UCDigitalis | Biblioteca Digital da Universidade de Coimbra
In this line of thought, the republican Portugal was presented by Lebesgue in tune with the true Europe6. The Portuguese culture 1 Phileas Lebesgue cf. Phileas Lebesgue, Portugal no Mercure de France, pref. Before the undemocratic and imperialists threats in Europe, the relationships with the American continent arose valued, and in the Portuguese case, the republican Brazil, acquired the profile of son in the cultural strand11, and the rich brother in the economic chapter Fighting the European critic and skepticism, especially English, the French author defended the viability of the Portuguese republic, and against accusations of corruption and patronage he declared the innocence of the republicans from the provisional government, that he knew from a long time and considered as an intellectual elite devoted social justice.
From the English gazette, Pall Mall, from October , Lebesgue quoted an article with the following review: According to the author, the intellectuals were the labors of the new era Though they sold their workforce, that fact did not prevent their responsibility from their role of honest guides and leaders pointing towards the human progress through the transmission of knowledge. This acquired knowledge should be more widespread with positive repercussions in the practice policy of nationwide.
Phileas Lebesgue sought to publicize and build trust with both French and European deployment of the Portuguese Republic. In the same intellectual sense given before, he presented it as the republic of the men of letters17 and it was from that idea that he took quality assurance: As a rule, if the monarchy had followed the path of the true liberal parliamentary democracy, the defenders of the republic would not have found their space According to the French author, strengthening his position with a testimonial of a monarchist politician, Rodrigo Pequito Rebelo, to the newspaper Dia24, they were the republicans that awaked the country to the participation e political debate.
This happen, as Lebesgue stated, after the 10th of June , because the Republican Party knew how to present itself has the detainer and the heir of the liberal and democratic agenda that was abandoned and betrayed by the monarchists At the same time, and within the tradition of sebastianismo29, the republican leaders assumed for themselves the role of saviors of the nation, under the only idea that could transform the country by replacing vassalage for citizenship Il a voulu savoir si les derniers venus ne se comporteraient mieux.
On the other hand, this civic and democratic ideal brought the hope of a way of individual autonomy, which would last in an idea of national autonomy that the Republican Party seemed to embody While the originality of the Portuguese revolution was evidenced by Lebesgue, the French cultural and political influence was given as a fact, as the importance of closely following the situation in Portugal, when it came to international relations The August elections that gave victory to the republicans, came to sign the direction that was being traced at least since More importantly, this victory validates morally, since it was the result of electoral choice, the Republican program of democratic demands34, and this time showed what was the opinion point of view.
The monarchists that had governed without public opinion began then to rule against it, and the path to regime change was at this point legitimized The so-called social issue on the agenda from the October 5th, revealed an economic and financial fragility that the Portuguese, through the choice of policy that led to regime change, expected to begin solving all problems.
This political and economic crisis prevented the moral and social development as understood by the advocates of democratization of society. One of the first steps should be taken to avoid extremism and violence, was to understand, organize and valorize work through the regulation of associations and unions and demand the establishment of a social pact, between employers and employees Reforms that improve the ownership and exploitation of land, industrial production and modernization of trade, counting especially with the Portuguese colonial empire, seemed to be the solutions to the crisis recommended by the provisional government.
But recognizing that dictatorial attitudes were part of the practices of government in Portugal, including the Republican provisional government42, he pointed out the ways that they could go hindering this behavior Has he thought and according to the republican leaders, for the new man, in the new era that began47, had his space and place, it was necessary to reform both public education and teaching, it was necessary to learn how to live in peace, freedom and democracy.
We can say the same for the Portuguese first republic who inherited a heavy legacy of stagnation and waste49 with the consequent prejudice regarding the individual and collective development. The root of the perfect gathering between science, knowledge and society, for a European development level, it was the existence of freedom However, through culture, the French philosopher gave us his political vision of the event, and through that we perceive Europe and the world as he politically understood it.
The positivist methodology was combined with a democratic and humanistic personalism, which provided the organic peculiarities of the new demands in the sense of universality and its laws, so dear to the Portuguese and French. En plus, en concurrence. Voir, Anne- Marie Thiesse, Le roman du quotidien. Lusiadas, canto IX, est. Entraram pela foz do Tejo ameno Lusiadas, canto X, est. Pedro V, 84 a Guglielmo Cavallo et Roger Chartier, Seuil, , p.
Mollier, O Dinheiro et as Letras…, op. Dubot, Histoire de la Librairie Larousse. Os caminhos dos livros. De Letras, , pp. Correio Brasiliense ou Armazem Literario, Londres: The Monthly Mirror, vol. O Carapuceiro, 22 juillet Reproduit chez Lopes Gama. Reproduit dans O Carapuceiro: Organisation Evaldo Cabral de Mello.
Companhia das Letras, Charles de Montfort, 2 vol. They furnish one of the best channels for conveying instruction, for painting human life and manners, for showing the errors into which we are betrayed by our passions, for rendering virtue amiable and vice odious. The effect of well contrived stories, towards accomplishing these purposes, is stronger than any effect than can be produced by simple and naked instruction; and hence we find, that the wisest men in all ages have more or less employed fables and fictions, as the vehicles of knowledge.
