Cutaneous Receptors (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology)

Erasistratus was also responsible for naming and describing the function of the epiglottis and the valves of the heart, including the tricuspid. Great feats were made during the third century in both the digestive and reproductive systems. Herophilus was able to discover and describe not only the salivary glands, but the small intestine and liver.

He recognized that spermatozoa were produced by the testes and was the first to identify the prostate gland. The anatomy of the muscles and skeleton is described in the Hippocratic Corpus , an Ancient Greek medical work written by unknown authors. Praxagoras identified the difference between arteries and veins. Also in the 4th century BCE, Herophilos and Erasistratus produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on vivisection of criminals in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic dynasty.

In the 2nd century, Galen of Pergamum , an anatomist , clinician , writer and philosopher , [67] wrote the final and highly influential anatomy treatise of ancient times. Anatomy developed little from classical times until the sixteenth century; as the historian Marie Boas writes, "Progress in anatomy before the sixteenth century is as mysteriously slow as its development after is startlingly rapid".

It describes the body in the order followed in Mondino's dissections, starting with the abdomen, then the thorax, then the head and limbs. It was the standard anatomy textbook for the next century. Leonardo da Vinci — was trained in anatomy by Andrea del Verrocchio. Andreas Vesalius — Latinized from Andries van Wezel , professor of anatomy at the University of Padua , is considered the founder of modern human anatomy. In England, anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any science; these were given by the Company of Barbers and Surgeons in the 16th century, joined in by the Lumleian lectures in surgery at the Royal College of Physicians.

In the United States, medical schools began to be set up towards the end of the 18th century. Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection and these were difficult to obtain. Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York were all renowned for body snatching activity as criminals raided graveyards at night, removing newly buried corpses from their coffins.

The practice was halted in Britain by the Anatomy Act of , [81] [82] while in the United States, similar legislation was enacted after the physician William S. Forbes of Jefferson Medical College was found guilty in of "complicity with resurrectionists in the despoliation of graves in Lebanon Cemetery". He was responsible for setting up the system of three years of "pre-clinical" academic teaching in the sciences underlying medicine, including especially anatomy.

This system lasted until the reform of medical training in and As well as teaching, he collected many vertebrate skeletons for his museum of comparative anatomy , published over 70 research papers, and became famous for his public dissection of the Tay Whale. He noticed that the frequently fatal fever occurred more often in mothers examined by medical students than by midwives.

The students went from the dissecting room to the hospital ward and examined women in childbirth. Semmelweis showed that when the trainees washed their hands in chlorinated lime before each clinical examination, the incidence of puerperal fever among the mothers could be reduced dramatically.

Before the modern medical era, the main means for studying the internal structures of the body were dissection of the dead and inspection , palpation and auscultation of the living. It was the advent of microscopy that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues. Technical advances in the development of achromatic lenses increased the resolving power of the microscope and around , Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things.

Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the microtome was invented to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine. Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue. Advances in the fields of histology and cytology began in the late 19th century [89] along with advances in surgical techniques allowing for the painless and safe removal of biopsy specimens.

The invention of the electron microscope brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the ultrastructure of cells and the organelles and other structures within them. About the same time, in the s, the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy. Equally important advances have occurred in non-invasive techniques for examining the interior structures of the body.

X-rays can be passed through the body and used in medical radiography and fluoroscopy to differentiate interior structures that have varying degrees of opaqueness. Magnetic resonance imaging , computed tomography , and ultrasound imaging have all enabled examination of internal structures in unprecedented detail to a degree far beyond the imagination of earlier generations. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the anatomy of plants, see Plant anatomy. For other uses, see Anatomy disambiguation. Arthropod , Insect morphology , and Spider anatomy. History of anatomy in the 19th century.

Archived from the original on 16 March Retrieved 19 March Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 6 , — Retrieved 8 July Journal of Crustacean Biology. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. Retrieved 29 April Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition.

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Rook's Textbook of Dermatology 7th ed. Retrieved 25 June B; Whillis, J, eds. Descriptive and Applied 28 ed. Nervous System 4th ed. Retrieved 30 April Retrieved 13 July Functional anatomy of the vertebrates: National Center for Science Education. Retrieved 28 June Archived from the original on 28 April Retrieved 27 June Modern Text Book of Zoology: A Natural History of Amphibians.

Archived from the original on 5 December Archived from the original on 9 February Retrieved 2 July Archived from the original on 2 June Retrieved 23 June An Outline of Entomology 3 ed. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: The British Journal for the History of Science. The Father of Anatomy". Anatomy and Cell Biology. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Retrieved 25 November The Encyclopedia of Britannica. Retrieved November 25, The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria. Dictionary of Scientific Biography.

Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Antiqua Medicina — from Homer to Vesalius. On the Natural Faculties. The Scientific Renaissance — Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A History of the Sciences. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. Ex officina Joannis Oporini, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, — University of California Press, A traffic of dead bodies: Death, Dissection, and the Destitute. Archived from the original on 16 October Retrieved 14 October Anatomist, zoologist and pioneer in medical education".

Medical Education, 40 3 , p. The age of museum medicine: The rise and fall of the medical museum at Birmingham's School of Medicine. Social History of Medicine, 18 3 , p. Retrieved 15 October McGraw Hill Higher Education. Anatomy at Wikipedia's sister projects. Human systems and organs. Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint. Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland. Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system.

Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra. Gross anatomy Superficial anatomy Neuroanatomy Comparative anatomy Transcendental anatomy Microscopic anatomy histology molecular. Level of organization Structures. Body plan Decapod anatomy Gastropod anatomy Insect morphology Spider anatomy. Bird anatomy Fish anatomy Shark anatomy. Allometry Brain morphometry Morphometrics Physiognomy.

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Vintage Paperback Paperback Magazines in English. Vintage Paperback Paperback Magazines. Vintage Paperback Paperback Monthly Magazines. Vintage Paperback Paperback Books in English. Histological studies may be conducted using tissue culture , where live human or animal cells are isolated and maintained in an artificial environment for various research projects. The ability to visualize microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains.

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Histology is an essential tool of biology and medicine. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The study of tissue is known as histology or, in connection with disease , histopathology. The classical tools for studying tissues are the paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned, the histological stain, and the optical microscope.

With these tools, the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and disease, enabling considerable refinement of medical diagnosis and prognosis.

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Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts; with further division into zootomy and phytotomy. Anatomy is related to embryology and comparative anatomy, which itself is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny.

Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine. The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. The history of anatomy is characterized by a progressive understanding of the functions of the organs and structures of the human body. Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies cells physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division, death and cell function.

This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans, plants, and sponges. To know the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences. Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop, and is synonymous with ontogeny.

In animals most development occurs in embryonic life, but it is also found in regeneration , asexual reproduction and metamorphosis, and in the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism. In plants, development occurs in embryos, during vegetative reproduction , and in the normal outgrowth of roots, shoots and flowers. Developmental Biology has also help to generate modern stem cell biology which promises a number of important practical benefits for human health. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one celled zygote to an adult human being.

Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell. The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilization. The normal period of gestation is nine months or 38 weeks. Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings.