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Stalag Luft III - Wikipedia
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Henry the Dust Bunny's Great Escape - An Epic Tale of Action and Adventure (Paperback)
Ireland Ask Me No Questions: Lillian Dove Mystery by D. Haggerty In Cold Chocolate: A Home Renovator Mystery by M. This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Conjuring up a modern Trojan Horse , kriegies prisoners constructed a gymnastic vaulting horse largely from plywood from Red Cross parcels. The horse was designed to conceal men, tools and containers of soil. Each day the horse was carried out to the same spot near the perimeter fence and while prisoners conducted gymnastic exercises above, a tunnel was dug.
At the end of each working day, a wooden board was placed over the tunnel entrance and covered with surface soil. The gymnastics disguised the real purpose of the vaulting horse and kept the sound of the digging from being detected by the microphones. No shoring was used except near the entrance. On the evening of 19 October , Codner, Williams and Philpot made their escape. There had been escape attempts one of which inspired the film The Wooden Horse and many tunnels had been started and discovered before completion.
Falling back on his legal background to represent his scheme, Bushell called a meeting of the Escape Committee to advocate for his plan. By rights we should all be dead! The only reason that God allowed us this extra ration of life is so we can make life hell for the Hun In North Compound we are concentrating our efforts on completing and escaping through one master tunnel. No private-enterprise tunnels allowed. Three bloody deep, bloody long tunnels will be dug — Tom, Dick and Harry. Herbert Massey , as senior British officer, authorised the escape attempt which would have good chance of success; in fact, the simultaneous digging of three tunnels would become an advantage if any one of them was discovered, because the guards would scarcely imagine that another two were well underway.
While previous attempts had involved up to 20 men, in this case Bushell was proposing to get over out, all wearing civilian clothes and some with forged papers and escape equipment. As this escape attempt was unprecedented in size, it would require unparalleled organisation; as the mastermind of the Great Escape, Roger Bushell inherited the codename of "Big X".
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Three tunnels, Tom , Dick , and Harry were dug for the escape. The operation was so secretive that everyone was to refer to each tunnel by its name. Bushell took this so seriously that he threatened to court-martial anyone who even uttered the word "tunnel". Tom began in a darkened corner next to a stove chimney in hut and extended west into the forest. It was found by the Germans and dynamited. Dick' s entrance was hidden in a drain sump in the washroom of hut and had the most secure trap door. It was to go in the same direction as Tom and the prisoners decided that the hut would not be a suspected tunnel site as it was further from the wire than the others.
Dick was abandoned for escape purposes because the area where it would have surfaced was cleared for camp expansion. Dick was used to store soil and supplies and as a workshop. Harry , which began in hut , went under the Vorlager which contained the German administration area , sick hut and the isolation cells to emerge at the woods on the northern edge of the camp. Ultimately used for the escape, it was discovered as the escape was in progress with only seventy-six of the planned two hundred twenty prisoners free. The Germans filled it with sewage and sand and sealed with cement. After the escape, the prisoners started digging another tunnel called George , but this was abandoned when the camp was evacuated.
They were very small, only 0. The sandy walls were shored up with pieces of wood scavenged from all over the camp, much from the prisoners' beds of the twenty or so boards originally supporting each mattress, only about eight were left on each bed. Other wooden furniture was also scavenged. Other materials were also scavenged, such as Klim cans; tin cans that had originally held powdered milk supplied by the Red Cross for the prisoners. The metal in the cans could be fashioned into various tools and items, for example scoops and lamps, fuelled by fat skimmed off soup served at the camp and collected in tiny tin vessels, with wicks made from old and worn clothing.
As the tunnels grew longer, a number of technical innovations made the job easier and safer. A pump was built to push fresh air along the ducting, invented by Squadron Leader Bob Nelson of 37 Squadron. The pumps were built of odd items including pieces from the beds, hockey sticks and knapsacks , as well as the Klim tins. The usual method of disposing of sand from all the digging was to scatter it discreetly on the surface.
Small pouches made of towels or long underpants were attached inside the prisoners' trousers; as they walked around, the sand could be scattered. Sometimes, they would dump sand into the small gardens they were allowed to tend.
