consolaban mutuamente, hablaban de sus familias, lloraban juntos, i asi sobrellevaban las penas a que estaban condenados.

Estaban trabajando en la construccion de un camino que atravesaba una montana ; un dia el Espariol se detuvo, i dejando caer sus brazos ; dib un profundo suspiro, mirando toda la estension del mar: Creo ver ami mujer e hijos que me alargan los brazos desde Cadiz, 6 que lloran por mi muerte.

Un dia abrazando con transporte a su compaiiero: Si, manana ese buque pasard a dos leguas de la costa, i entonces nos precipitaremos al mar de lo alto de la roca: Pero yo no se nadar, i tu si. Pero a que formar esos temores? La amistad sostendrd mi valor, te amo mucho para que deje de hacer milagros. Mas Creo ver, 'I believe I see. LV and notes, p. Intimate friends address themselves with tu, and not vmd, 'you. Rojerio al contrario se figuraba ahogado, i causante de la perdida de su companero. Por la maiiana, como no sacaseri los eselavos a la hora ordinaria, el Espaiiol se devoraba de impaciencia, i Rojerio no sabia si debut alegrarse 6 sentir este contratiempo.

En fin, vinieron a llevarlos al trabajo, i al caer del dia, vi- endose solos los dos am igos, esc lamb Antonio: Caen al fondo, suben; Antonio nada llevando a Rojerio, que parece openerse a los esfuerzos de su amigo, por temor de causar su perdida. Los que estaban en el buque, sorprehendidos de un espec- taculo que no distinguian bien, Cretan que era un monstruo marino lo que se acercaba a ellos. Un nuevo objeto llama Como no sacasen, c as they did not turn out.

Este los vib venir; mira a su amigo que parecia debilitarse ; hace un esfuerzo, i se separa de Antonio, diciendole: Un nuevo transporte de amistad reanimb al Espanol, i abalanzdndose al Frances, le coje al momento de perecer, i ambos desaparecen. La chalupa, incierta del rumbo por donde debia mar char, se habta deteniclo, mientras que una lancha enviada del navio pasaba a reconocer lo que desde el apenas disiinguian; en fin, vieron dos hombres de los cuales el uno tenia abrazado al otro, esforzdndose en nadar hacia la barca.

Al momento void esta a su socorro, i ya Antonio estaba por dejar esca- par a Rojerio, cuando oye gritar desde la lancha; entonces, estrecha a su amigo ; hace nuevos esfuerzos, i agarra con mano desfallecida uno de los bordes de la barca. Procsimo estaba a soltarse cuando los ayuddron; las fuerzas de Anto- nio estaban apuradas, i solo pndo esclamar: I pier da yo una vida desgraciada, habiendo perdido a mi amigo! Antonio arrojb un suspiro ; Rojerio grita lleno de jubilo ; todos se acercan a socorrer al desgraciado Espanol , quien, abriendo los ojos i dirijiendolos hacia su compaiiero, esclamb: En el tiempo que Antequera esiaba ya en poder de Cris- tianos, i frontera contra el reino de Granada, halt a en ella un caballero, Alcaide de aquella ciudad, que se llamaba Nar- vaez.

Este, como era costumbre, hacia entradas en tierra de Granada algunas veces, otras enviaba jente suya que las hiciese; el mismo estilo tertian los Granadinos en todas aquellas fronteras. Jlcaecib una vez que Narvaez envib cier- tos caballos a correr, los cuales partiendo a la hora que con- viene partir para aquel efecto entraron bien dentro de la tierra de Granada: Era este mancebo de hasta veinte i dos a veinte i tres aiios, caballero i rani jenlil hombre: Narvaez le pregunto quien era, i el dijo que era hijo del Alcaide de Ronda, bien conocido entre Cristianos por ser hombre de guerra.

El Moro le respondib: Esta aventura, el amor de la doncella i del Granadino, i mas la jenerosidad del Alcaide Narvaez, fue mui celebrada de los buenos caballeros de Granada, i cantada en los versos de los mej ores injenios de entonces. Llegb en la ciudad de Zaragoza un tunante publicando que sabza raros arcanos de medecina ; entre otros, el de remozar las viejas. La prosa del bribon era tan persuasiva, que las mas del pueblo lo creyeron, Llegaron pues muchisimas a pedirle que les hiciese tan precioso beneficio.

El les dijo, que cada una pusiese en una cedulilla, su nombre i la edad que tenia, como circumstancia precisa para la ejecucion del arcano. Habia entre ellas septuajenarias, octojenarias, nona- jenarias. Vinieron, i el, al uerlas, empezo a lamentar de que una Mui preciado de, the same as que se preciaba mucho de s 'who prided himself on being. Vmd tenia ayer noventa aiios, ahora ya no tiene mas que cincuenta Vmd. Le edad, 'of age,' 'old,' understood. See those various words in the vocabulary. Un hombre que querta apartarse de su mujer, con quien tenia poca paz, parecib a este fin ante el provisor.

Estrafib este la propuesta, porque conocia la mujer i era de buenas cualidades. Uno de ellos que era doctor i a quien por su grado le tocaba hablar, compuso i mandb a la memoria una larga oracion sobre el asunto ; siendo tan necio que por mas que los companeros le instdron a qi: Siendo Urbano de jenio benignisimo, le tolerb sin cortarle, 6 interrumpirle, aunque se dejaba ver la violencia que en ello se hacm. Acabada la oracion, el papa, sin negar ni conceder, pregunto a los disputados, si qucrtarvf otra cosa. Entonces uno de los otros dos que era mui discreto, i halt a notado la nausea con que el papa Italia escuchado al doctor, le dijo: Volviendo un estudiante de Salamanca a su tierra, con mui pocos cuartos, se trataba para que no se le acabasen antes de conluir el viaje, con estrecha economia por el camino.

Negose el estudiante al envite. Agrado tanto la agudeza a la huespeda, que no solo le presentb las truchas graciosamente, mas le previno la alforja para lo que le restaba de camino. X Ser, 'being,' understood. Tomb luego el breviario debajo del brazo, i les dijo: El momento actual es el tinico que nos pertenece: In thought or language this book is second to none of its kind. Ten gran cuenta con tu palabra i credito, que quien los pierde no tiene mas que perder.

El que responde antes de oir lo que le preguntan, se acredita de necio, i merece que le sonrojen. La muerte i la vida est an en manos de la lengua ; segun el uso que se ha- ga m de ella serdn los frutos. La prodigalidad es el azote de las buenas costumbres ; es un jermen corruptor que emponzofia todos los sentimientos, que nos somete a las mas duras privaciones, que nos convierte en objetos de burla i desprecio ; en fin, es un manantial ina gotable de males domesticos, i a veces de horribles catastrofes. La pobreza no tiene armas contra el que sale conten- tarse con poco; el vicio no tiene prestijios a los ojos acos- tumbrados al sublime espectaculo de la virtud.

El fastidio no aburre jamas a quien sabe ocuparse; el vano aparato Ten gran cuenta con, 'be very careful of. No serza bella i perfecta una cosa, de cualquiera naturaleza que sea, si no fuera verdaderamente todo lo que debe ser. El orden social no es mas que una serie de sacrificios i de condescendencias. Obstinado el Gobernador de Nerva en no rendirse, entra- ron los Rusianos la Plaza por asalto.

En fin, atajado el desorden, haciendo juntar en la Casa de ayuntamiento los principales ciudadanos, entro el, i poniendo su espada toda baiiada en sangre sobre una mesa, les dijo estas palabras: Mas la falta de esperiencia, la capacidad, aun no del todo formada, junto con el ardor de su vivisimo espiritu, le hacian oir con agrado, aquella idea de un ilimitado poder: Prosiguiendo estos su asunto, trajeron a la conversacion el ejemplo de los Empera- dores Otomanos, refiriendo como aquellos monarcas son due- iios despoticos de las vidas i haciendas de sus vasallos.

Sacble maniatado de la tienda, donde le tenia, i se le presentb al padre, intimandole que si no rendta la plaza, le matarzan a su vista. Don Juan, brother to the king, who had in charge the oldest son of Guzman the Good, went over to the Moors and besieged Tarifa. He had Guzman's son brought before the ramparts of the castle, and told the father, that if he did not surrender, he would murder his son before his own eyes.

Don Juan did so ; but Guzman remained faithful to his trust. Si Don Juan le diese muerte, a mi dara gloria, a mi hijo verdadera vida, i a el eterna infamia en el mundo, i condenacion eterna despues de muerto. Sentbse a comer con su esposa, reprimiendo el dolor en el pecho, para que no saliese en el rostro. Salib al ruido Guzman, i cierto de donde nacta volvib a la mesa, diciendo: A lo que el rei replied, con el mismo sosiego: Grammar, se, Observation 2, p.

Un dia, que aquel rei andaba 6 caza le encontro tanendo la flama, i guardando cabras en el monte. Por diversion le hizo algunas preguntas, i prendado de la vivacidad i agudeza con que responded el niiio, se le llevb consigo a palacio: Su integridad inflecsible al atractivo de los presentes, cosa mui rara entre los Mahometanos, concito contra el poderosos enemigos; pero sin atreverse a intentar hostilidad alguna por v erle tan duerio del animo del soberano: Ordenole el principe que dentro de quince dias diese cuentas.

A que Mahomet intrepido respo? Pero observando uno de los enemigos del valido la puerta de un cuarto cerrada, guarnecida con tres cadenas fuertes, se lo advirtib al rei, el cual le preguntb que tenia cerrado en aquel cuarto. Todo lo que hasta ahora se ha visto, es de V. Entrb el rei en el cuarto, i volviendo a todas partes los ojos, no vib otra cosa, sino las alhajas siguientes: Atonito las miraba el rei, cuando, ponie?

Solo esto conozco por mio. I pues que lo es, suplico con el mayor rendimiento a V. De este suceso resultb que Mahomet logrb despues cons tan tes la confianza i cariiio del principe toda su vida. Aun entonces oyeron con desprecio las condiciones propuestas por Anibal como indig- nas de su heroico valor i reputacion ; i creyendo mas decoroso vender su libertad i vidas al caro precio de la sangre de Car- tago, i caer como esforzados, antes que dejarse consumir del hambre, tomaron la magnamina resolucion de morir com- batiendo, i de sepultarse bajo las ruinas de su patria.

Encendieron en medio de la plaza una crecida hoguera; entregaron a las llamas sus alhajas mas preciosas ; i, aprove- chdndose de las sombras i silencio de la noche, hicieron el Constantes, 'constantly. At the beginning of the second century be- fore Christ, this city was invested in due form, by Annibal, at the head of , men. After a siege of eight months, provisions entirely failed at Saguntum, whose male inhabitants, rather than die with, or surrender through hunger, sallied forth to meet the enemy, while the females set the city on fire, killed their infants, and threw themselves into the flames.

The classic scholar has no doubt read in Livy a very interesting account of this memorable event. Sorprendieron al ejercito, le atacaron con furor i rabia, e hicieron horrible carniceria. El combate fue obsti- nado. Los Esparioles pelearon como leones, i solo ceso el estrago de los. Cartajineses cuando dejaron de vivir los Sa- guntinos. Asi perecib despues de ocho meses de sitio la celebre Sagunto, victima de su con- slancia i lealtad; dejando al vencedor por despojo un mon- ton de cenizas i un espantoso esqueleto de ciudad.

La memoria de su ruina sera perpetuamente gloriosa a los Espanoles. The subject is frequently placed in Spanish after the verb. En todas sus ac- ciones i discursos no se propuso otro objeto que hacemos bien, instruimos, consolamos, i damos ideas 6 esperanzas las mas capaces de satisfacer a nuestro deseo insaciable de grandeza i de felicidad. Nada le aflijia, sino nuestros errores: Nunca se le vio verdaderamente contristado, sino cuando preveia nuestra obstinacion i las desgracias que nos debia acarrear.

Haced reflecsion sobre lo que hizo, cuando yendo con sus discipulos a Jerusalem, predijo las calamidades procsimas de aquella rebelde i endurecida nacion. Ved la ternura i sensi- bilidad con que las profetiza, los suspiros dolientes que eshala, el torrente de lagrimas que vierte. Vedle con la Cananea. En una de sus escursiones se le presenia una mujer estranjera i jentil, implora su socorro. Se resiste, porque parece que no estaba en el orden de su providencia empezar sino por las ovejas perdidas de Israel, Pero la infeliz con humildad i con f e redoMa sus instancias, repite sus ruegos con aquella hnportunidad que le agrada tanto, i su buen corazon, sin poder resistir mas, se rinde, le concede lo que pide, i la despacha consolada.

