A poor family with nothing has to move to a refugee camp to survive. They see horrors, and brutality and poverty everywhere. There is no hope. Then someone comes along and shepards a child slowly, and methodically into a weapon. Add in a money line and some advice from a foreign intelligence agency and bam. I found that was the real message of the novel. Tim That's a very insightful read, Ken! I hadn't seen it that way, but now that you lay it out like that I feel sure that this must have been part of the That's a very insightful read, Ken!
I hadn't seen it that way, but now that you lay it out like that I feel sure that this must have been part of the author's intention, and that definitely makes it a clever commentary indeed. Too bad it was such a failure of a novel in every other way. You assume X, but get Y? Everything I read described a near-future novel about a second Civil War, with the north and south tearing at each other once again.
And the book does fulfill that promise. We follow a Louisiana family as members e "Everyone fights an American war. We follow a Louisiana family as members experience the horrors of civil war as children and adults, civilians and more active participants. Yet around two-thirds of the way through I was losing patience. While the characters were convincing, the world-building kept failing to make sense. At first I ascribed this to the author's inexperience it's a first novel or unfamiliarity with science fiction.
Then it hit me. American War is actually about the American war on terror. It's a metaphor, whereby the experience suffered by other nations, notably Iraq, transposes itself onto American soil. I'm not sure that worked out well. American War takes place in the 21st century's final quarter, after climate change has trashed North American coastal cities and devoured nearly all of Florida.
Mexico has somehow claimed back parts of the southwest this is never explained , the federal capitol is safely removed to Ohio, and the South secedes rather than give up carbon-based fuels. A quick conventional battle gives way to attenuated guerrilla warfare, including an occupation and biological warfare. Of mixed race Latino and black they scrabble for existence, then relocate as a new bout of fighting draws near. Daughter Sarat is our main character and protagonist yet not heroine , a strong and brutalized young woman who develops radically.
The whole narrative is dotted with excerpts from historical documents, and framed by a future historian's reflections. The writing can be lovely. The first chapter's second sentence: There's a fine and dark rebel's catechism, with an eye on Nechaeyev: What is the first anesthetic? And if I take your wealth? And if I demolish your home, burn your fields? And if I make it taboo to sympathize with your plight? And if I kill your family? Hasn't said a word in two thousand years. El Akkad is also good with references. A training scene on is clearly a nod to the exercises in Kipling's Kim Above all, this is a fiercely emotional novel.
Our point of view characters suffer terribly, and El Akkad brings their pain to us quite well.
They also love and connect with people, a sweetness we can appreciate. Indeed, one penultimate scene involves an unlikely reunion of the sort Victor Hugo loved, and combines implausibility with tear-jerking pathos So how does this become an Iraq war novel? The world's technology averages to a historical level of around We do get hints of some kind of electric car and boat, but are otherwise working with gear from generations prior to what we should expect from The south is filled with semi-organized insurgent bands, rather than a unified army, and their weapons include roadside bombs, suicide bombing, and sniping.
I must finish the answer in spoilers, alas - view spoiler [Sarat is taken to a remote Caribbean location and tortured in secrecy, along with a few dozen people similarly caught up. She's strong, but finally caves under waterboarding, although the text doesn't use that word. The Blues complete the conquest of the South with a "surge" In the final framing chapters the historian heads west to a desert country That was a fine act of science fiction imagination, especially as it occurred right during the occupation's most violent and unstable phase.
The Avatar movie did something similar, if far less interestingly. El Akkad is following a similar rich path. So why am I unhappy? Several reasons, beginning with missing big honking bits of Southern culture. Our heroine and her mother are black, while her siblings and father are Latino I'm sorry, but that makes no sense in the south, especially when characters, culture, and politics are trying so hard to recapture a prest-century history.
Having the family be nonwhite makes sense for the Iraq metaphor, but their racial presentation is simply unreal. Similarly, there's next to nothing said about religion. Which is just nuts, unless El Akkad thinks secularization will sweep the south in two generations. If so, he'd really have to lay out a plausible course, but doesn't.