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As one prisoner turned the soil, another would release sand while they both appeared to be in conversation. In sunny months, sand could be carried outside and scattered in blankets used for sun bathing; more than were used to make an estimated 25, trips. Of those, only six had been involved with tunnel construction.
One of these, a Canadian called Wally Floody , was actually originally in charge of digging and camouflage before his transfer. Eventually the prisoners felt they could no longer dump sand above ground because the Germans became too efficient at catching them doing it. After "Dick's" planned exit point was covered by a new camp expansion, the decision was made to start filling it up. As the tunnel's entrance was very well-hidden, "Dick" was also used as a storage room for items such as maps, postage stamps, forged travel permits, compasses and clothing.
Some genuine civilian clothes were obtained by bribing German staff with cigarettes, coffee or chocolate. These were used by escaping prisoners to travel from the camp more easily, especially by train. The prisoners ran out of places to hide sand and snow cover then made it impractical to scatter it undetected.
Internal "legal advice" was taken and the SBOs decided that the completed building did not fall under the parole system. A seat in the back row was hinged and the sand dispersal problem solved. German prison camps began to receive larger numbers of American prisoners. To allow as many people to escape as possible, including the Americans, efforts on the remaining two tunnels increased. This drew attention from guards and in September the entrance to "Tom" became the 98th tunnel to be discovered in the camp [ citation needed ] ; guards in the woods had seen sand being removed from the hut where it was located.
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Work on "Harry" ceased and did not resume until January By then the Americans, some of whom had worked on "Tom", had been moved away; despite its portrayal in the Hollywood film, no American participated in the "Great Escape". Previously, the attempt had been planned for the summer for its good weather, but in early the Gestapo visited the camp and ordered increased effort to detect escapes. Rather than risk waiting and having their tunnel discovered, Bushell ordered the attempt be made as soon as it was ready. In their plan, of the who had worked on the tunnels only would be able to escape.
The prisoners were separated into two groups. The first group of , called "serial offenders," were guaranteed a place and included 30 who spoke German well or had a history of escapes, and an additional 70 considered to have put in the most work on the tunnels. The second group, considered to have much less chance of success, was chosen by drawing lots; called "hard-arsers", they would have to travel by night as they spoke little or no German and were only equipped with the most basic fake papers and equipment.
The prisoners waited about a week for a moonless night, and on Friday 24 March the escape attempt began. As night fell, those allocated a place moved to Hut Unfortunately for the prisoners, the exit trap door of Harry was frozen solid and freeing it delayed the escape for an hour and a half. Then it was discovered that the tunnel had come up short of the nearby forest; at According to Alan Burgess , in his book The Longest Tunnel, the tunnel reached the forest, as planned, but the first few trees were too sparse to provide adequate cover.
As the temperature was below freezing and there was snow on the ground, a dark trail would be created by crawling to cover. To avoid being seen by the sentries, the escapes were reduced to about ten per hour, rather than the one every minute that had been planned. Word was eventually sent back that no-one issued with a number above would be able to get away before daylight. As they would be shot if caught trying to return to their own barracks, these men changed back into their own uniforms and got some sleep. An air raid then caused the camp's and the tunnel's electric lighting to be shut down, slowing the escape even more.
At around 1 a. Despite these problems, 76 men crawled through to freedom, until at 4: The guards had no idea where the tunnel entrance was, so they began searching the huts, giving men time to burn their fake papers. Hut was one of the last to be searched, and despite using dogs the guards were unable to find the entrance.
Finally, German guard Charlie Pilz crawled back through the tunnel but found himself trapped at the camp end; he began calling for help and the prisoners opened the entrance to let him out, finally revealing its location. An early problem for the escapees was that most were unable to find the way into the railway station, until daylight revealed it was in a recess of the side wall to an underground pedestrian tunnel. Consequently, many of them missed their night time trains, and decided either to walk across country or wait on the platform in daylight.
Synonyms and antonyms of dust bunny in the English dictionary of synonyms
Another unanticipated problem was that this was the coldest March for thirty years, with snow up to five feet deep, so the escapees had no option but to leave the cover of woods and fields and stay on the roads. Following the escape, the Germans made an inventory of the camp and uncovered how extensive the operation had been. Of 76 escapees, 73 were captured.
Adolf Hitler initially wanted them to be shot as an example to other prisoners, along with Commandant von Lindeiner, the architect who designed the camp, the camp's security officer and all the guards on duty at the time. Hitler eventually ordered SS head Himmler to execute more than half of the escapees. Himmler passed the selection on to General Arthur Nebe , and fifty were executed singly or in pairs. His friend Dick Churchill was probably spared because of his surname, shared with the British Prime Minister.
The Gestapo investigated the escape and, whilst this uncovered no significant new information, the camp Kommandant, von Lindeiner-Wildau , was removed and threatened with court martial. Having feigned mental illness to avoid imprisonment, he was later wounded by Soviet troops advancing toward Berlin, while acting as second in command of an infantry unit. He surrendered to British forces as the war ended, and was a prisoner of war for two years at the prisoner of war camp known as the " London Cage ".
He had followed the Geneva Accords concerning the treatment of POWs and had won the respect of the senior prisoners. On April 6, the new camp Kommandant Oberstleutnant Erich Cordes informed Massey that he had received official communication from the German High Command that 41 of the escapees had been shot while resisting arrest.
Massey was himself repatriated on health grounds a few days later. Over subsequent days, prisoners collated the names of 47 prisoners they considered to be unaccounted for. Cordes was replaced soon afterwards by Oberst Werner Braune. Braune was appalled that so many escapees had been killed, and allowed the prisoners who remained there to build a memorial, to which he also contributed. The memorial still stands at its original site.
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The British government learned of the deaths from a routine visit to the camp by Swiss authorities as the protecting power in May; the Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden announced the news to the House of Commons on 19 May Eden updated Parliament on 23 June, promising that, at the end of the war, those responsible would be brought to exemplary justice.
General Arthur Nebe , who is believed to have selected the airmen to be shot, was involved in the 20 July plot to kill Hitler and executed by Nazi authorities in The indictment called for the General Staff of the Army and the High Command of the German Armed Forces to be considered criminal organisations; the witnesses were several of the surviving German field marshals and their staff officers.
By September , Gordon King of Edmonton, Alberta , Canada, [39] was the only prisoner still alive who had worked directly on the Great Escape, but was not one of the escapees. He had been number to escape and operated the pump to send air into the tunnel. Speaking candidly of his low number and resulting inability to get out of the tunnel that night, he said he considered himself fortunate. King had been shot down over Germany in and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner.
Jack Harrison , who was one of the men of the Great Escape, died on 4 June , at the age of He was in a group of three who had escaped out of the "Harry" tunnel but were recaptured when a cottage they had hoped to rest in turned out to be full of soldiers. He later lived in North Wales and died at age 93 on 30 August His book is called Lie in the Dark and Listen. The reunion included a mock interrogation between Hanns Scharf and Col.
Dick Churchill is the last of the 76 escapees still living as of March [update] ; then an RAF Squadron Leader, he was among the 23 not executed by the Nazis. In a interview at the age of 94, he said he was fairly certain that he had been spared execution because his captors thought he might be related to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Paul Royle , a Bristol Blenheim pilot, was interviewed in March as part of the 70th anniversary of the escape, living in Perth, Australia at the age of He downplayed the significance of the escape and did not claim that he did anything extraordinary, saying: We eventually defeated the Germans and that was that.
In , the 70th anniversary of the escape, the RAF staged a commemoration of the escape attempt, with 50 serving personnel carrying a photograph of one of the men shot. While the majority reached VII-A on 20 April, many had dropped out on the way with the German guards making no attempt to stop them. Some chose to live in tents while others slept in air raid slit trenches. Simmons' book Kriegie vividly describes the life of POWs in the American section of Stalag Luft III in the final months of the war, ending with the winter force-march from the camp, ahead of the advancing Soviet troops and eventually being liberated.
The POW camp was actually referred to as Stalag Luft 3 by the Germans, and Paul Brickhill, in his early writings about the escape, also wrote it that way. After the war, on the long sea voyage home, Williams wrote Goon in the Block , a short book based on his experience.