These have ever been the basis of epic and dramatic poetry. It is not, therefore, the nature of this sort of writing, considered in itself, but the faulty manner of its execution, that can expose it to any contempt. O derradeiro dia de hum condemnado. At that time, the libertinism used to be the use of reason as a basic control for world understanding and coexistence.
Within this background, I will prioritize more the heterodox nature of reading than books and also more the libertine appropriation than the prohibited or non-prohibited character of texts once we had in reading the disrespect which used to be materialized to interdictions and where the heresy used to develop and where dangers of religious, moral and political subversion used to be.
Allowed books and even the sacred ones, mainly the Bible, were herein mentioned and this is justified due to the fact that such books were considered as privileged objects of heretical and subversive readings by the readers. Libertinagens e livros libertinos no mundo luso-brasileiro Enlightened Reformism, desecration and Enlightenment Libertine reading practices are inseparable from the Portuguese reformism under the Enlightenment inspiration developed under the crown power with the help of literate people, their perspectives and contradictions.
There were then clashes between opponents and defenders of the Old Regime but those shared even some values and common principles and in some cases also sociability links or intellectual affinity knowing that most of their protagonists considered them members of the Republic of Letters. In fact, between the XVIII and XIX century, a process of desecration was developed and this consisted of the organization of critical perception and fight against the Old Regime and at the same time it consisted of immediate and unconscious behaviors of same sense.
A Cultura das Luzes em Portugal: A biblioteca de Francisco Agostinho Gomes: Portugal e Brasil na crise do antigo sistema colonial The expression corresponds much to ideas and procedures associated to Enlightenment. Cada um na sua lei: Companhia das Letras, , p. The natural religion and the freedom of conscience were then debated at several social levels and where the tolerationism was clearly defended in worship circles which highlighted, much before Voltaire texts, a positive image of England as the land of freedom of conscience SCHWARTZ, Stuart B.
Cada um na sua lei, p. In principles terms, the man intellectual autonomy defense was devoted first and then the reader one and inversely the refusal of the pure and simple authority of tradition which is not submitted to the control of reason Secondly, we made the distinction of an internal sphere, of each person, and of an external sphere referring to men public life.
Thus, it was reported that in the society then, there was a gap between these two spheres in such a way that if we processed a falsification in the public domain, we could defend the right of each one to live internally in the way he wishes since the external appearances are maintained.
In some cases, they associated the affirmation of human intellectual autonomy to the political-religious contestation, opposing the absolutism. Regarding the reading procedures used by libertines, we can primarily identify those who had a more cognitive character. At the same time, they commonly sought inductive procedures in knowledge building by valuing the observation and experience.
Contrary to that, they renounced, at higher or lower level, the exclusive use of deductive methods. Furthermore, they had the articulation analysis, internal coherence and texts rationale of all kinds including theology and sacred history with a highlight on the Bible. In reading procedures, we have to highlight that the ways with which the readers coped with the representations were not always explicit. We implicitly notice that readers 10 The ideas of man autonomy and emancipation with the privilege of what to choose for himself to the detriment of what is imposed by an external authority are the basis of Enlightenment project by implying a whole freedom of exam and criticism which did not avoid criticism dogmas and authorities TODOROV, Tzvetan.
Through counter-position between the literal sense on one side and the senses on the other side defined by rhetoric figures14 such as metaphors or allegory, some readers try to reduce the effect of reality of texts mainly of Sacred Bible. Another way was to use these same rhetoric figures by making them not only a simple ornament in speeches but also an essential argument which ensures force and intelligibility to them as it used to be processed in libertine romances and philosophic treaties at that time.
Furthermore, they refused the authorities that aimed at legitimacy in the same meanings to apply their power. In reading practices, there was someone, by radicalizing more and more the inventiveness and autonomy, to get into parodic staging of the masks and social conventions. This results in an example of a proposal made by Isidoro Pereira e Costa in the Capitancy of Bahia 12 The notion of representation occupied a central place in the Old Regime societies. Difel; Rio de Janeiro: About this subject, see: Officina de Manoel Coelho Amado, , p.
Preceitos de Rhetorica tirados de Aristoteles, Cicero, e Quintiliano. Among these figures, some call them Tropos where there is a change in the terms meaning by producing with it a second meaning — a metaphor which has two species, the allegory and the catachresis. Preceitos de Rhetorica tirados de Aristoteles, Cicero, e Quintiliano, p. Libertinage et figures du savoir: In general, the exploration of rhetoric aspects of biblical and religious texts was a weapon used by the heterodox libertine readers. However, in order to attach the biblical texts, the heterodox libertine readers, established oppositions between the literal meanings and the symbolic meanings by mentioning in some cases the rhetoric figures as the metaphor and allegory; or better by doing the opposite and insisting on literal reading.
When fighting the texts of Sacred Writ, some readers were far interpreting them by using rhetoric figures: They confronted the religious, moral, and political precepts, etc. Their reading practices translated a new comprehension of history: GF Flamarion, , p. Albin Michel, , p. Cambridge University Press, , p. A Cultura das Luzes em Portugal, p. Le Memoirs of Cependant, il ya trois mises en garde importantes: The Heroine of Almeida, A Novel: Le roman est anonyme: The Castle of Villa-Flora. A narrative on his military adventures, captivity, and shipwreck. In a series of letters from Arthur William Costigan, Ceci, cependant, est une introduction seulement: Les analyses existantes sont soit partielle ou inexacte.
Novels published in English in London appear to offer interest in Portuguese matters. There full entries taken from my bibliography of English novels are as follows: I p; II p. Sometimes attributed to T. Extract published LC Leipzig, Alonzos Abenteuer Price. I xviii, p; II v, p. SJC Apr Dublin, Printed by John Parker, for Messrs. Cross, Walker, Beatty, Burton, and Webb, 2 vols. Closely printed pages; presentationally bearing a similarity to contemporary chapbooks containing Gothic material, but unusual in being packaged as a Minerva publication. Booth, Duke-Street, Portland-Place, Dedication to Sir Edward Denny, Bart.
Hughes, 38, Berners Street, ECB dates , but no copy belonging to this year located. Printed at the Minerva-Press, for A. Printed at the Minerva Press for A. Henry Colburn, New Burlington Street, It is important to include the earlier period — and notably the literature generated by the Lisbon earthquake — to appreciate the basis for the nineteenth-century associations. Although my focus of interest is the novel and the writers and publishers and booksellers producing and distributing them, I aim [in my eight pages but I shall have more to say in person] to set out broader considerations in relation to literary traffic between Britain and Portugal and Brazil between and Reader responses are more intractable but not impossible.
My bibliography of the English novel includes suggestive publications: Storia e geografia Turin and Princeton, NJ: Giulio Einaudi and Princeton University Press, French but also German connections are fundamental to an understanding of the later appearances of matters Portuguese in the early nineteenth-century English novel.
O Marquez de Pombal (Folheto Para Poucos) (Portuguese, Paperback)
Of these, the German link and the interest from military operations are outstanding: It has been studied by Robert Elias and Michael Stanton and , but there are numerous bibliographical queries that might open up new lines of enquiry. Cherington, Containing a Genuine Description of the Government, and Manners of the Present Portuguese, offers even more cause for consideration.
The critical reception is also of great importance and I intend to discuss the reviewers and their attitude to the piece. How did these earlier productions relate to the Fair Maid of Portugal and the Maid of Portugal, both from the stable of William Lane which is currently undergoing bibliographical reassessment together with the productions of J. Hughes, another highly popular and populist bookseller.
The evidence of actual literary traffic between Great Britain and Portugal is sketchy but suggestive. A ripe guava is of strawberrycoloured hue. Digges, after all, was apparently hugely popular, the Lisbon earthquake left an indelible and long-running memory in literary, philosophical and religious comment and the broader point is that Portuguese and South American news in Britain and British news in Portugal and South America circulated widely and with important consequences.
The key issue in relation to changing literary representations and news if not import and export tallies over the period between and is the political, military and diplomatic affair of the Peninsula War, British victories at Porto, Talavera, Barrosa and Albuera followed, although the campaign had setbacks and the whole was fervently reported in the press. By , , French troops had been sucked into the Peninsula, and yet only 70, could be spared to confront Wellington; the remainder were pinned down elsewhere by the threat of local insurrections and the actions of guerrillas.
With the French unable to concentrate their forces against the British-Portuguese army, Wellington was able to move on to the offensive and secure victory at Salamanca in July The impression left in British literature is great if now neglected.
- The Story of Percy.
- Broken Bay Blues.
- The underdog world - UBC Library Open Collections.
- Bad Seed;
- Erlebnispädagogik und christliche Jugendarbeit (German Edition).
The British press was hugely engaged in the campaigns of the war, as were contributors to the magazines and miscellanies. Sermons and travel books reflected the war and various collections of letters were published, apparently to popular demand. By contrast, the relative failure of novels to respond is marked. Three novels only respond to the war — and two of these are historical, written retrospectively in and The novel is anonymous: In three volumes, was published by the celebrated Minerva Press founded by William Lane but now managed by A.
The conceit of a novel based on a rediscovered manuscript was old-hack by but given a new twist of contemporaneity by the Peninsula War allusion. The third novel is of more international interest. It proved very popular with a second edition in English the same year, also by the populist publisher Henry Colburn, of New Burlington Street, London, with an American edition published in Philadelphia also in and a further incarnation seven years later in as Tales of Flood and Field.
The review in the Monthly Review [n. If that added to its popularity the Monthly Review is dismissive of the content: He appears throughout his narrative as a mere vulgar campaigner, participating while in the Peninsula in some of the most horrid atrocities of the French soldiers, amongst whom he was originally enlisted, sharing also in their habits of plunder, and extreme licentiousness.
The reviewer goes on to disparage the strange turn of the narrative which includes a voyage to China. Notable also is the contrast between these novels and the earlier more bucolic novels relating to Portugal that appeared in early nineteenth-century London, such as The Exile of Portugal: It is also important to remember that the history of popular fiction in the Romantic period is indeed often associated with the careers of the two entrepreneur-publishers who feature in the Lusophone English novels, William Lane and Henry Colburn.
The prolific output of novels by Lane, and his successor A. At this point we should emphasise an important — and unfortunate — difference between the resources available for this sort of literary, translation and bibliographical research before and after As a result, the most rewarding trawls, for example, of British poetry, drama and novels relating to Portuguese affairs are restricted to the decades before Many early nineteenth-century customs tabulations are also lost — although one rare volume is actually owned by this writer.
We are able, for example, to offer literary and commercial contexts for the popular Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. Vernor was long established at the heart of the City and the city financial and commercial printing operations at least since , while his partnership with Thomas Hood in a major circulating library, brought him a popular and diverse clientele.
Hood died in and Vernor apparently sometime before. The publication typifies the range of topical politics, commercial and indeed ethical issues associated wit Portuguese affairs in London — if not in Britain as a whole.
Southey, to be Poet Laureate in ,. It is an object of the first importance to restore the state of Brazil, the most effectual means of accomplishing this would be to establish a [Joint Stock] company, and for such an undertaking the Jews are of all persons the most fit. Southey is also typical in voicing enquiry about South America: But I have before said that Portugal must not be depopulated to people Brazil; make the in- habitants, then, labour in the cultivation of sugar and tobacco, instead of burying them in the mines.
One ship will bring away all the gold and jewels they can dig, but many vessels are necessary for the exportation of these articles of commerce. And he offers a summary: It is a corner of land divided into three parts; the one barren, one belonging to the church, and the remaining part not even producing grain enough for the inhabitants. Salt may be found at Pernambuco, the country will produce wine, and oil may be made from the whale fishery; true, indeed, we should have no snow to cool our drink, but there are ways enough beside of cooling water. If America is in want of some things which Europe produces, Europe wants more of the productions of America: This betrays a truth: Portugal is an otherwise decent land beset by monks and nuns contributing to its depopulation and of wine contributing to idleness: The final — and hugely important - consideration is of translation.
The German but also the French connections are fundamental to an understanding of the later appearances of matters Portuguese in the early nineteenth-century English novel. Nine of my entries have Portuguese references, a few simply incidentally, but at least six with major concerns. Of these the German link and the interest from military operations are outstanding as partly discussed above.
The translation of many popular but now neglected French novels into Portuguese in the early nineteenth century raise several significant research questions, given that many of them quickly and cheaply produced French novels appear to have been translations from English originals. This however, is an introduction only: As the research projects develop, we are able to make connections in the import and export trade. The lag of nineteenth-century STCs digital projects compared to the earlier century is another difficulty, but newspaper searches are possible, revealing adverts and shipping arrivals.
Another potential source are letters to the Royal Literary Fund6 but the translations explored here are mostly from the French to the English, with increasing German source novels and literature from the s. At first sight, although translations were pivotal to novel 6 British Library, Archives of the Royal Literary Fund, More than a tenth of all novel titles first published in Britain between and were translations from Continental novels.
Some of these originals were elderly and obscure; almost all until the mid s were from the French. This continued the pattern of the previous two decades. We need to look back because while some novels wee translated within weeks of their first appeared, others resurfaced in other languages many decades later- especially when going through more than one language. Of these, 84 were from the French, 2 from the Spanish and only 9 from other languages including German7.
In the s and s a few more novels were translated from the German, but it was a popular source only during the final decade of the century. From , translations from German exceeded those from other languages for the first time. Even more fundamental is the difficulty in verifying the claims--either by a title-page and preface or by a reviewer--that a novel was derived from a foreign original. The same is true in reverse: Where a novel does not survive and its advertised title does not admit to being a translation, it is impossible to prove a foreign origination save and even then by no means certainly where a contemporary reviewer or other commentator so alleges8 When a novelist or bookseller took the easy route to producing a new novel by simply translating an obscure French or German romance, proper names were often changed and narratives rearranged.
Not all were as candid as Elizabeth Tomlins who acknowledged in the preface to her Memoirs of a Baroness that her tale was founded on a French original. This did not prevent suspicions being voiced9. Many were originally English. Translation of the novel was not simply a textual import trade. Many English novels were quickly translated into German, French, and other languages, and the novel industry involved both literary and commercial exchanges back and forth between Britain and Europe.
Of the 1, titles of new English novels published between and , are known to have been translated into French or German before A dozen or more titles were also translated 7 Raven, British Fiction, p. Tracing the translations of those, French or Spanish or other translations into yet further translations, such as Portuguese, is virgin territory, at least for the lesser, popular novels which forme the great majority of novels in these tallies.
Existing analyses are either partial or inaccurate Price, numerous scholars have explored the history of the popular novel in Germany in this period in an attempt to understand its broader literary and social context. Eva Becker, Michael Hadley, and Manfred Heiderich each offered profiles of novels published in a single year, studying , , and respectively.
Given the foreign origins and influences of so much of the material, they have been let down by English bibliographical failings. Translation of English novels of the period into French has been better served by scholarship, but even here existing guides are undergoing revision11 Perhaps — and this is very important — by working backwards that is fro Portuguese novels known to be translations from the French we can establish popular novels whose pedigree was also other then French or Spanish with English or other originals.
