Elevator into orbit — NASA has a unit that has experimented with rail-assisted launch technology. The concept involves a high-speed maglev rocket sled that would shoot a projectile into the stratosphere before ramjets or scramjets powered it the final leg into space. Elevator into orbit — An artist's impression shows a potential design for a rail-launched aircraft and spacecraft. Early designs envision a 2-mile-long track at Kennedy Space Center shooting a Mach capable carrier aircraft to the upper reaches of the atmosphere.
Story highlights Developments in nanotechnology could make an elevator to space possible A cable of carbon nanotechnology could tether a space station to earth Scientists at Penn State University have created 'diamond nanothreads' The ride up into space would take seven days, but would cost a fraction of current methods. Scientists at Penn State University in the US released a research paper last month that showed the way forward to producing ultra-thin "diamond nanothreads" that have a strength and stiffness greater than that of today's strongest nanotubes and polymers.
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John Badding, professor of chemistry at Penn State University, told CNN his team had made the breakthrough while examining the properties of benzene molecules and that it took 18 months of study to make sense of what the team had been seeing. Light rail transforms mass-transit Making car crashes history Will sharing revolution transform mobility?
The experiments involved putting benzene -- a liquid -- under compression to form a solid material.
That all this occurred at room temperature was a further shock to the research team. He said the scientists worked to test the hypothesis that when benzene molecules break under high pressure, their atoms want to grab onto something else but can't because the pressure removes the space between them. What results is a material that is the strongest and stiffest known to science, but is also very lightweight.
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The Japanese construction company Obayashi is already investigating the feasibility of a space elevator, envisioning a space station tethered to the equator by a 96,km cable made of carbon nanotechnology. Of 94 patients without H. Patients with no H. Our study had some limitations.
First, we evaluated the endoscopic findings retrospectively; therefore, some DLs might not have been recorded in the images and evaluated. However, we do not believe that this greatly affected our results because the target lesions were small. Second, the number of cancerous lesions was small. In particular, only one case of undifferentiated cancer was included. Therefore, whether our findings are applicable to undifferentiated cancer is not clear. Third, only patients at high risk for gastric cancer were enrolled, which makes the diagnostic yield of MCDL in the general population unclear.
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Finally, the cutoff value of the MCDL and results of the present study have not yet been sufficiently verified yet. A prospective study is expected for validation. Evaluating the shape of the DL might be a useful method for differential diagnosis between early gastric cancer and non-cancerous depressed lesions. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Endosc Int Open v. Published online Feb 1. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received Mar 11; Accepted Sep 8. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction Endoscopic evaluation of lesion characteristics is the first step in diagnosis of gastric cancer, and subsequent biopsy is performed when the lesions are suspicious for neoplasia 1 2.
Open in a separate window. Graphic representation of a multiple convex demarcation line. Evaluation of reproducibility of endoscopic findings One experienced endoscopist N. Evaluation of histological characteristics of non-cancerous lesions To clarify the histological characteristics of non-cancerous lesions with an MCDL, we reviewed the biopsy specimens from the participants enrolled in our institution.
Statistical analysis The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value PPV , negative predictive value NPV , and accuracy of a DL for diagnosis of cancer were calculated. Results Participants Among patients who were analyzed in the prospective trial, endoscopic images were not available for 3 and appropriate images were not recorded for another 3. Continuous variables are expressed as medians and interquartile ranges. Diagnostic performance of endoscopic findings for depressed lesions The relationship between the presence of a DL and histological findings of the lesions is shown by a flow chart Fig.
Association of each endoscopic finding with cancer Presence of a DL was associated with diagnosis of cancer odds ratio, 3. MCDL, multiple convex demarcation line.
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Histological characteristics of non-cancerous lesions In total, patients with small depressed lesions were enrolled in the prospective study in our institution. Footnotes Competing interests None. Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. The diagnosis and management of gastric cancer. Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer: Early gastric cancer in Europe. Magnifying narrowband imaging is more accurate than conventional white-light imaging in diagnosis of gastric mucosal cancer.
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Appearance of enhanced tissue features in narrow-band endoscopic imaging. Magnifying endoscopy for diagnosing and delineating early gastric cancer. Novel magnified endoscopic findings of microvascular architecture in intramucosal gastric cancer. Novel zoom endoscopy technique for visualizing the microvascular architecture in gastric mucosa. Novel zoom endoscopy technique for diagnosis of small flat gastric cancer: Diagnostic performance and limitations of magnifying narrow-band imaging in screening endoscopy of early gastric cancer: Observer variability in gastric neoplasm assessment using the vessel plus surface classification for magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging.
A significant feature of microvessels in magnifying narrow-band imaging for diagnosis of early gastric cancer. The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia. Magnifying endoscopy in the stomach Tokyo: Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston Am J Surg Pathol.
An efficient diagnostic strategy for small, depressed early gastric cancer with magnifying narrow-band imaging: Comprehensive investigation of areae gastricae pattern in gastric corpus using magnifying narrow band imaging endoscopy in patients with chronic atrophic fundic gastritis. A major international study in concluded the space elevator was feasible but best achieved with international co-operation and Mr Ishikawa from Obayashi agreed. Experts said the space elevator could signal the end of Earth-based rockets which are hugely expensive and dangerous. Constructing the space elevator would allow small rockets to be housed and launched from stations in space without the need for massive amounts of fuel required to break the Earth's gravitational pull.
It is also hoped the space elevator could help in solving the world's power problems, by delivering huge amounts of cheap solar power or storing nuclear waste. Obayashi is working on cars that will carry 30 people up the elevator, so it may not be too long before the Moon is the next must-see tourist destination. First posted September 21, If you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact the ABC.
ABC teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital, TV and radio content. Read about our editorial guiding principles and the enforceable standard our journalists follow. How is Australia travelling against India in the second Test in Perth? Our up-to-the-minute scoreboard will keep you posted on the latest score from Perth Stadium. Seen as little more than an interim solution, Tim Paine is repeatedly showing Australian cricket why he is the Test captain the country needed in a thrilling series against India.
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Going up! Cosmic elevator could reach space on a cable made of diamonds
Nothing breaks the ice like leaning over to rub body paint into your feet and accidentally smearing a stranger's buttock, our writer discovers, as she takes part in a mass nude photo shoot. The space elevator will transport people and cargo at a fraction of the cost of Earth-based rockets.
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