The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology , Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition. The cosmos in Norse mythology consists of Nine Worlds that flank a central cosmological tree, Yggdrasil. Units of time and elements of the cosmology are personified as deities or beings.
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Various forms of a creation myth are recounted, where the world is created from the flesh of the primordial being Ymir , and the first two humans are Ask and Embla. There the surviving gods will meet, and the land will be fertile and green, and two humans will repopulate the world. Norse mythology has been the subject of scholarly discourse since the 17th century when key texts were brought to the attention of the intellectual circles of Europe. By way of comparative mythology and historical linguistics , scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology.
In the modern period, the Romanticist Viking revival re-awoke an interest in the subject matter, and references to Norse mythology may now be found throughout modern popular culture. The myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism. The historical religion of the Norse people is commonly referred to as Norse mythology. In certain literature the terms Scandinavian mythology [1] [2] [3] or Nordic mythology have been used. Norse mythology is primarily attested in dialects of Old Norse , a North Germanic language spoken by the Scandinavian people during the European Middle Ages , and the ancestor of modern Scandinavian languages.
The majority of these Old Norse texts were created in Iceland , where the oral tradition stemming from the pre-Christian inhabitants of the island was collected and recorded in manuscripts. This occurred primarily in the 13th century. These texts include the Prose Edda , composed in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson , and the Poetic Edda , a collection of poems from earlier traditional material anonymously compiled in the 13th century. The Prose Edda was composed as a prose manual for producing skaldic poetry—traditional Old Norse poetry composed by skalds.
Originally composed and transmitted orally, skaldic poetry utilizes alliterative verse , kennings , and various metrical forms. The Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the Poetic Edda. The Poetic Edda consists almost entirely of poems, with some prose narrative added, and this poetry— Eddic poetry—utilizes fewer kennings.
In comparison to skaldic poetry, Eddic poetry is relatively unadorned. The Prose Edda features layers of euhemerization , a process in which deities and supernatural beings are presented as having been either actual, magic-wielding human beings who have been deified in time or beings demonized by way of Christian mythology. Numerous further texts, such as the sagas , provide further information. The saga corpus consists of thousands of tales recorded in Old Norse ranging from Icelandic family histories Sagas of Icelanders to Migration period tales mentioning historic figures such as Attila the Hun legendary sagas.
Of the mythical tales and poems that are presumed to have existed during the Middle Ages, Viking Age, Migration Period, and prior, only a tiny amount of poems and tales survive. Numerous gods are mentioned in the source texts. The god Odin is also frequently mentioned in surviving texts. One-eyed, wolf and raven -flanked, and spear in hand, Odin pursues knowledge throughout the worlds. In an act of self-sacrifice, Odin is described as having hanged himself on the cosmological tree Yggdrasil to gain knowledge of the runic alphabet, which he passed on to humanity, and is associated closely with death, wisdom, and poetry.
Odin has a strong association with death; Odin is portrayed as the ruler of Valhalla , where valkyries carry half of those slain in battle.
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Odin's wife is the powerful goddess Frigg who can see the future but tells no one, and together they have a beloved son, Baldr. After a series of dreams had by Baldr of his impending death, his death is engineered by Loki , and Baldr thereafter resides in Hel , a realm ruled over by a goddess of the same name.
Odin must share half of his share of the dead with a powerful goddess; Freyja. While the Aesir and the Vanir retain distinct identification, they came together as the result of the Aesir—Vanir War. While they receive less mention, numerous other gods and goddesses appear in the source material. For a list of these deities, see List of Germanic deities. Various beings outside of the gods are mentioned. Elves and dwarfs are commonly mentioned and appear to be connected, but their attributes are vague and the relation between the two is ambiguous.
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Elves are described as radiant and beautiful, whereas dwarfs often act as earthen smiths. These beings may either aid, deter, or take their place among the gods. While their functions and roles may overlap and differ, all are collective female beings associated with fate. The cosmology of the worlds which all beings inhabit—nine in total—centers on a cosmological tree, Yggdrasil. The gods inhabit the heavenly realm of Asgard whereas humanity inhabits Midgard , a region in the center of the cosmos.
Travel between the worlds is frequently recounted in the myths, where the gods and other beings may interact directly with humanity. The tree itself has three major roots, and at the base of one of these roots live a trio of Norns. The afterlife is a complex matter in Norse mythology. Some features of WorldCat will not be available.
Nordische Mythologie in gemeinverständlicher Darstellung
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