Hai quienes haciendose atar las manos en las es- paldas, llevan violentamente los brazos por sobre los hom- bros, estan padeciendo por mucho tiempo inmensos dolores, hasta que por ultimo pierden el uso de manos i brazos, quedando estos por el resto de su vida pendientes, como partes inanimadas. Pero sus mas ordinarias mortificaciones son prolijos, i severisimos ayunos, con total abstinencia de comida i bebida, que los reduce a la apariencia de meros esqueletos. Los sectarios de Amida, se hacen encarcelar en unas ca- vernas, donde apenas tienen espacio para estar sentados, i donde no pueden respirar sino por un tubo, que tienen cuidado de conservar.

Alii se dejan morir de hambre tranquilamente, con la esperanza de que Amida vendrci a recibir su alma al salir del cuerpo. Otros, se colocan sobre las puntas de unas rocas altisimas, donde hai minas de azufre, de que a veces salen algunas llamas ; i alii estan invocando sin cesar la Deidad ; rogandole que acepte el sacrif icio de su vida, i luego Unas, quien, cual, este, are used often to express, 'some,' 'this one,' 'those, 5 'others,' as the sense may require; hai quienes, 'there are some who.

Rara presuncion la del hombre, querer averiguar lo que estd por venir! Cuanto esta estd mas ciega, tanto pretende que el entendimiento sea mas lince. Grande ceguera nuestra es abrazar con el deseo lo ilicito; perb aun mayor buscar con el discurso, lo impene- trable. Desde el celebro del hombre, a la rejion de los futures continjentes, no abrib camino alguno la naturaleza; i donde no hat senda, que guie al termino deseado, cualquiera rumbo que se tome, lleva al precipicio.

Esta ambicion fue el vicioso orijen de tanta practica supersticiosa como invent dron los antiguos idolatras. Buscaban nolicia de lo venidero en los astros, en los cadaveres, en las piedras, en los troncos, en el acaso de las suertes, en los delirios de sueiios, en las entra- nas de las victimas, en las voces de los brutos.

A toda la naturaleza preguntaban lo que hatea de suceder i creian oir la respuesta por mas que la hallaban sorda a la consulta. Viste el rico delicada olanda, i el pobre gruesa estopa; pero dime si hasta ahora diste quejarse algun pobre, de que la aspereza de la estopa, le ocasionaba al cuerpo alguna mo- lestia. Jlcabada De tanta practica supersticiosa, 'of so many a superstitious prac- tice,' the singular is used for the plural in both languages.

Sin embargo, el rico tiene mucho mas que sentir en ella: El pobre, hecho a todo, nada estrafia; i asi de nada se duele. XXXVI, note 1, p. Ho feel in it,' the journey. L"V, note 5, p. Entran en un edificio, que al primer golpe de vista los llena de gusto i admiracion. Bepdsanle luego eon atento ecsamen, i no kaU Ian que ni por su grandeza, ni por la copia de luz, ni por la preciosidad del material, ni por la ecsacta observancia de las reglas de arquitectura csceda, ni aun acaso iguale a otros que kan visto sin tener que gustar 6 que admirar en ellos.

Piensa en los pecados que has hecho, i haces cada clia r despues que abrisle los ojos al conocimiento de Dios ; i hai- lards que todavia vive en ti Adan con muchas de las raices i costumbres antiguas. Mira, cuan descarado eres para con Dios, cuan ingrato a sus beneficios, cuan rebelde a sus inspi- raciones, cuan perezoso para las cosas de su servicio , Consider a cuan duro eres para con el projimo, i cuan piadoso para contigo: Mir a como todavia eres soberbio, airado, subito, vanaglorioso, envidioso, malicioso, regalado, mudable, liviano, sensual, amigo de tus recreaciones i conversaciones, risas i palerias.

Mira, otrosi cuan inconstante eres en los buenos propositos, cimn inconsi- derado en tus palabras, cuan desproveido en tus obras, i cuan cobarde i pusilanime para cualesquier graves negocios. Considera ya por esta orden la muchedumbre de tus peca- dos, considera luego la graved ad de ellos, para que veas como por todas partes es crecida tu miseria, Para lo cual debes primeramente consider ar: Vemos que entre las cosas criadas, unas hai honestas, otras hermosas, otras provechosas, otras agraclables, i otras con otras perfecciones.

Entre estas tanto suele una ser mas per- fecta i mas digna de ser amada, cuanto mas cle estas perfec- ciones participa. Pues, segun esto, i cuanto merece ser amada la virtud, en quien todas estas perfecciones se hallcm? It might just as well be left out ; if it were not that it seems to fill up the period better, and give it a more harmonious rotundity.

In similar instances we frequently find these pronominal objectives used, apparently against the rules of grammar. Here the indicative, and not the subjunctive, as in Spanish, is required in English. The genius of the two languages sometimes differs in regard to the use of moods and tenses. A ningun edif icio iluslre, a ningun lugar sagrado, perdono la furia i la llama. Breve espacio de tiempo vib en cenizas las villas i las ciudades, i reducidas a desiertos las poblaciones.

Aun los huesos difuntos per- dieron su ultimo reposo; trastornadas las urnas, i levantados los marmoles. Si el nino es jeneroso i altivo, serena la frente i los ojuelos, i risueiio oye las alabanzas ; i los retira entristeciendose, si se le afea algo. Pero no siempre estos juicios salen ciertos, porque la naturaleza tal vez burla la curi osidad humana que investiga sus obras, i se retira de su curso ordinario Otras veces la naturaleza se esfuerza por escederse a si misma, i junta monstruosamente grand es virtudes i grandes vicios, como se vio en Alcibiades.

Asi obra la naturaleza desconocida a si misma ; pero la razon i el arte, corrljen i pulen sus obras. No se puede pensar jenero de mal con que Espana no fuese aflijida; claro castigo de Dios, que por tal manera Deja caer el sobrecejo, 'puts on a frown. Con el cielo sin duda se revuelven las cosas de aca, lo que tuvo principio, es necesario se acabe; lo que nace, muere; i lo que crece, se envejece. Despues de aquel memorable i triste estrago con que casi toda Espaiia que do asolada i sujeta por los moros, jente feroz i despiadada ; de las ruinas del imperio Gotico, no de otra manera que de los materiales i pertrechos de algun grande edificio cuando cae, muchos seiiorios se levantaron; peque- iios al principio, de estrechos terminos i flacas fuerzas.