Given the profuse publication by the Nobles, Lane, Coburn and Hughes, it might be asked how certain titles many marked by queasy frivolity were selected for translation. The later translation of very obscure English titles might also suggest one other agency: Here was a readily available, exported dictionary of past publishing and critical assessment from London. The main conclusion here is that the book traffic, the imitations and the translations have to be looked at in the European round, not simply in bilateral channels between two countries.
The appearance of German intermediaries in the above account, for example, should be warning enough. Most uncomfortably, Price includes some dates for German translations of English novels which predated by some four or five years their first publication in London. Mylne and Richard Frautschi, eds. Mansell, ; and Alexandre Cioranescu, ed.
O marquez de Pombal celebrado por um grupo de distinctos escriptores liberaes
Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Les Trois Mousquetaires , traduit em Sous forme de livre. Deux notes sur Alexandre Dumas au Portugal. O livro no Brasil. Literatura e jornalismo em Portugal. Moins que 6 mois: Do romance imoral a obra prima: Waldemar de Castro e Silva Editor, Oxford University Press, Elle se compose de dix-neuf tomes et quatre-vingt-treize fascicules. Il y a une controverse concernant les phases. IV , par Mucio Teixeira. Letras, Belas-Letras, boas letras. Mais nous ne pouvons pas encore affirmer que le positionnement critique de la revue soit celui de son directeur.
Le Naturalisme et ses genres. Dominique Kalifa dir , La civilisation du journal. Domingos, Estudos de sociologia da cultura. Estudos de sociologia da cultura. La civilisation du journal. Rio de Janeiro, Paz e Terra, Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Librarie Droz, pp. Thus, every written word has a function of authority insofar as it chooses — by proxy, so as to speak — instead of the eye. It is a form of action in which a human being defends something outside the system, autistic by tradition, conservative in terms of survival, which has not felt legitimised by new knowledge.
Imprensa Nacional, tomo X, , pp. In the wake of this process, and following on from other events at the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century6, and with the hope of re-establishing a new political pact to ensure more pro-eminent functions within Brazil, on 10 February Bahia set in motion its own revolutionary process through a financial and political break, with power based in Rio de Janeiro7.
In , not only Bahia, but throughout Brazil as a whole there were revolts and accelerated political change. The periodicals produced in Brazil abandoned their newsgiving character a Gazette model with those contributing displaying their beliefs, which was a necessary condition for 5 In this context it is important to draw attention to a phenomenon that should not be ignored in the context of the transatlantic circulation of the press: That the press ran, nobody doubted. But the manuscript, with greater ease of diffusion, since it escaped censorship, spread more easily.
There were no commercial channels for their distribution, an essential mechanism for the practice of repressive censorship. The archives of the Quartermaster General of Police, until , provide testimony to this fact. If the manuscript arrived in Brazil, more important than it originating from France, Spain or Portugal is consideration of the flow of information and ideas that it contained, that led to it being circulated, through the multiplication of the word, with or without the use of printing.
An in-depth work, carried out by an extensive team of researchers, would give us possibilities to draw the most evident conclusions about this movement of which the files of the Quartermaster General of Police in Portugal, clearly provide evidence. Independence was thus prepared with a subliminal confrontation with Royal journalism, a confrontation just involving that of ideas, which encouraged writing on both sides. Their eloquence, whether in favour or against, became more notable with the abolition of censorship on 12 July Journalism in actu The news from the periodicals which arrived, from those which were in circulation or were reflected on the pages of metropolitan journalism all bear witness and show an intense interchange.
Various examples can be given of the impact that Brazilian periodical journalism had on Portuguese periodicals, but I have resorted to the Astro da Lusitania8, as the main news source, which provides us not only with information but also informs us about the circulation of the Brazilian press reaching Portugal, at the crucial moment of the change to independence for Brazil. Born in Viseu, Sinval edited the Astro, the third political newspaper that was published in Lisbon, after the capital had joined the 24 August Revolution on 15 September The Astro da Lusitania lasted until the suspension of guarantees, which preceded the fall of the Constitution in June , with the last issue being published on 15 April of that year.
It was one of the most widely read and credible periodicals of the period, characterised by its opposition to the ultra-liberal exercise of power 9 Astro da Lusitania, Lisboa, na Typ. On the other, the correspondence sent to him, and included in the pages of the Astro confirmed, in essence, the news from the Bahian periodical The most delicate and risky task of a journalist is, without fear of contradiction, writing in the middle of conflicts involving various factions which are stirring up the country where he resides.
However moderately and impartially he writes, he acquires large number of detractors, because the different parties, looking at objects through their preventative microscope, only approve of what flatters the way of thinking of their respective faction. This is exactly the sad alternative in which we find ourselves.
We protest before God and men who, when we take up our pen to write on this sheet, we do it always free of premeditation, because only the spirit of perfect impartiality directs our ideas. Nevertheless, we are slandered, insulted! But as nothing but the truth is the goal of our writing From another perspective of the topic addressed here, the importance of conspiratorial activity should be emphasized, as a component that helps the circulation of the press and the supply of copy for the periodical, in which the pamphlet and the anonymous letter appetizing are appetizing supports: However, intrigues and passions were not long in forthcoming Incidentally the same Semanario Civic, No.
Who are the factions, the representatives of the nation and those who in Rio wanted to make an attempt on the life of s. This periodical provided means of circulating information, with anonymous letters, originating from Rio de Janeiro, being the preferred means which it did not hesitate to publish We cannot ignore either, in this systemic circulation of news and communicational activity, other information supplied18 and other data, linked to this circulation and activity, information to which the Astro gave body, such as: Coimbra, University Press, , written by the Marquis of Queluz, writing in the Conimbricense stated: Among other things that draw my attention [are] the repeated protests that Maciel da Costa, the future Minister of the Brazilian empire, made in According to Carvalho, some pages of the Apologia lead one to believe that Maciel was the author of the pamphlet which he had refuted.
Diario extraordinario da Europa, No. Astro da Lusitania, No. In what may be called an environment of paroxysmal communication, at the end of and early , Brazil occupied a predominant place with numerous news reports that metropolitan periodicals received and sent back using different channels It was not by chance that Ferreira de Moura, reflecting on what was happening within the information and communication framework at the global level, and with regard to the transatlantic circulation of periodicals, referred to Brazil in a short brief speech in the Cortes, stating that: Of the Brazilian periodicals that circulated in Portugal, whether through their own circulation, or by reference or quotation, I have provided the list that is possible.
Those dancing, however, take round dresses, gloves and with their headwear styled in a lighter manner, more suitable for that purpose. Gentlemen will also dressed in a courtly manner, however, those who intend to dance will wear white silk stockings, with their uniform unbuttoned, a band on the waistcoat and white gloves. One thing can be stated in relation to the set of journals studied and researched: Given the space limit, I will provide in this compilation brief information about the journals surveyed: Started in , it maintained the Gazette template model. Unofficial, it defended the requirements of the governmental faction, which obviously provided it with protection.
The opposition called it the Iron Age, instead of the Golden Age.. Jornal de Variedades Some authors speak of it, but copies are unknown. It followed the periodical model in the Portuguese language, and was produced in London. Near to that of Lisbon, a type of non-compromised unofficial publication. It dealt mainly with the various areas of knowledge and about politics which it limited itself to reporting. Na Typographia Real, Only one issue, with no indication of date and numbering.
It appealed to the United Kingdom, according to the values of the new imaginary. O Bem da Ordem Na Typographia Real, , No. Defender of European interests. O Conciliador do Reino Unido Na Imprensa Regia, , No. Reprinted in Rio de Janeiro: Na Typographia Real, 14 November - It called for the election of deputies, quoting in context, Nos. It used, as its major argument, the Cortes of Lamego, a basic pact of the monarchy. El comunismo de las misiones. Instituto Colorado de Cultura, , Dice Gould que la vida y obra de Woodward "clearly embody the sensibilities of that interesting time - for the vernacular often surpasses the stellar as a source of insight about the main thrust of a movement"8.
Cardiel ha servido de tal por los muchos detalles concretos relacionados con casi todos los aspectos de la vida misionera. Mending the Gap between Science and the Humanities. Harmony Books, El autor comenta que en el caso de Pombal: Lewis, There is no freedom of speech in Utopia. There is nothing liberal in Utopia. From it, as from all other imaginary states, liberty is more successfully banished than the real world, even at its worst, allows. The very charm of these paper citizens is that they cannot in any way resist their author: It is not love of liberty that makes men write Utopias.
Surely most people today would see in its rigorous autocracy, its unscrupulous use of lies for propaganda, its ruthlessly censored art, and its subordination of all the creative and productive life of the state to a fanatical military caste, all the evils that we call totalitarian. Las sociedades ideadas por los dos autores reflejan todos estos rasgos.
Las misiones no dejan de ser interesantes para los estudiosos, para los lectores y hasta para los cineastas. En su obra Comunismo de las misiones , intenta negar la suficiencia de la obra misionera para pacificar al indio.
UBC Theses and Dissertations
Hace falta visitarlas para poder comprenderlas. Una cosa tan poco conocida, un mapa con tantos espacios dejados en blanco puede servir, claro, de lienzo a todos los pintores. The Jesuits attempted to protect their Indian charges by speaking out against their abuse and illegal enslavement by settlers and encomenderos. Leibniz y de Alexander Pope. Voltaire pinta los horrores inventados por el hombre: Se decide quemar a los dos juntos con algunos otros criminales, entre ellos dos portugueses que rehusan comer manteca. Maxwell Macmillan Canada, En los que se escribieron antes, todo es de color de rosa.
Voltaire torna a la idea original de Montaigne: Editorial Sudamericana, Voltaire logra hacer de lo abrumador algo risible. En pocas palabras Voltaire explica un punto de vista importante acerca de los ignacianos: No hay quien pueda estar en su contra ni en lo seglar ni en lo temporal. Los indios de las misiones lucharon en contra de los oficiales encargados de hacer las demarcaciones y en la forma en que las tilda Pombal, las "mutuas entregas" 8.
Pinta lo que le hubiera gustado que encontraran sus personajes. Sus habitantes son parientes de los incas; son los que permanecieron en su lugar cuando los otros fueron a los Andes a conquistar otro reino. Such a life was proper-there is even some reason to believe that it may have been a blessed one- before the Flood, but it is no longer so. Not until the second half of the eighteenth century did the potato finally take root in fields of northern Europe.
The peasants grudgingly accepted it only after their rulers forced them to plant it. Ballantine Books, El viejo le contesta "Est-ce qu'il peut y avoir deux religions? Candide apenas lo puede creer, y le dice, "Quoi! Nunca se vuelve a saber de Eldorado. Es como si se conservaran siempre igual. Esto es, la nada por excelencia para la historia En cambio, Voltaire rechaza el cristianismo. Sin los curas no hay quien dicte las acciones de la gente ni queme a los herejes. Tampoco hay quien prohiba los libros de autores como Voltaire. Los tres autores escribieron los documentos importantes en este estudio entre y Todo este territorio iba a manos de los portugueses.
A Collection of Critical Essays. Stanford UP, Los portugueses buscaron otra forma de aprovecharse de los indios ya hechos menos resistentes a la vida a la europea por los misioneros. Por eso me limito a estudiar lo que concierne esta parte de la vida de Pombal y de sus ideas. Donde Pombal pinta negras intenciones por parte de los ignacianos, Cardiel esboza martirios, sacrificios y continuos esfuerzos para proteger y cristianizar a los feligreses de los pueblos.
La mano derecha reposa sobre los planos de la Plaza de Comercio, edificado encima de la vieja plaza real, destruida por el terremoto. Como si se reunieran todos los logros de su gobierno en un momento. A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, Books for Libraries Press, Entre las repercusiones del terremoto se puede encontrar una lucha por efectuar cambios en la mente de los portugueses.
Twayne Publishers, Comenta Maxwell, [Pombal] used his extensive reading to formulate his famous critical account of the unfair advantages the British enjoyed in Lisbon and Oporto, advantages for which, Pombal claimed, Portuguese merchants in Britain had gained no reciprocal privileges. Estos monopolios causaron muchas quejas. En efecto, las Cortes no se reunieron entre y Resulta que en Austria el confesor del rey no era jesuita sino jansenista. Es el juicio de Maxwell que: It was a policy of reform, disguised, when prudence dictated, by traditional institutions and language.
It is fundamentally the enhancement of state power we are speaking about, not the extension of individual freedoms…the other side of the coin of backwardness can be order, and the other side of progress can be tyranny. In neither was there much room for the rights of the individual. That space had been decisively preempted by the state. Por eso cojea, al igual que el Ignacio ante todos los ignacianos. El pensamiento alternativo cede a una renovada ortodoxia.
El padre Lozano describe uno de los viajes. En la advertencia que cubre gran parte del sudeste del mapa aparecen estas palabras que ayudan a comprender los colores pintados en diferentes secciones del mapa. La lista de las tribus es larga. Acerca de estas tribus afirma: Casi todas estas Naciones viven vagabundas sin Pueblos, sin sitio fixo, y sin sementeras. Las naciones de a pie, que casi todas son labradoras, no hacen guerra. El caballo es el que causa mucha insolencia al indio.
Otro de medicina casera. Cragg, The Church and the Age of Reason En retorno de los agasajos que nos hacen los cristianos por los largos caminos en sus Estancias y Granjas, en donde no hay ninguna posada y es desdoro darles dinero, les damos medallas, estampas, relicarios, de que quedan muy agradecidos. Algunos de los principios ilustrados apoyan el esfuerzo de derrumbar el monopolio intelectual de la Iglesia en general y los jesuitas en particular en los colegios y las universidades por casi todo el mundo.
Las verdades, en efecto, parecen ser mentiras. Cardiel mide los logros culturales y espirituales con la regla de la sociedad europea: A pesar de su exactitud y a causa de lo muy citado que es este jesuita, algunos critican su modo de presentar la realidad de las misiones. Siempre pueden volver a los bosques cuando no les agrada la vida de las misiones.
Cuando Cardiel le contesta a Pombal, tales problemas se pueden interpretar de dos formas: University of Nebraska Press, Tocante a lo militar: Pero el religioso se encuentra con algunos indios que le dicen que "no" en este caso interesante. Diario Pero aun entre las quejas se puede ver que para Cardiel, los indios son una maravilla. En lugar de quejarse del sol, rechazan la sombra.
Y esta salud y fuerza la mantienen a pesar de que tienen que sanarse de los azotes que reciben de "una penca de cuero de vaca, sembrado de clavos, con las puntas hacia fuera, al modo de peine para apartar el hilo de la estopa" Misiones Tienen un juego de palo y sortija en el que "Ponen una sortija en medio de la plaza, colgada de un palo atravesado, que estriba en dos pilares. Toma el Corregidor un palo de lanza, ya carrera abierta va a meterlo por aquella sortija. Si lo mete, prende de tal modo la sortija, que se desprende y va metida en el palo. Para pasarlos se llevan prevenidos cueros de toro.
