Later e-readers never followed a model at all like Brown's. Nevertheless, Brown predicted the miniaturization and portability of e-readers.

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In an article, Jennifer Schuessler writes, "The machine, Brown argued, would allow readers to adjust the type size, avoid paper cuts and save trees, all while hastening the day when words could be 'recorded directly on the palpitating ether. Schuessler relates it to a DJ spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or an entirely new song as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song. The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon.

Some notable candidates include the following:. Her idea was to create a device which would decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to school. The final device would include audio recordings, a magnifying glass, a calculator and an electric light for night reading.

The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus , a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas , prepared by Roberto Busa , S. However, this work is sometimes omitted; perhaps because the digitized text was a means for studying written texts and developing linguistic concordances, rather than as a published edition in its own right. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking , graphics, and other capabilities. Van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term "electronic book", [18] [19] and it was established enough to use in an article title by FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, including English Poetry and Biochemistry.

Thus in the Preface to Person and Object he writes "The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System Despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report Michael S. Hart as the inventor of the e-book. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into a computer in plain text. After Hart first adapted the Declaration of Independence into an electronic document in , Project Gutenberg was launched to create electronic copies of more texts - especially books.

Detailed specifications were completed in FY 82, and prototype development began with Texas Instruments that same year. Four prototypes were produced and delivered for testing in Tests were completed in Harkins and Stephen H. In , Sony launched the Data Discman , an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs.

One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the Future. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects. As e-book formats emerged and proliferated, [ citation needed ] some garnered support from major software companies, such as Adobe with its PDF format that was introduced in Different e-reader devices followed different formats, most of them accepting books in only one or a few formats, thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more.

Due to the exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independent publishers and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books. Meanwhile, scholars formed the Text Encoding Initiative , which developed consensus guidelines for encoding books and other materials of scholarly interest for a variety of analytic uses as well as reading, and countless literary and other works have been developed using the TEI approach.

In the late s, a consortium formed to develop the Open eBook format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source-document which many book-reading software and hardware platforms could handle. Focused on portability, Open eBook as defined required subsets of XHTML and CSS ; a set of multimedia formats others could be used, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats , and an XML schema for a "manifest", to list the components of a given e-book, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on.

Google Books has converted many public domain works to this open format. In , e-books continued to gain in their own specialist and underground markets. Unofficial and occasionally unauthorized catalogs of books became available on the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public. Consumer e-book publishing market are controlled by the "Big Five".

The "Big Five" publishers include: US Libraries began providing free e-books to the public in through their websites and associated services, [36] although the e-books were primarily scholarly, technical or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In , libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching an E-book lending model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.

In early , NLM started PubMed Central , which provides full-text e-book versions of many medical journal articles and books, through cooperation with scholars and publishers in the field. Pubmed Central now provides archiving and access to over 4. However, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of electronic publishing , citing issues with user demand, copyright piracy and challenges with proprietary devices and systems.

This survey found significant barriers to conducting interlibrary loan for e-books. Although the demand for e-book services in libraries has grown in the decades of the s and s, difficulties keep libraries from providing some e-books to clients. This means the library does not own the electronic text but that they can circulate it either for a certain period of time or for a certain number of check outs, or both. When a library purchases an e-book license, the cost is at least three times what it would be for a personal consumer. However, some studies have found the opposite effect for example, Hilton and Wikey [47].

The Internet Archive and Open Library offer more than six million fully accessible public domain e-books. Project Gutenberg has over 52, freely available public domain e-books. An e-reader , also called an e-book reader or e-book device , is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading e-books and digital periodicals. An e-reader is similar in form, but more limited in purpose than a tablet. In comparison to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better readability in sunlight and have longer battery life.

Until late , use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing by the FAA. Some of the major book retailers and multiple third-party developers offer free and in some third-party cases, premium paid e-reader software applications apps for the Mac and PC computers as well as for Android, Blackberry, iPad, iPhone, Windows Phone and Palm OS devices to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independently of dedicated e-book devices.

Writers and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing e-books. Each format has advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-readers [] and their natively supported formats are shown below:. Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of the digital rights management tied to their products. Generally, they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent illegal copying of the e-book. However, in many cases, it is also possible that digital rights management will result in the complete denial of access by the purchaser to the e-book.

The first major publisher to omit DRM was Tor Books , one of the largest publishers of science fiction and fantasy, in Some e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in electronic publishing , though in many instances they may not be put on sale until later. Often, e-books are produced from pre-existing hard-copy books, generally by document scanning , sometimes with the use of robotic book scanners , having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition.

Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which may additionally be converted into text format by an OCR program. Sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book by print on demand.


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However, these are exceptions as tradition dictates that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes an electronic version is produced. The New York Times keeps a list of best-selling e-books, for both fiction [] and non-fiction. All of the e-readers and reading apps are capable of tracking e-book reading data, and the data could contain which e-books users open, how long the users spend reading each e-book and how much of each e-book is finished.

Some of the results were that only In the space that a comparably sized physical book takes up, an e-reader can contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable in low light or even total darkness. Many e-readers have a built-in light source, can enlarge or change fonts, use text-to-speech software to read the text aloud for visually impaired, elderly or dyslexic people or just for convenience. Printed books use three times more raw materials and 78 times more water to produce when compared to e-books.

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Depending on possible digital rights management , e-books unlike physical books can be backed up and recovered in the case of loss or damage to the device on which they are stored, a new copy can be downloaded without incurring an additional cost from the distributor, as well as being able to synchronize the reading location, highlights and bookmarks across several devices. There may be a lack of privacy for the user's e-book reading activities; for example, Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted.

Joe Queenan has written about the pros and cons of e-books:. Electronic books are ideal for people who value the information contained in them, or who have vision problems, or who like to read on the subway, or who do not want other people to see how they are amusing themselves, or who have storage and clutter issues, but they are useless for people who are engaged in an intense, lifelong love affair with books.

The first widely downloaded Internet browser , Mosaic , was released in In , both the White House and the United Nations came online, marking the beginning of the. First, SSL Secure Sockets Layer encryption was developed by Netscape, making it safer to conduct financial transactions like credit card payments online. In addition, two major online businesses got their start the same year.

Echo Bay later became eBay. Other major developments that year included the launch of Geocities which officially closed down on October 26, Java and JavaScript originally called LiveScript by its creator, Brendan Eich , and deployed as part of the Netscape Navigator browser — see comments for explanation was first introduced to the public in ActiveX was launched by Microsoft the following year. Google went live in , revolutionizing the way in which people find information online. In as well, Napster launched, opening up the gates to mainstream file-sharing of audio files over the internet.

The project has created the equivalent of a giant supercomputer by harnessing the computing power of more than 3 million computers worldwide, using their processors whenever the screensaver comes on, indicating that the computer is idle. The program analyzes radio telescope data to look for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. Hundreds of companies closed, some of which had never turned a profit for their investors. Skype is released to the public, giving a user-friendly interface to Voice over IP calling. Also in , MySpace opens up its doors.

It later grew to be the most popular social network at one time though it has since been overtaken by Facebook. During the first Web 2. Social media—sites and web applications that allow its users to create and share content and to connect with one another—started around this period. People loved the idea of being able to travel through their friends and families pictures and adventures, despite not being physically present.

Digg , a social news site , launched on November of , paving the way for sites such as Reddit , Mixx, and Yahoo! Digg revolutionized traditional means of generating and finding web content, democratically promoting news and web links that are reviewed and voted on by a community. YouTube launched in , bringing free online video hosting and sharing to the masses. Twitter launched in The biggest innovation of was almost certainly the iPhone , which was almost wholly responsible for renewed interest in mobile web applications and design.


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Here are three general strategies. Before using any of them, be sure to consider what organization might be a likely source for providing the necessary information. For a quick overview list of strategies that can be considered is listed below. When using search tools, a good plan can save your time. Begin by creating a concept map or another type of visual planning guide. This plan could include your central topic or problem, a word list, and a set of required information.

Your central topic or problem may have many components. What type of information are you seeking i. What form will this information take i. Your word list should include key words, narrowing words, broadening words, and related words. Also, be sure you think about that information you already know versus new information that you need. How can you eliminate background information sites and get to the point of your project?

Use words related to the type of information you seek. View your search from different angles and approaches. Criteria Used in Evaluating Web Resources - unfccc-www. Searching the World Wide Web Information and Communication Technology Unit - 2: Computer Hardware Fundamentals Unit - 3: Computer Software Unit - 4: Application Software Unit - 5: Network and Internet unit - 6: Multimedia Unit - 7: E-Learning Unit - 8: ICT Integrated lesson Unit - 9: ICT in assessment Unit - E-content and open educational resources. Locating Internet Resources 5. Veeresh was working as a Sports teacher in one of the reputed schools in Mysore.