Las reliquias de los Esparioles que escapdron de aquel fuego, i de aquel naufrajio comun i miserable, echados de sus moradas antiguas, parte se refujidron a las Asturias, de que resultb el reino de Leon ; parte se encerrb en los montes Pirineos, en sus cumbres i asperezas, donde moran, i tienen su asiento los Vizcainos i Navarros Estos, confiados en la fortaleza i Con el cielo sin duda se revuelven las cosas de acd, 'by the decrees of heaven the affairs of this world are without doubt directed.

Groseras, i sin policia ni crmnza, fuer on antiguamente las costumbres de los Espanoles. Sus injenios mas de fieras, que de hombres. Sus animos inqui- etos i bulliciosos: En la guerra fueron mas valientes contra los enemigos, que astu- tos i sagaces. El arreo de que usaban, simple i grosero ; el mantenimiento mas en cantidad que esquisito ni regalado: Esto fue antiguamente ; porque en este tiempo mucho se han acrecentado asi los vicios, corno las virtudes. Los Tratdron i acometieron tambien de ayudar, 'thought of aiding and did actually aid.

En ninguna provmcia hai mayores, ni mas ciertos premios para la virtud; en ninguna nacion tiene la carrera mas abierta i patente el valor i doctrina para adelan- tarse En lo que mas se senalan es en la constancia de la relijion i creencia antigua: Verdad es, que en nuestra edad se ablandan los naturales, i enfiaquecen con la abundancia de deleites i con el aparejo que hai de todo gusto i regalo de todas mane- ras, en comida i en vestido.

El trato i comunicacion de las otras naciones que acuden a la fama de nuestras riquezas i traen mercaderias que son a proposito para enjiaquecer los naturales con su regalo i blandura, son ocasion de este dano. Con esto, debilitadas las fuerzas i estragadas con las cos- tumbres estranjeras, muchos viven desenfrenados, sin poner fin ni tasa, ni a la lujuria, ni a los gastos, ni a los arreos i galas. JYacen en ella todas las plantas conocidas en todas las otras partes de la tierra. Volcanes de perpetuas llamas, que arrojan entre las asperezas de la montaiia losas de azufre, i alii mismo altas arboledas, en cuyas ramas se suelen ver jeneros de aves de cuantas vuelan en las otras partes del mundo.

Munda de elefantes tan nobles, que les reconocen supe- rioridad los demas,J puestos en su presencia. Aflijirse de palabras espanto- sas; guardar cierta especie de relijion, reconociendo al sol Rieganla, 'it is watered by, 5 in similar cases it is better to use the passive verb in English. Aquel aflijirse de, 'their being grieved or afflicted by;' aquel guardar, 'their keeping. Tienen memoria de lo que aprenden, i segun Jilio nos persuade, podemos creer que lloran las noches su servi- dumbre con angustiosas murmuraciones ; i si en medio del llanto sobreviene alguna persona, moderan los jemidos con vergonzoso movimiento ; i en efecto parece que sienten el agravio de su suerte.

De mejor gana sustentan armada sobre sus espaldas la jente de guerra, i grandes castillos edifi- cados en ellas. Bartolome Leonardo de Arjensola. Sintib Hernan Cortes su muerte como perdida incapaz de consuelo ; aunque le hacia mas falta como amigo que como director de sus intentos, por hallarse ya introducido en la voluntad i respeto de toda la republica. Resolvio otro dia Cortes entrar de luto en la ciudad; pre- vtnose de ropas negras, que vistieron sobre las armas el i sus capitanes, a cuyo efecto mando tefiir algunas mantas de la tierra.

Luego que llegue a Madrid, estableci mi habitacion en una posada, en donde, entre otras personas, vivia un capitan viejo, que, desde las estremidades de Castilla la Nueva, habia venido a la corte, para solicitar una pension que creia tenet bien merecida. Llamabase Don Anibal de Chinchilla; no sin espanto le vi la primera vez: En el resto era como los otros. En cuanto a costumbres, era mui escrupuloso, i se picaba sobre todo en puntos de honra. Naturalmente nos interesamos por un hombre valiente cuando se le ve ajado: Pero no era de aquellos que en semejantes ocasiones esperan pocas suplicas; al contrario, se manifesto mui delicado, i me did las gracias.

No se alimentaba de otra cosa que cebollas i ajos, i asi solo tenia el pellejo i los huesos. Para no tener testigos de sus malas comidas, se encerraba en su cuarto a la hora de ellas. No digo yo que el casado 6 alguno ha de carecer de ora- cion; sino, digo la diferencia que ha de haber entre las buenas relijiosa i casada.

Porque, en aquella el orar es todo su oficio, en esta ha de ser medio el orar para que mejor cumpla su oficio. Aquella no quiso el marido, i negb el mundo, i DESPiDiose de todos para conversar siempre i desem- barazadamente con Cristo; esta ha de tratar con Cristo para A ponerle de balde en limpio, 'to copy off gratis. The mere act of giving thanks, in Spanish, is expressive of answering in the negative. There hangs in regard to the authorship of this book a mystery which the severest investigation has not yet unravelled.

Those who may be anxious to enter fully into this literary problem are referred to the North American Review, No. Aquella ha de vivir para orar contirmamente ; esta ha de orar para vivir como debe, Aquella aplace a Dios rega- landose con el; esta le ha de servir trabajando en el gobierno de su casa por el. Porque, sabida cosa es, que cuando la mujer asiste a su of icio, el marido la ama, i la familia anda en concierto, 36 ' i aprenden virtud los hijos, i la paz reina, i la hacienda crece, I como la luna llena, en las noches serenas se goza rodeada, i como acompanada, de clarisimas lumbres, las cuales todas parece que avivan sus luces en ella, i que la miran i reve- rencian; asi la buenaf en su casa reina i resplandece, i con- vierte a si juntamente los ojos i corazones de todos.