Se levantaban alrededor las orillas como una tercia" Misiones Y llegado el fin de la vida: Mueren piadosamente y con gran esperanza de salvarse. Desde luego a los medios hombres hay que gobernarlos. En sus casas usaban la hamaca para cama y silla. Edificaron catedrales que daban a una plaza central de varas en cuadro.
No permitieron que las mujeres participaran en los bailes ni que los actores se vistieran de mujer. A las 4 en verano, se toca a levantar [ Cardiel comenta que los padres nunca les daban nada a las indias sin primero ponerlo en mano de un indio. Sin embargo, los jesuitas no pudieron cambiar todo. Algunos de estos logros vienen con un elemento particular y americano: Editorial Belgrano, No por estar expulsados, se vieron los jesuitas completamente fuera de las luchas que antes participan.
Su nombre aparece hoy dos veces en el mapa de la Argentina: De todas sus actividades, la que perdura es su obra escrita. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, Porto Alegre, Martins Liveiro: Por haber defraudado a los monarcas de su poder de ejecutar los tratados que legalmente contrataron, los jesuitas son culpables del crimen de lesa majestad.
Impiden el paso a las fuerzas que tratan de llegar al lugar de las conferencias. Los monarcas, los ofendidos por ese crimen de lesa majestad, se presentan con sus calificativos religiosos: Al otro lado del mar y lejos de los reyes, los militares que tratan de ejecutar el Tratado de Madrid, se presentan como fieles informantes de lo ocurrido durante la guerra.
En cambio, hace falta que el lector reconozca en las obras de los indios la influencia de los jesuitas. Los pinta inocentes pero crueles, ignorantes pero instruidos en lo que no les toca como la arquitectura militar , obedientes a los jesuitas pero rebeldes a los reyes. Siempre en contra de los jesuitas, Pombal revaloriza esta "serie de constantes". Abusa de la gente con amenazas y sustos. A pesar de tener los jesuitas de tutores hay grandes lagunas en los conocimientos de los naturales.
Los indios, dice, no saben que tienen rey, no saben que son vasallos de ese rey, y que, como tales, tienen deberes a su monarca. Por lo tanto, las razones de estado que determinaron los detalles del Tratado de Madrid no les interesan, ni se consideran obligados a ceder el paso a quien viene al nombre del rey. Su testigo presencial es otra vez el general Gomes Freire de Andrade. No menciona las plazas, las catedrales, las casas, ni las anchas calles, menos en un solo caso.
No intenta alabar a los jesuitas desde luego. Los indios no tienen ni siquiera suficiente dinero ni tiempo para proveerse de ropa. Esto es, la nada por excelencia para la historia. Pombal pinta una variedad de misa negra. No se les puede confiar en los jesuitas, nos afirma Pombal, ni en cuestiones espirituales. Pero en gran parte sus acusaciones dependen de su habilidad de hacer creer que los indios nada pueden sin los padres y por lo tanto los religiosos tienen que haber estado involucrados.
Ofrece este ejemplo de la falta de virtudes entre los indios: Aunque no se ven en la batalla la presencia de los padres se puede sentir y razonar, porque sin los padres, los indios no hacen nada. Parece que logra bastante. Los que saben algo de Pombal no se arriesgan a pensar que tal apertura y libertad se convirtiera en libertinaje. Se ve que Pombal, cuando pinta en matices oscuros el gobierno de los jesuitas, sugiere que el buen gobierno consta de lo opuesto.
Por eso, manumite a los esclavos africanos dentro de Portugal para evitar su traslado del Brasil donde se necesitan para el trabajo duro en ese clima agobiante. Pombal apunta varias ocasiones cuando los indios no cumplieron su deber ante los blancos. Cuando se trata de un catolicismo bastardo y supersticioso que requiere la ciega obediencia, seguramente lo que le vino a la mente de Pombal tiene por fuerza que ser el caso del padre jesuita Gabriel Malagrida.
Dado que en el siglo XVIII Portugal contaba con un religioso por cada quince habitantes, la influencia del clero debe de haberle parecido casi insuperable. A pesar de guardar el secreto de su identidad, se puede percibir las luchas que ha llevado a cabo Pombal con sus antagonistas papistas en Portugal en sus quejas acerca de los jesuitas en el Nuevo Mundo.
Ahora adoran a sus santos padres y les cortan la cabeza a los europeos. Los jesuitas abusan de los indios. Los jesuitas, muchos de los cuales son extranjeros, no son leales a los monarcas. No hay quien controle a los jesuitas. It is powerfully but simply written, and containing withal that saving grace of humor which has, from the beginning of the world, been a stumbling-block to fools.
Guillermo Furlong Cardiff agrega: Ofrece sus expertos que impugnan las declaraciones de los expertos de Pombal. Los dos documentos intentan recontar y explicar los hechos ocurridos entre y , y los dos emplean el trasfondo de la vida de las misiones para acreditar su punto de vista. Son una de las primeras autoridades que ofrece en contra de las autoridades, muchas de ellas portuguesas, que ofrece para hacer la defensa.
Libelista, el Relacionista y el Sr. Varias veces vuelve al tema.