E-book - Wikipedia

Once Principal called him and asked him to get the quotations for the sports materials so that the school can order for the materials. Principal gave only one day for it and Veeresh said yes. Veeresh seems to be very smart. He straight away entered the computer lab. Any guess, why he entered the lab? Check your Progress — 1. Write the expansion of the following acronyms.

Check your Progress-2

Fill up the Blanks. State whether the following statements are True or False. Internet is a giant collection of cables and computers. Internet can be owned by any person. Internet and World Wide Web can be used as synonym. Internet connects and exchanges information only through network connection. Internet is very difficult to use. Internet cannot take more load of information. Internet technical architecture looks a bit like a multi dimensional river. The below given table has highlighted the different ways and means to access Internet Sl No. Name Description Devices required Speed 1 Dial-up Internet Access Early s internet access was directly connected through modems and analog telephone lines.

These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filters installed at the customer's premises.

This technology can provide people in rural and low population areas access to the Internet with little cost in terms of new transmission equipment, cables, or wires. Broadband provides improved access to Internet services such as: Individual homes and businesses often use Wi-Fi to connect laptops and smart phones to the Internet. Wireless Internet access points are available in public places such as airport halls, Star hotels , normal hotels, public terminals, usually fee based.

This facility is provided to those users who carry their own laptop or Smart phones These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A whole campus or park, or even an entire city can be enabled. Satellite antenna dishes require a clear line of sight to the southern sky. It is conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for utilization in the last mile.

A mobile dongle allows you to access the internet via a 4G or 3G broadband connection. We can use them to access the internet practically anywhere, unlike a fixed line that can only be used in your home or office. A mobile dongle can be a useful tool, especially if you need internet on the go on a regular basis. Look out for the best plan available. The main advantage of a USB modem is that it lets you to connect to the internet wherever you are.

They're also pretty small, and thanks to technological progress, they've become quite fast. You also don't need to worry about charging an internet stick because they run on your computer's power. Furthermore, you can use a dongle with any device that has a USB connection, enabling you to connect practically anything to the internet. There were radio telephone systems even before that. With this new technology came many of the services we now take for granted - text messaging, multimedia messaging, internet access, etc.

GPRS offered the first always-on data service. Li-Fi Light Fidelity It is a bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless communication technology similar to Wi-Fi. Unlike Wi-Fi connectivity, Li-Fi provides greater security, safety and data densities along with inherent properties that eliminate unwanted external network hacking. Email and World wide Web 2. Dial-up Internet access 3. Cable Internet access 4. Broad Band Access to Internet 6. Mobile broadband access 8. Navigation, searching, selecting and evaluation are means for Cloze 1: While selecting the internet resources Cloze 4: Saving an Internet address can be done through Cloze 5: A browser lets you visit websites and do activities within them like login, view multimedia, link from one site to another, visit one page from another, print, send and receive email, among many other activities.

The most typical use of an Internet browser is to load and view websites on the Internet. Internet browsers can also be used to view local files on a computer. Internet browsers are used to communicate in different forms. People can send email electronic mail and video chat e. Google Chat within an Internet browser. People also use Internet browsers to listen to songs, watch movies or past television episodes, and stream radio live. The most common browser software titles on the market are: Browser availability depends on the operating system your computer is using for example: In fact each web page that you request is individually created in response to your request.

You are actually calling up a list of requests to get content from various resource directories or servers on which the content for that page is stored. It is rather like a recipe for a cake - you have a shopping list of ingredients requests for content that when combined in the correct order bakes a cake the web page. The page maybe made up from content from different sources. Images may come from one server, text content from another, scripts such as date scripts from another and ads from another.

As soon as you move to another page, the page that you have just viewed disappears. This is the dynamic nature of websites. Now let us proceed to know about plugins and extensions. What does a Web Browser Do. Toolbars A browser toolbar is a toolbar that resides within a browser's window. Macromedia Flash Microsoft Silverlight Apple QuickTime Adobe Reader at least this includes a plugin in addition to the rest of the application Some plugins respond to a mime type and can run in place of the page, such as Adobe Reader, which allows you to view PDF files in your web browser.

Securing the pass word is one of the safe practices. Browser is one of the hard wares to access Internet. Google is one of the outdated types of browser. Mozilla firefox is a fast, light and tidy open source web browser. Internet Explorer has been created by Microsoft. Extensions are online stores. Selecting precise words is one of the strategies for searching.

Plugins are considered as third party library.


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Watch the video to know more about internet https: Watch the video to study about Internet and its architecture https: Early s internet access was directly connected through modems and analog telephone lines.