Cree- mos hallarlsL en aquellas m ism as cosas, cuya instabilidad cono- ccmos; i siempre ciegos, siempre insensatos, nos dejamos arrastrar infelizmente de las preocupaciones mundanas, sin poner la mira en lo que sabemos por esperiencia, que es lo mas solido i permanente. Todos estos son efectos de nuestra flaqueza, que se Usonjea con el vano esplendor de la vanidad i del orgullo; i ofuscados de aquella esterior brillantez que nos presenta, seguimos el ejemplo deplorable, i funesto de otros muchos que obcecados i alucinados de las mismas futiles ideas, kalian por fin el fastidio, la inquietude el dis gusto, la molestia i la miseria en lo que crezan encontrar el reposo, la alegria, el gusto i la felicidad.

Si el hombre reflecsionase con madurez, que no en las vanidades del mundo, ni en las riquezas que anhela la sedienta codicia. J sino en la tranquilidad de la conciencia i en la me- 'diocridad estd la verdadera dicha; si considerase que no la satisfaccion de los sentidos, ni el saciar los apetitos, produce el verdadero bien, sino el cultivo de la virtud i el cumplimi- ento de las obligaciones de su estado; se contentarza mas facilmente ; viviria sin tantas zozobras; no anhelaria s.

J Son mui pocos los hombres que piensan de este modo, i por lo mismo son muchos los que vituperan i censuran a los que lo hacen; siendo la mayor lastima, que incurren en el m Hombre de Men, 'honest man. Se tiene, 'is held,' in this sentence precedes its subject cualquiera, 'any one. Estdbale yo an dia viendo en aquel inocente trabajo, i me dip en un tono serio i festivo; I " Que te parece, Jil Bias, no es un espectaculo tan estrano como divertido, el ver a un ministro desterrado de Madrid, hacer de jardinero en Loeches?

He was born at Rome, in , while his father was ambassador from Spain, at that court. He was a celebrated minister of Philip IV. He enjoyed for some time the entire confidence of the King, but was afterwards disgraced, and retired to Loeches. Here he bore his reverses with a philosophic spirit. But he was afterwards banished to Tono, became broken-hearted, and died , in the 57th year of his age. Toda la famllia estaba contentisima i admirada de ver al conde tan superior a su desgracia, rebosando de gozo en una vida tan diferente de la que habia tenido hasta alii, cuancio todos advertimos en el una repentina mudanza, que palpablemente iba creciendon i nos Ueno de grandisimo dolor.

Vzmosla taciturno, pensativo, i como abismado en una profimclisinla melancolia. Abandono todo juego i pasatiempo, hut a de la jente i se vlostraba insen- sible a cuanto podiamos hacer i discurrlr para divertirle. Luego que acababa de Comer se cncerraba en su cuarto, de donde no salia hasta la noche.

Parecionos que aquella tris- teza podia tener orijen en la memoria de la grandeza pasada, i en este concepto procurdmos dejarle solo con el relijioso su confesor; pero su elocuencia tampoco pudo triunfar de la melancolia del duque, antes bien cada vez se descubria mayor. La peninsula, llamada Espana, solo estd contigua al conti- nente de Europa por el lado de Francia, de que la separan los montes Pirineos.

Esta feliz situacion la hizo objeto de la codicia de los Fenicios i otros pueblos. Los Cartajineses, parte por dolo, i parte por fuerza, se establecieron en ella- i los Romanos quisieron completar su poder i gloria con la conquista de Esparia; pero encontra- ron una resistencia, que parecib tan estraria como terrible a los soberbios dueiios de lo restante del mundo. Numancia, una sola ciudad, les costb catorce arios de sitio ; la perdida de tres ejercitos, i el desdoro de los mas famosos jenerales, hasta que reducidos los Numantinos a la precision 38i I en es t e concepto, 'and, under this idea,' c and, therefore.

El grande Escipion fue testigo de la ruina de Nu- mancia; pues no puede lla?

Viaje Al Centro de La Infamia (Spanish, Hardcover)

Pero la fortuna de Roma, superior al valor humano, la hizo senora de Espaiia, como de lo restante del mundo, menos algunos montes de Cantabria, cuya total conquista no consta de la historia. Largas revoluciones, inu tiles de contarse en este paraje, trajeron del norte enjambres de naciones feroces, codiciosas i guerreras, que se establecieron en Esparia: Huyeron los Godos Espanoles hasta los montes de una provincia, hoi llamada Asturias ; i apenas tuvieron tiempo de desechar el susto, llorar la perdida de sus casas, i ruina de su reino, cuando salieron mandados por Pelayo, uno de los mayores hombres que la naturaleza ha producido.

X La, 'it,' referring to espedicion. Varios reinos se lev ant ar on sobre la ruina de la monarquia Goda Espanola, destruyendo el reino que quertan edificar los Moros en el mismo terreno, regado con mas sangre Espaiiola, Romana, Cartajinesa, Goda, i Mora de cuanto se puede pondera? Pero la poblacion de esta peninsula era tal, que despmes de tan largas guerras i tan sangrientas, aun se contaban veinte millones de habi- tantes en ella. Incorpordronse tantas provincial i tan diferenies en dos coronas, la de Castilla i la de Aragon ; i ambas en el matri- monio de D.

Fernando i Dona Isabel, principes que seran inmortales entre cnantos sepan lo que es gobierno. La reforma de abusos, aumento de ciencias, hurnillacion de los soberbios, amparo de la agricultura i otras operaciones semej antes, for- mdron esta monarquia. Ayudoles la naturaleza con un nu- mero increible de vasallos insignes en letras i armas, i se pudieron haber lisonjeado de dejar 8 ' a sus sucesores un imperio mayor i mas duradero, que el de Roma antigua contando las Americas nuevamente descubiertas si hubieran logrado dejar su corona a un heredero varon.

Negoles el cielo este gozo a trueque de tantos como les habia concedido, i su cetro paso a la casa de Austria, la cual gastb los tesoros, talentos i sangre de los Espaiioles en cosas ajenas de Esparia, por las continuas guerras, que asi en Ale- mania, como en Italia, tuvo que sostener Carlos Primero de Esparia, hasta que cansado de sus mismas prosperidades, 6 Be cuanto se puede ponderar, 'than can be dwelt upon. Este principe, acusado por la emulacion, por ambicioso i politico como su padre, pero menos afortunado, siguiendo los proyectos de Carlos, no pudo hollar los mismos sucesos aun a costa de ejercitos, de armadas, i de caudales.