There's little mention made of religion's role in organizing people for defense or offense, which misses crucial elements of both the south and Iraq. Along these lines the second Civil War's casus belli makes sense for the metaphor, but not American culture. It begins when the federal government outlaws fossil fuels, and four southern states rebel rather than comply.
Of the states the novel focuses on, only Louisiana is that wedded to oil and gas and that's not mentioned. Texas, now, is all about oil, but they are hand-waved out of the story occupied by Mexico? The big northern and western oil and gas states apparently go along with the post-carbon order. Yes, this connects to the role of oil in the American war in Iraq, metaphorically, but doesn't make for a plausible novel.
Perhaps the novel's greatest strength is that it points to the future - not its own, but ours. The novel is very concerned with revenge. Its opening quotes are about retribution, and the plot about stoking resistance and action. The ultimate expressions of revenge are terrible. Perhaps El Akkad is advising us to look out for Iraq, along with other countries subjected to the war on terror, for another wave of wrath. Why can't more nonfiction books do this? Does this illuminate the historian character?
I don't know his work well enough to say. View all 30 comments. When you wade into the ever-agitated waters of social media, you realize just how quickly the currents of infectious bile are flowing. The mainspring of this imagined future clash is not race and slavery, but science and the environment. We learn that as climate change ravaged the Earth, intelligent societies abandoned fossil fuels, but the South clung to its peculiar institution and kept pumping, excavating and burning.
To read the rest of this review, go to The Washington Post: This is a novel that hearkens back to the great days of serious and very dark future history, the kind that used be common in SF before it got taken over with fluffy if dark YA that is usually a lot more simple and caricature than serious. So now we're back to the good and serious SF, no light tones here, and we fast forward to a history of America where its dominance in the world has sunk with a lot of its land, where ecological changes have turned the deserts into blasted lands, where politic This is a novel that hearkens back to the great days of serious and very dark future history, the kind that used be common in SF before it got taken over with fluffy if dark YA that is usually a lot more simple and caricature than serious.
So now we're back to the good and serious SF, no light tones here, and we fast forward to a history of America where its dominance in the world has sunk with a lot of its land, where ecological changes have turned the deserts into blasted lands, where politics has been turned upside-everywhere else thanks to the tail-end of the oil-energy crisis, and where plagues and war has ravaged America's soil. A lot can happen in 70 years. This is what world-building is all about. Extrapolation, exploration, and detail, detail, detail.
Akkad's writing is full of wonderful detail. Enough upheavals have altered the landscape of the world. China is dominant, as is a Northern-African alliance, but these details are just dressing to the real tale. America is split between the blues and the reds, but the meaning of these are just as changed in another 70 years as they were 70 years ago from today. What we have in this novel is a very Southern tale. It's not just mannerisms, but the kinds of things they find pride in, whether truth or lies.
They're just standing up for what they believe in. In this case, oil. They're holding on to tradition and they've made this about identity, but what makes this a real cause isn't quite this narrative. Indeed, it's all about being abused and economics and especially poverty. Add plagues that have overextended an already hurting American Government and the result is massive areas of quarantines, angry and scared people.
Add drones in the sky and angry bombers and refugee camps and it's no wonder that the war not only worsens but intensifies. Now there's more than real grudges at stake. And our main character grows up in the lush world-building of the South during the early years as a kid and we see her grow from a courageous woman into one who's been broken by the system and then we see her get her final revenge. This is the main story. The world-building is absolutely fantastic, but the pain and the strength and the way she's broken and how she copes with it is the real treat.
I'm not saying it's easy or pleasant to put yourself in her shoes. But it feels genuine. Seven years in a concentration camp in Georgia without due process and subject to torture nearly the entire time isn't exactly pleasing. The whole novel feels genuine.
Even the writing of the history of the civil war by this main character's nephew as a Future History is a wonderful detail, and he's one hell of an interesting guy, too. A lot of these kinds of serious dystopias can feel like a dark warning, a cautionary tale, and those have a very fine tradition. This one avoids most of that. In fact, the tale is everything. Any kind of moral or ethical judgment we deem to take about the character's actions are entirely personal and not just a place for the author to soapbox. There's very little soapboxing here.
