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Human-Animal Chimeras: Biological Research & Ethical Issues
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See all free Kindle reading apps. This means that these cells have the ability to develop or "differentiate" into all the major cell and tissue types of the human body. So when human stem cells are used to generate human-animal chimeras, especially during early embryonic stages, they have the ability to incorporate into various parts of the chimera body, including the germline, and can form a range of cell and tissue types. Human-animal chimeras serve as a useful living test environment to help scientists better understand the underpinnings of human biology and the mechanisms of human disease.
As Behringer pointed out in his article, using laboratory animals as models of human biology or diseases doesn't fully replicate human physiology. Such research has been conducted for decades now. For instance, in , a group of researchers from Denmark reported the first successful transplantation of many different human fetal organs into a laboratory mouse model called the nude mouse. Experiments conducted in recent years have focused on expanding the potential uses of the human-animal chimeric model.
In addition to forming the components of blood and the immune system, these stems cells can form cells such as bone and muscle. The authors found that hematopoietic stem cells were also capable of forming functional human liver cells. The researchers suggested that such a chimeric model could provide a means of generating large numbers of human liver cells to treat genetic diseases in fetuses or newborns where the liver cells are deficient.
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Another research group introduced human embryonic stem cells into the brains of day-old embryonic mice. These experiments, described in a article published in the journal PNAS, showed that the human embryonic stem cells formed many different functional neural cell types.
These cells continued to develop into mature and active human neurons within the forebrain of the mouse. The authors highlighted the importance of having a live environment in which to study human neural development. In addition, they proposed that such chimeras could aid in developing new models of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, as well as provide a potential means to speed up the screening of therapeutic drugs. How should people think of an animal once scientists begin to imbue it with human characteristics?
This question forms the crux of many ethical debates centered on the generation of human-animal chimeras. For instance, there may be many instinctive objections to creating such chimeras. There's the "yuck factor," or an immediate feeling of repugnance, said a article published by Project Muse. This feeling may be explained by a perception that creating human-animal chimeras is somehow taboo and that some boundaries have been crossed. But then they go on to ask, "What makes for unambiguous humanness?
Human-Animal Chimeras: Biological Research & Ethical Issues
The generation of human-animal chimeras in some sense obscures the lines that define the identities of species. For instance, if human pluripotent cells were allowed to integrate into an animal's germline tissue, it is possible for the chimera to generate human eggs or sperm. And one may very well ask that if human neurons integrate into animal brains, is there the possibility of enhancing an animal's capabilities and experiences to a human level?
Ultimately, Robert and Baylis summed up the inherent conundrum in evaluating the ethics of generating human-animal chimeras like this: For some ethicists, the rights of human-animal chimeras are tied to the notion of "moral status.
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A chair only matters morally if other people care about it because, for example, it is their property. But other things do have moral status. A person or an animal matters even if no one else cares about that individual. Streiffer noted that an individual's moral status determines the kinds of research for which it may be used. In the case of human beings, there are strict limits on the types of research that can be conducted on nonconsenting individuals.
This reflects society's view that animals have a lower degree of moral status. Streiffer went on to explain that although the many different theories ground an individual's moral status in different characteristics, ultimately these are determined by the physical characteristics of an individual's body. Under the "graded theory" of moral status, if the physical makeup of the individual is changed enough in certain ways, it could in theory alter that individual's moral status. Therefore, it is possible to begin research with an animal, which is afforded weaker protections, but ultimately change it in such a way that it acquires a higher moral status.
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Current federal policy in the form of NIH guidelines and recommendations put forth by various scientific organizations take into consideration ethical concerns and recent advancements in research and technology. When human pluripotent cells are introduced early on into animal embryos, the human cells have a chance of incorporating all through the organism, says Carrie Wolinetz , the associate director for science policy at NIH.
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Wolinetz noted that the ethical concerns regarding human-animal chimeras have not really changed much over the years. Though she characterized the idea of an animal having human cognition as a "science fiction scenario," Wolinetz emphasized the need to make sure that the integration of human cells into an animal brain does not cause changes in the animal's behavior and cognition that affect its welfare or cause any kind of distress.