Murib de- jando a su pueblo estenuado con las guerras; afeminado con el oro i plata de America; disminuido con la poblacion de un mundo nuevo; disgustado con tantas desgracias, i deseoso de descanso. Paso el cetro por las manos de tres principes menos aciivos para manejar tan grande monarquia ; i en la muerte de Carlos Segundo no era Espana sino el esqueleto de un jigante.

Piensa cuan terrible sera aquel dia, en el cual se avertgua- ran las causas de todos los hijos de A dan, i se concluiran los procesos de nuestras vidas, i se dard sentencia difmitiva de lo que para siempre ha de ser. Aquel dia abrazard en si los dias de todos los siglos, presentes, pasados, i venideros: Considera las senales espantosas que precederdn este dia: Pues que sentird entonces cada uno de los malos, cuando entre Dios con el en este ecsamen i alia dentro de su conciencia, diga asi: Yo te crie a mi imajen i semejanza, te di la lumbrede la fe, te hice cristiano, i te redimi con mi propia sangre Testigos son esta cruz i clavos que aqui parecen; testigos estas llagas de pies i manos, que en mi cuerpo queddron; testigos el cielo i la tierra delante quien padeci.

Pues i que hiciste de esa anima tuya, que yo con mi sangre hice mia; en cuyo servicio em- pleaste la que yo compre tan caramente? Llameos tantas veces, i no me respon- disteis; toque a vuestras puertasj i no despertasteis; estendi mis manos en la cruz, i no las mirdsteis. Por cierto, cosa es esta, que si bien se considerase, bastaba para dejar atonitos a todos los hombres.

Alii discurren los anjeles, ministran los arcanjeles, triunfan los principados, i aiegranse las potestades, ensefioreanse las dominaciones, resplandecen las virtudes, re- lampaguean los tronos, lucen los querubines, i arden los serafines, i todos cantan alabanzas a Dios. Mui activo es el fuego en calentar, i el sol en alumbrar, i mucho se esticnde su virtud; mas todavia reco- noccn estas criaturas sus fines, i tienen terminos que no puedcn pasar.

Por esta causa puede la vista de nuestra anima llegdr de cabo a cabo, i comprehenderlas? Mas vos, senor, sois infinito: Sois sob re todo jenero i sobre foda especie, i sobre toda naturaleza criada. Porque asi como no reconoceis superior, asi no teneis jurisdiccion determinada.

A todo el mundo, que criasteis en tanta grandeza, puede dar vuelta por el mar oceano un hombre mortal: Ni vuestro ser comenzo en tiempo, ni se acaba en el mundo: Pues, siendo como sois, tan grande I quien os conocerd? De esta misma anima con que vivimos, cuyos oficios i virtud cada hora esperiamentamos, no ha habido filosofo hasta hoi que haya podido conocer la manera de la esencia, por ser ella hecha a vuestra imajen i semejanza.

El monte escelso de la virtud esta formado al reves de todos los demas montes. En los montes materiales son ame- nas las faldas, i asperas las cumbres: El monte de la virtud, tiene desabrida la falda, i graciosa la eminencia. El que qniere arribarle, a los prime- ros pasos no encuentra sino piedras, espinas, i abrojos: El primer transito es sumamente trabajoso, i resbaladizo. Lldmanle al recien convertido, desde el mar del mundo, los 4oi p or ser e n a hecha a, 'because it is made after. Mir a con terneza la llanura del valle que dejo. Contempla con pavor el cerio de la montaiia a que aspira.

Libre de la carcel del pecado, aim lleva en sus pa- siones las cadenas, cuya pesadumbre conspira con la arduidad del camino, para hacer tardo i congojoso el movimiento. Oye a las espaldas, los blandos clamores de los 'deleites, que le dicen, como a Agustino: Ya va hallando menos aspera la senda: Melantando algunos pasosmas, ya se va descubriendo algo llano el camino; aunque una u otra vez representa la costumbre antigua los gozados placeres, i la dificultad de vivir sin ellos, es tan languidamente, i con tanta tibieza, que no hace fuerza alguna.

Era la Marquesa de Chaves une viuda de treinta i cinco arlos; bella, alta, airosa i bien proporcionada.

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No tenia hijos, i gozaba diez mil ducados de renta. Con todo eso, era cele- brada en Madrid, i jeneralmente tenida por la dama de mayor talento. Lo que quiza contribuza mas que todo a esta univer sal reputacion, era la concurrencia a su casa de los primeros personajes de la Corte, asi en nobleza como en literatura: U E1 tribunal de las obras injeniosas. La mejor comedia, el romance 6 la novela mas injeniosa, mas alegre i mas verosimilmente conducida, todo esto se miraba como una pueril i lijera produccion, que no merecia alabanza alguna.

Por el contrario la minima obra seria, una oda, un soneto, una egloga pasaba alii por el ultimo esfuerzo del injenio humano. Sucedza tal vez que el publico no se con- formaba con la decision del tribunal, antes bien silbaba las obras que habzan sido aplaudidas en aquel areopago. La Marquesa me hizo maestresala de su casa. En esto vimos entrar a un hombre seco, mui grave, ceji- junto, i fhmcido.

No le perdonb mi caritativo instructor. Tras de este entro otro caballerito de buen porte; pero de furioso aire a la Griega, quiero decir de un hombre lleno i pagado de si mismo. Pregunte a Molina quien era, i me respondib que era un poeta dramatico, el cual habia compues- to cien mil versos que no le habian valido cuatro cuartos ; pero que recientemente por solo seis renglones en prosa habia conseguido formarse una buena renta I Bravo! A este se le oye mucho antes que se deje ver. Con efecto, resonaba en toda la casa la voz del Licenciado Campanai, que en fin aparecib en la antesala con otro Bachil- ler amigo suyo, i prosiguib atro?

Este Licenciado, dije a Molina, parece hombre de injenio. Si, lo es, me re- spondio: This is an elliptical sentence ; having the word moda, 'fashion,' understood. A la Griega, should therefore be translated 'after the Greek manner,' or 'fashion. En suma para no estimar las cosas mas de lo que valen, estoi persuadido a que la mayor parte de su merito consiste en aquel aire comico i gracioso, con que sazona todo lo que dice; i asi no creo que le harm mucho honor una coleccion de sus agudezas i gracias, si se diese a luz.

Fueron entrando despues otras personas, de todas las cuales me hizo Molina mui graciosas descripciones. Apenas habia el rubicundo Apolo tendido por la faz de la ancha i espaciosa tierra, las doradas hebras de sus hermosos cabellos, i apenas los pequeiios i pintados pajarillos con sus arpadas lenguas habian saludado, con dulce meliflua harmo- nia, la venida de la rosada aurora, que dejando la blanda cama del celoso marido por las puertas i balcones del man- chego horizonte a los mortales se mostraba; cuando el fa- moso caballero Don Quijote de la Mancha, dejando las ociosas plumas, subib su famoso caballo Rocinante, i co- menzo a caminar por el antiguo i conocido campo de Montiel ; i afiadib, diciendo: Ese es el cuerpo de Crisostomo que fue unico en el injenio, solo en la cortesia, estremo en la jentileza, fenics en la amistad, magnirico sin tasa, grave sin presuncion, alegre sin bajeza; i finalmente, primero en todo lo que es ser bueno, i sin segundo en todo lo que es i fue desdichado.

Quiso bien, fue aborrecido; adorb, fue desdi- chado: Parecia de cuarenta i cinco a cuarenta i seis anos, alto de cuerpo, moreno de rostro, cejijunto, barbinegro, i mui espeso, los ojos hundidos. Venza en camisa, i por la aber- tura de delante descubrza un bosque; tanto era el vello que tenia en el pecho. Traza una capa de bayeta casi hasta los pies, en los cuales traza unos zapatos enchancletados. Cu- brzanle las piernas unos zaragiiellos de lienzo anchos i largos hasta los tobillos: J atravesdbale un tahali f Crisostomo, is a personage who, in Don Quixote, the work from which this piece is extracted, is supposed to have sunk into an un- timely grave by the effects of disappointed love.

EDAD DE ORO, Die ho s a edad i siglos dichosos aquellos a quien los anti- guos pusieron nombre de dorados; i no porque en elios el oro, que en nuestra edad de hierro tanto se estima, se alcan- zase en aquella venturosa sin fatiga alguna, sino porque en- tonces los que en ella vivian ignoraban estas dos palabras de "tuyo i mio.

Les claras fuentes, i corrientes rios en magnifica abundancia sabrosas i transparentes aguas les ofreczan. En las quiebras de las penas, i en los huecos de los arboles, formaban su republica las solicitas i discretas abejas, ofreciendo a cual- quiera mano, sin interes alguno, la fertil cosecha de su dulci- simo trabajo.

Los valientes alcornoques despedzan de si, sin otro artif icio que el de su cortesia, sus anchas i livianas cor- tezas con que se comenzaron a cubrir las casas sobre riisticas estacas sustentadas, no mas que para defensa de las inclemen- cias del cielo. Todo era paz entonces, todo amistad, todo concordia; aun A modo de las del perrillo, 'like a cutlass. Entonces si que andaban las simples i hermosas zagalejas de valle en valle, i de otero en otero, en trenza i en cabello, sin mas vestidos de aquellos que eran menester para cubrir honesta- mente lo que la honestidad quiere i lia querido siempre que se cubra.

I no eran sus adornos de los que ahora se man, a quien la purpura de Tiro, i la por tantos modos martirizada seda encarecen, sino de algunas hojas de verdes lampazos i yedra entretejidas,f con lo que quiza iban tan pomposas i compuestas, como van ahora nuestras cortesanas con las raras i peregrinas invenciones que la curiosidad ociosa les ha mostrado. Entonces se decoraban los conceptos amorosos del alma simple i sencillamente, del mismo modo i manera que ella los concebza, sin buscar artiflcioso rodeo de palabras para enca- recerlos.

No habta el fraude, el engano, ni la malicia mez- clandose con la verdad i llaneza. La justicia se estaba en sus propios terminos, sin que la osasen turbar ni ofender los del favor i los del interes,J que tanto ahora la menoscaban, turban i persiguen. Now quien, 'whom,' refers only to persons. Una, pues, de esta nacion, jitana vieja, que podia ser jubi- lada en la ciencia de Caco, crib una muchacha en nombre de nieta suya, a quien puso por nombre Preciosa, i a quien ensefib todas jitanerias i modos de embelecos i trazas de Awr- tar.

Salib la tal Preciosa la mas unica bailadora que se hallaba en todo el jitanismo, i la mas hermosa i discreta que pudiera publicar la fama. I flnalmente la abuela conocib el tesoro que en la nieta tenia, i asi determinb el aguila vieja sacar a volar el aguilucho i ensefiarle a vivir por sus unas. Duerme el criado, i esta velando el senor, pensando como le ha de sustentar, me- jorar i hacer mercedes. La congoja de ver que el cielo se hace de bronce sin acudir a la tierra con el conveniente Sacar a volar el aguilucho, 'to draw the eaglet from the nest.

The verb may, in Spanish, as it has been frequently repeated, precede or follow its subject. The difficulty in translating into English the above sentence, as well as many others with which the student has already met, arises only from the circumstance of the verb preceding its subject. See notes 9, 23, 32, 40, Yo, aunque Moro, bien se por la comunicacion que he tenido con cristianos, que la santidad consiste en la caridad, humildad, fe, obediencia, i pobreza; pero con todo eso digo que ha de tener mucho de Dios el que se viniere a conten- tar con ser pobre, si no es de aquel modo de pobreza de quien dice uno de sus mayores santos: Pero tu, segunda pobreza, que eres de la que yo hablo, I porque quieres estrellarte con los hidalgos i bien nacidos mas que con la otra jente?

Porque losf obligas a dar pan- talia, a los zapatos, i a que los botones de sus ropillas unos sean de seda, otros de cerdas, i otros de vidrio? Al rigor i severidad en castigar, de que asi mismo le cargan, dieron ocasion los tiempos i las costumbres tan estragadas. Los escritores estranos le achaean de hombre astuto, i que a veces faltaba en la palabra si le venia mas a cuento.

Ademas que se acomodaba al tiempo, al lenguaje, al trato i manas que entonces se usaban. La ingratitud que con el se uso, acreccntb su gloria, i aun le preservb que en lo ultimo de su edad no tropezase, como sea cosa diricultosa i rara nave gar muchas veces sin padecer alguna borrasca. A muchos grandes personajes con el dis- curso del tiempo se les escurese la claridad i fama que primero gandron.

El tiempo le cortb la vida: Tachas a nadie pueden faltar, sea por la frajilidad propia, 6 por malicia i envidia ajena, que combate principalmente los altos lugares. Tenia buenas partes naturales, condicion i costumbres no malas: Era de injenio vivo i de juicio agudo, sus pala- bras concertadas i graciosas: Allegbse el menosprecio que tema de los hombres, como enfermedad de poderosos.

Dejdbase visitar con dificultad: Que estragos no hizo con el deseo ardiente que tema de vengarse? Fue este un estrano ejemplo, para que en los siglos veni- derosf tuviesen que considerar, se admirasen, i temiesen; i supiese? Luego que murib el Rei D. Alonso su padre, fue, como era razon, en los reales de Aljeciras, apellidado por rei, si bien no tenia mas de quince atlos i siete meses. Su edad no era a proposito para cuidados tan graves: Entre estas virtudes se vezan no menores vicios, que entonces asomaban, i con la edad fueron mayores: Estos vicios se mostraban en su tierna edad: En grandisimo perjuicio de la republica granjeaban el favor i privanza del rei.

En el palacio todo era deshonestidad ; fuera de el todo crueldad, a la cual todos los demas vicios reconocian i daban ventaja. Hermosura llamb Dios a la paz por Isaias, diciendo que en ella, como sobre rlores, reposaria su pueblo. Aun las cosas que carecen de sentido, se rogocijan con la paz.

Apenas se conocen hoi en sus cadaveres las ciudades i cas- tillos de Alemania. Tinta en sangre mira Borgoiia la verde cabellera de su altiva frente, rasgadas sus antes vistosas faldas, quedando espantada de si misma. Son medrosas las leyes, i se retiran i callan cuando ven las armas. Por esto dijo Mario, escusan- dose de haber cometido en la guerra algunas cosas contra las leyes de la patria: En la guerra, no es menos infelicidad, como dijo Tacito, de los buenos, malar, que ser muertos.

No sera dificultoso echar de toda la pro- vincia unos pocos ladrones, si los que en numero, esfuerzo i causa les hacemos ventaja, juntamos con esto la concordia de los animos. Para esto hagamos presente i gracia de las quejas particulares, que unos contra otros tenemos, a la patria comun; porque las enemistades particulares no sean parte para impedimos 46S el camino de la verdadera gloria. Demas de esto, no debeis pensar que en vengar nuestros agravios se ofenden Dios i la relijion, que es el velo de que ellos se cu- bren.

Ca el cielo, no suele favorecer a la maldad; i es mas justo persuadirse acudira a los que padecen injustamente; ni hai para que temer la felicidad i buena andanza de que tanto tiempo gozan nuestros enemigos. Sus pueblos estaban envueltos en la barbarie, i la embriaguez, cuando en Venecia Jloreczan injenios de primer orden. I sin embargo Venecia no es mas que un cuartel de Austriacos ; i la reina del Adri- atico es esclava de un gabinete opresor i enemigo de las luces.

Pesada cosa es rclatar sus ultrajes, nues- tras miserias i peligros, i cosa mui vana encarecerlos con palabras, derramar Lagrimas, despedlr suspiros. La prosperidad i regalos nos ejiflaquecieron, e hicieron caer en tantos males ; las adversidades i trabajos nos avivan i nos despiertan. Estoi determinado con vuestra ayuda, de acometer esta empresa i peligro, bien que mui grande ; por el bien comun, mui de buena gana ; i en lanto que yo viviere mostrarme enemigo, no mas a estos barbaros, que a cualquiera de los nuestros que rehusare tomar las armas i ayudamos en esta guerra sagrada, i no se determinare de veneer 6 morir antes de sufrir vida tan miserable, tan estrema afrenta i desventura.

Before the final passage of the bill to that effect, the question of the continuance or abolition of that tribunal, was discussed with all the ardour, eloquence, knowledge, argument, and facts, which the best and wisest minds of Spain possessed, or could produce. Ruiz Padron, a Clergyman of great intellectual endowments, and moral purity, was one of the great champions against the Inquisi- tion.

The above piece is an extract of the end of one of his Speeches on the occasion. Yo cntro en los magniiicos palacios de la inquisieion, me acerco a las puertas de bronce de sus horribles i hediondos calabozos, tiro los pesados i asperos cerrojos, deseicndo i me paro a media escalera. Alii vco a un sacerdote del Seiior pade- clendo por una atroz calumnia en la mansion del crimen ; aqui a un pobre anciano, ciudadano honrado i virtuoso, por una intriga domestica ; aculla a una infeliz joven, que acaso no tcndria mas delito que su hermosura i su pudor Aqui enmudezco, porque un nudo en la garganta no me per- mite articular; porque la debilidad de mi pecho no me deja proseguir.

Las jeneraciones futuras se llenardn de espanto i admiracion. Cuanta haya sido la gloria de nuestra nacion ni tu la ignoraS ni hai para que relatarla. Por grande parte del mundo estendimos nuestras armas: Si cuando nuestras fuerzas las teniamos enteras, no fmmos bastantes a resistir ;por ventura, ahora que estdn por el suelo, pensamos prevalecer? Los pecados, sin duda, de toda Espaiia con que tenemos irritado a Dios, que aun no parece esta harto de nuestra sangre. Mis riquezas no niego que son grandes; pero las hace mayores la ecsajeracion de mis vasallos, Esta casa que habitais es uno de mis palacios: El nombre de nuestro imperio, la fuerza de vuestros pechos os debe animar, tRcordaos de vuestras grandes hazanas, de vuestra nobleza, de la honra de vuestros antepasados ; ij los que, vencidas taritas provincias, disteis leyes a gran parte del mundo, tened por cosa mas grave que la misma muerte, dejaros veneer de jente desarmada i vil, que a manera de ladrones no se atrevi- eron a pelear en campo raso.

Vos tenets un mismo corazon, una voluntad i necesidad de pelear por la vida, por la patria, por nuestra gloria. Tu eres el solo que ecsiste por si mismo. Tu eres el unico que es grande i escelente por su propia naturaleza. I Que, mi Dios, yo sere eterno como tu? I Que esperas hollar en esos espacios en que corres siempre vago i nunca satisfecho?