Even the reasons for joining the Reds, the south, are purely personal. They stand up for what they think is right, even if they're wrong. At least they don't sugar coat and lie. It's a very southern attitude.
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That, and Don't Tread On Me. In the end, I think this novel could be an anthem to that very idea even as it shows just how dark a path it can take. What a delightful novel. Dark and very disturbing, too, but delightful nonetheless. View all 9 comments. I shook my head.
The ultimate driver of hate, bigotry, conflict, ultimately: The emotion that pervades so much of our current geopolitical situation: American War is a powerful, devastating portrait of the world, some decades from now. And what makes it so potent and terrifying, is how plausible, how absolutely realistic El Akkad's conclusions about where we are heading sound.
In this world, the United States is in turmoil: El Akkad builds this world carefully and attentively, but the world itself is not so much what the novel is about. Rather, American War attempts to answer the question, "How is someone radicalized into hate and into committing horrific terrorist acts in the name of this hate? For Sarat is no ideologue; she does not fight for the South, for ideas - she exacts revenge on those who have caused her to fear. What makes this novel especially terrifying is how the reader walks hand in hand with Sarat at every step of the way, from her relatively happy childhood: Not surprisingly, some have found American War too controversial for comment; also not surprisingly, it's been highly praised by critics, for indeed it is a true genius to induce such feelings in a reader.
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This novel is a challenging read: It is certainly not for everyone. View all 18 comments. Feb 22, Michael Ferro rated it it was amazing. Akkad, a well-seasoned journalist who knows conflict abroad has turned his sights on America, apparently in an effort to help us peer into our possible future should we not change our course, and the result is amazingly powerful.
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View all 10 comments. American War is not a beach read. In , America much smaller than it used to be due to climate change enters its second Civil War: The war lasts for nearly twenty years, with unmanned drones and biological warfare and good old-fashioned terrorism making a ruins of the South. World-building is difficult in novels like these, in which the author must catch the reader up on the mind-bending events of the past fifty or so years.
But author Omar El Akkad uses an effective cheat: Not only are the big overarching plot points of the novel well-imagined, but El Akkad gets the small details right, too, mapping the cultural artifacts that stay with us even as the world burns: Read more at https: The premise of a dystopian world during and after a second American Civil War was interesting, and I was curious about the two maps shown before the Prologue.
Set in the future beginning in , the story centers on the Chestnut family and specifically on young Sara T, known as Sarat. The descriptions of their life and the environment in which they survived were mostly depressing, and the pace was slow in some places.
American Revolutionary War
The book wasn't satisfying my curiosity about the new world order as its focus narrowed to one person, and I lost interest. It's hard to say where exactly Omar El Akkad went wrong with American War , because on the surface, this appears to be such a well-constructed novel. El Akkad ties in the story of our protagonist, Sarat, with his imagined vision of a second American Civil War in a way that's comprehensive and undeniably steeped with tragedy.
The world building in this novel is immense, with various news articles scattered like historical set pieces throughout the narrative. But when you look closer, there are too It's hard to say where exactly Omar El Akkad went wrong with American War , because on the surface, this appears to be such a well-constructed novel. But when you look closer, there are too many gaping holes. What about the current social climate in America, with all our institutionalized racism and police brutality, suggests that we're moving toward a post-racial, colorblind society?
How can El Akkad draw so heavily on the first American Civil War for his narrative and completely ignore the question of slavery and racism? How can the South continue to use fossil fuels when the rest of the country no longer does? How did the Mexican annexation of a large region of the U.
How on earth did every country in the Middle East come together in the span of about fifty years?!?! These are just a few of the questions American War left me with. Maybe they're not the point. But I can't help but to feel like a novel which goes to such great lengths to set the stage for this future-alternate history needs to be able to provide the reader with satisfactory answers.
My second issue with this book is that it's dull, tedious, and downright boring. If I hadn't been reading this for a book club, I would have strongly considered DNFing, which as you guys know, I never do. I just couldn't bring myself to care about Sarat, who felt more like a caricature than a well-developed character in her own right, or about the background characters who littered the narrative without much depth or individual personalities. I was really disappointed by this book. I thought that a novel about a second American Civil War would be difficult to read because of what a realistic possibility it is, but American War was never able to convince me that it was anything other than highly imaginative fiction.
Maybe I could have forgiven that if the plot or characters held my attention, but they didn't. It was such a relief to finish this. View all 3 comments. This book was really good and really scary, and it came as a surprise to me how much I liked it. Not because I had heard bad things about it beforehand, but because I had a feeling that this book was either going to be too dark and sinister for my taste, or it would be just the right amount of dark and sinister as well as give me an interesting insight into what America could look like less than years from now. Basically, this book takes place in America in the ss, and 4.
Basically, this book takes place in America in the ss, and America as well as the rest of the world is suffering from climate changes that have inondated a lot of the land and made it unhabitable. However, this is not a book about the desvastation of the land, but it's a book about how people react under extreme stress and pressure. Living in this world is bearable, but instead of focusing their energy on creating new solutions to this new way of living, the Americans have turned crazy on each other and have started a new civil war because of power and land and fuel. This aspect is what scared me the most, because sadly I think there's a lot of truth in it.
We've seen it before with wars about power and possession, and it's not unimaginable that this could happen in a future world. That being said, the ending of the book made me take my rating down half a star, because there is a limit as to how pessimistic I am when it comes to the human race. But this novel surprised me! It's well written, it provokes you and touches you, and it makes you appreciate the life we have right now a whole lot more. Full review now posted! Sometimes, a book hits you at exactly the wrong moment. This was a very good book objectively. It was beautifully written, well-researched, poignant, and plausible.
There is so much going on in America right now. I started reading this book about two days before Hurricane Harvey made landfall, and was unable to pick it up again until the worst of it was past. My state has been decimated by hurricanes in the past, and watching that happen to our neighbor to the west was heartbreaking. My thoughts and prayers are still with those Texans whose lives were forever altered by the storm.
In the future put forth by the author in American War, our coastline has been radically altered by hurricanes. Almost a third of Louisiana is underwater by the year , and many other seaport cities along the coast have sank beneath the waves. Can you see why this was hard for me to read when I picked it up?
Our strength is in our unity, and without that unity we will fall. I wish that we as Americans could love one another more than we hate any opinion that opposes our own. And I have faith that with God, anything is possible. I just picked up this book at exactly the wrong moment.
May the prophecy held within these pages never come to pass, and may God bless America. Original review can be found at Booknest. View all 8 comments. Watch my full review: Could the United States tear itself apart in another bloody Civil War? Could the catalyst for such a conflict could be a threat to the god-given liberty of red state Americans to drive gas-guzzling pickups - the inalienable constitutional right to bear Chevrolets?
Omar El Akkad thinks so, and based on this scenario he has produced American War - a fictional history of the second American Civil War to come. American War is an interesting blend of ideas. A Story of 22nd-Century America and part post-climate change dystopia, like Paolo Bacigalupi's The Water Knife , with a civil war thrown in for extra spice. The story is narrated by Benjamin Chestnut, an older man living in the safe haven of neutral Anchorage after the war. The drama he details is gripping.
In the s, climate change has wrecked the coastal United States. New Orleans is gone. The government has abandoned Washington for Columbus Ohio to escape the shattering storms now hitting D. Mexico has re-conquered large sections of the south from California to Texas. The era of US global dominance has come to an end and new hegemons are rising, particularly the Bauzizi empire, which encompasses the Middle East and North Africa and has a direct interest in ensuring the fratricidal conflict in the U. S bleeds its rival for as long as possible. In a belated effort to address emissions the feds ban the use of fossil fuels, enraging the Southern states who still have access to large reservoirs of cheap gasoline.
So begins a bitter, brutal conflict. Drones bomb southern targets. Southern bombers assassinate the US president. Militias spring up on both sides, committing war crimes in the name of patriotism. South Carolina, originally part of the revolt, is destroyed by and engineered plague released by the North, and the entire area has been sealed off from the rest of the union.
We follow as Sarat grows into a woman, as she is radicallised by the actions of the hated Blues, and recruited to the Southern cause. She becomes a powerful tool for the Southern cause, and her actions drastically change both the war, and the peace that follows it. El Akkad writes well, and vibrantly evokes the heat and humidity of the South, along with a very plausible post-climate change America that is far less than it once was. There are some nice touches- El Akkad mentions refugees fleeing from a now-decrepit Europe to North Africa in search of better opportunities which is an interesting reversal of present day trends, and convincingly shows southerners using old muscle cars as a symbol of their culture one particularly cute image is of a group of southern patriots standing around a barbecue built into the engine cavity of a rusting old Chevy.
There are flaws here too, however and the story does have a few head-scratching ideas in it - such as the Mexican Reconquista of the southern US. Furthermore the north of Mexico is likely to face very severe drought as climate change sets in - I'm not entirely convinced that the Mexicans would want more drought crippled land in California and Texas.
Yet, despite a few moments where your suspension of disbelief may falter, El Akkad's book is an interesting and engrossing read. I wish I could give this book 10 stars out of five. I'd wished I could give it 10 stars from the prologue alone, and it got better and better. Like I said in my updates, this book feels like more like a prophecy instead of a novel given what happened recently. I feel like the author truly knows war, and he understands the grudges some stubborn people seem to hold all their lives. Also he grasps the most horrifying thing about the war, that it destroys every single person's belief no matter what t I wish I could give this book 10 stars out of five.
Also he grasps the most horrifying thing about the war, that it destroys every single person's belief no matter what they stand for, and it nurtures whole generations of broken souls. It was heartbreaking to read for so many reasons, because it was so well written it almost felt real, also because these things DO happen in real life.
The narrator said that his burden is understanding, so I'm glad we readers can share that burden with him. Again, I would recommend it to you if you're a US citizen, or you live in the US or just care about it. I would also recommend it to you if you care about humanity, about what we humans can become when we cease to understand what destruction stupid grudges can bring. I was torn between three and four stars here. I was torn the same way with the small press book Ruin Season , when I read it last week. That one I went up to four and this one I went down to three.
I thought the book was quite good. The premise I was torn between three and four stars here. The premise is that towards the middle of the 21st Century a second Civil War breaks out when fossil fuels are banned and a small group of Southern States try to break away from the Union. The world where this war takes place is teetering on the verge of total ecological disaster, you know because of overuse of fossil fuels.
The coastlines have been re-drawn. Washington DC has been given up as lost and the capital has been moved to Columbus, Ohio. I think Florida is mostly a sea. Lots of alarming changes This to me seemed completely absurd, but in its total absurdity there was a believability that it would take something like a minor on a large scale accident to spur the government to take drastic measures, when something like losing Washington DC, New Orleans and Florida to rising waters wouldn't make this sort of thing a necessity. The novel is framed by a historian telling the story of one woman Sara T.
Chestnutt's experience growing up during the war. As a child she was confused a bit about her name so she took to calling herself Sarat, giving her a sort of Middle East connotation. The historian is telling the story after the War and a subsequent plague that killed over a hundred million people has ended. The reader follows Sarat as a little girl living in Louisana and her coming of age in refugee camp. And while this novel is on the surface a sort of dystopian look at what could happen in our country, I read it mostly as a metaphor for the wars in the Middle East.
Actually, now that I'm thinking of it some of my 'problems' aren't really problems at all if the book is read a critique of the way America has handled foreign policy in the Middle East you know waged war for over the past two decades kind of political aside in spoiler tag. It boggles my mind to believe that Parenti or Chomsky was telling the truth about this, but what if he was? My biggest problem with the book not taking it as a metaphor for the Gulf Wars was it was too short. The tough part I think of writing a book like this is to do all the necessary world building, and the proper amount of character development, and create an engaging story.
When I was about half-way done with the book Karen asked me if it was any good, and my answer was, "I don't know"? But this wasn't exactly true, some stuff had happened, but the pacing felt weird like there had been a lot of set up going on and a dwindling number of pages to give me the payoff of the setup. A book like Station Eleven feels bigger than the shortness of the actual book. She created something amazing in that book that felt satisfying even though I have a feeling everyone who read it wanted more of a particular story line.
I'm not sure how she pulled off making a satisfying novel background needing to be established and the number of characters and stories she used and still managed to get it all to work in under pages. John Mandel, blurbs the front cover of this book, so every time I picked up the book I was reminded of her and maybe unfairly would compare this book to hers. I feel like American War didn't pull off the magic trick of balancing all these elements in a satisfying manner. I wanted more of something from the novel. More of Sarat's story, or more of the background which is hinted at in the narrative and documentary materials between chapters.
Sarat being almost the singular focus of the book never came alive for me, but she wasn't distant enough to create a strong sense of the unknowable other Ignore my criticisms though, the novel is good. I'm nitpicking, but just because I feel like it's so close to being a great novel, but just misses the mark a bit.
I'm definitely interested in seeing what else Omar El Akkad has to offer in future novels. View all 5 comments. Part of the Opium Wars — Location: Part of the Mormon wars — Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming. Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Part of pre- Civil War conflicts Location: Pyramid Lake , Nevada. Colorado , Wyoming , and Nebraska. Oregon , Nevada , California , and Idaho. Montana , Dakota and Wyoming. Oregon , Idaho , Wyoming , and Montana. Idaho , Oregon , and Wyoming.
Cuba , Puerto Rico , Philippines and Guam. Russia , Mongolia , and Iran. Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos.
Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge until [3] [4] Supported by: Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , and Israel. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Somalia and Northeastern Kenya. Democratic Federation of Northern Syria. Israel limited involvement; against Hezbollah and government forces only. Free Syrian Army From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 December Said to Ignore Factionalism". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 27 August Retrieved 18 February Archived from the original on Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
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This page was last edited on 16 December , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. American Revolutionary War — Location: United States Chickasaw Choctaw. Shays' Rebellion — Location: Massachusetts Shays' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early Victory Problems with the Articles of Confederation spur U. Whiskey Rebellion — Location: Western Pennsylvania George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania. Victory Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance End of French privateer attacks on American shipping American neutrality and renunciation of claims by France.
Eyalet of Tripolitania Sultanate of Morocco. Rebel slaves Supported by: War of — Location: Eastern and Central North America General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in Decatur's squadron off Algiers. Defeat Rebels defeated and captured James Long executed.
Army during the Red River War. Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies. Victory Ho-Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States. First Sumatran expedition Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Chiefdom of Kuala Batee. Victory Sumatran attacks on U. Victory End of Native armed resistance to U. Florida , United States U. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades. Victory 3, Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory remain in Everglades. Second Sumatran expedition Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Victory Malays cease attacks on American vessels.
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Aroostook War Location: United Kingdom British North America. Ivory Coast Veterans of the expedition on board Saratoga in Ivory Coast Bereby people. Victory Little Bereby destroyed. Mexican—American War — Location: United States California Republic. Victory Cayuse reduced in numbers and forced to cede most of their lands. Southwestern United States U. Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches , by F.
Victory Apaches moved to reservations. Rogue River Wars — Location: Victory By late s, most Seminoles forced to leave their land; a few hundred remain deep in the Everglades on land unwanted by white settlers. Utah War Part of the Mormon wars — Location: Compromise Resolution through negotiation Brigham Young replaced as governor of the territory Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President James Buchanan on the condition that they accept American Federal authority. New Mexico Fort Defiance. Victory Long Walk of the Navajo Navajos moved to reservations.
West Virginia Harper's Weekly illustration of U. First and Second Cortina War — Location: American Civil War — Location: Yavapai Wars — Location: Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave.
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Dakota War of Location: Colorado War — Location: Victory Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington. Shimonoseki War — Location: Snake War — Locations: Powder River War Location: Red Cloud's War — Location: Formosa Expedition Location: Defeat American withdrawal after Marine commander killed, subsequent Formosan retreat [1] No other casualties. Comanche Campaign — Location: One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle. Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa. United States expedition to Korea Location: Victory United States-Korea Treaty of Modoc War — Location: California and Oregon Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, Red River War — Location: