Design émotionnel (A Book Apart) (French Edition)

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Twice, 3 times, 4 times, 5x, etc. All in the extras really are set by coders recommendations. In fact, employed mothers feel less emotionally exhausted than housewives, but this link is not significant with other burnout dimensions, namely depersonalization and decrease of personal accomplishment assessed in a parental context.

This result is consistent with the recent study of Mikolajczak et al. Along with the Mikolajczak et al. Their vulnerability could be explained by a lack of social recognition of their roles Skinner, , their low levels of control Karasek, , and the work overload associated with an absence of fulfillment Bensahel, Moreover, both work status and family roles are in continuous interaction Vidanovic et al. Employed women tend to also be more satisfied in their marital relationship than unemployed women, probably because they feel more equity with their spouse Bahmani et al. Interestingly, our results also reveal that employed mothers working full time feel less emotionally exhausted than mothers working part-time, or more than part-time.

Thus, beyond the fact of being employed, the amount of time spent in work also has a significant impact on maternal emotional exhaustion. This finding is consistent with Mikolajczak et al. This could be explained by the amount of time mothers who work less than full time spend with their children Zick and Bryant, However, these hypotheses need to be empirically tested in future studies with a precise assessment of the time spent with children and taking into account if the employment status part- or full-time job or being housewife is a voluntary choice of the mothers or not. Parent status was also found to have significant links with maternal burnout.

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Our results show that mothers living without a coparent feel less emotionally exhausted than cohabiting mothers. At first sight, this result is surprising given that single mothers are expected to be at greater risk of maternal burnout. Many studies have shown that single mothers or mothers living with a coparent are more likely to feel depressed Peden et al. Single mothers usually have to deal with both domestic and professional work without any support from a spouse.

However, because everyone knows that being a single mother is a hardship, these mothers may receive more support from their close relatives than women living in couples. Stack observed that single mothers may have a strong social network helping them. Forthcoming studies could investigate the links between satisfaction with couple relationship and maternal burnout.

However, these results must be considered with caution given that single mothers represent only 4. The issue of independence between depression and burnout remains controversial. In the parental context, only one study Roskam et al. In the same way, the present study confirms these associations in the context of maternal burnout.

Our results show that high levels of depression in mothers are associated with high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. This is the first study to explore the relationship between anxiety and burnout in the parental context. Although anxiety and depression are closely related, we deemed to be relevant to explore depressive and anxiety symptoms separately.

Our results showed that high levels of anxiety are associated with high levels of emotional exhaustion, but not with the other dimensions of maternal burnout. These results are in line with a recent study on professional burnout that showed that both depressive and anxiety symptoms are common predictors of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization Lee et al. Thus, maternal anxiety seems to differ from maternal burnout given its association with emotional exhaustion but not with the two other dimensions.

This may be explained by the fact that being anxious may deplete personal resources and lead to exhaustion, but not to depersonalization or decrease of personal accomplishment. While Roskam et al. High emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization were found to be associated with an increased risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms Lebares et al. This latter idea is in line with other studies that support the idea that professional burnout plays an important role in the occurrence of anxiety and depression Ahola and Hakanen, ; Ahola et al. According to Soares et al. In our study, depression was found to be significantly associated only with two dimensions of maternal burnout.

These results tend to support the assumption that depressive symptoms and maternal burnout are two distinct concepts Mikolajczak et al. Moreover, the links between depression and depersonalization could be explained by the fact that some severe depressive symptoms may be associated with depersonalization, such as melancholic symptoms. Depressive mothers tend to be insensitive and detached when caring for their children Smith-Nielsen et al. In the present study, perceived stress was found to be associated with high emotional exhaustion and low personal accomplishment in mothers. But if stress is not reduced, this could lead to poor psychological adjustment and to burnout Boujut et al.

Thus, our findings seem to be consistent with the transactional model of stress Lazarus and Folkman, Whereas we refer to the theoretical transactional model of stress of Lazarus and Folkman , and we evaluate two of its key dimensions i. This could be the objective of future studies on maternal burnout in order to achieve a better understanding of the concept and its associations with stress. Recently, Lee et al.

However, while Koleck et al. In turn, Laugaa found that professional burnout could be a consequence of perceived stress. Thus, it is plausible that relationships between these notions are somewhat distinct in the context of parental burnout. In line with the above results, high levels of parenting stress were associated with high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low levels of personal accomplishment.

These results are consistent with those from Roskam et al. It is widely accepted that professional burnout emerges, in part, when perceived stress is persistent. The association between parenting stress and maternal burnout seems to be similar to the association between professional stress and professional burnout. Many studies have demonstrated that professional stress is associated with the three dimensions of professional burnout Zapf et al.

In the present study, stress related to parenthood was assessed with a specific parenting stress tool. So, it seems cogent that parenting stress was found to be significantly linked with all three dimensions of maternal burnout. However, in line with Roskam et al. To our knowledge, this is the first study which has investigated the effect of coping strategies related to burnout syndrome in the parenting context.

The transactional model of stress seems to be appropriately adapted to explain maternal burnout in our study, given the significant associations between perceived stress and coping strategies, and maternal burnout. Our results show that when mothers used predominantly problem-focused coping strategies in a parental context they have higher levels of personal accomplishment. Problem-focused coping is one of the main adjustment strategies to help face stress Laugaa and Bruchon-Schweitzer, , because this strategy is intended to reduce or to remove the stressful situation and to diminish perceived stress.

In the professional domain, several studies have shown a positive association between the use of problem-focused coping and personal accomplishment Shin et al. According to van der Colff and Rothmann , when individuals use problem-focused coping strategies they can manage the stressful situation by themselves, which in turn increases the feeling of personal accomplishment Lee et al.

The use of problem-focused coping strategies by nurses was found to be associated with a decrease in burnout symptoms Li et al. As mentioned above, our study is the first to investigate the effect of specific coping in a parental context on maternal burnout. The instructions in the Ways of Coping Checklist were adapted to parenthood in order to measure coping in this specific context.

In previous studies on parent—child relationships, problem-focused coping strategies were found to lead to lower levels of parenting stress Mu et al. Moreover, it has also been shown that mothers who use problem-focused coping strategies tend to adopt healthier behaviors with their children Matsuo and Sato, Thus, our results suggest that problem-focused coping is more functional than emotion-focused coping for mothers when dealing with their children.

With regard to burnout dimensions, no association was found with the emotional exhaustion scores which appear to be the core dimension of burnout in the maternal context for professional context see: These results on coping adjustment deserve further replication.

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It should be noted that almost all the independent variables employment, working time of employed mothers, parent status, depressive and anxiety symptoms, parenting stress and perceived stress considered in the current research were associated with emotional exhaustion. The poor reliability of this dimension was also reported by Roskam et al. These two recent results taken together lead to the question of the relevance of the depersonalization dimension when evaluating burnout in the parental context.

Moreover, this moderate internal consistency is in line with previous studies using the original MBI version Kantas and Vasilaki, Thus, our results on depersonalization must be considered with caution. In turn, the high internal consistency of emotional exhaustion supports the notion of burnout as a unidimensional concept.

In fact, emotional exhaustion is usually considered as the central concept of burnout Taris et al. This study has several limitations. First, a non-validated questionnaire for maternal burnout was used. When we started this study, no validated tool for the assessment of maternal burnout was available. In fact, we have very few mothers living without a coparent.

Moreover, given the subject of the research presented in the information sheet, it is possible that mothers who participated were seeking some kind of support and an opportunity to share their feelings of dissatisfaction, exhaustion, or depression, thus resulting in some recruitment bias. In addition, it would be interesting in future studies to collect other contextual information on educational levels, social status and types of professions held by women as these variables could be related to their job satisfaction. Moreover, the ages of the mothers and the children, as well as the number of children, should be considered in future studies on their relationships with maternal burnout dimensions.

Finally, a longitudinal approach would be welcome in order to verify the stability of contextual and psychological factors involved in maternal burnout. In conclusion, this study shows that a substantial number of mothers in the general population live under high levels of stress related to their daily parental workload. Interestingly, our results suggest that being employed, and notably working full-time, living without a coparent and using problem-focused coping strategies are associated with lower levels of maternal burnout. Conversely, depression, anxiety, parenting stress, and perceived stress are strongly and positively associated with maternal burnout.

In addition, the transactional model of stress seems to be appropriately adapted to explain maternal burnout given the positive associations found in perceived stress and coping with maternal burnout. Identifying maternal burnout contextual and psychological factors would enable a more precise profile of vulnerable mothers. It also opens the possibility to set up therapeutic strategies, such as psychoeducation groups for mothers suffering from maternal burnout.

Prevention of maternal burnout should also be one of the next steps of future research. AL-C designed the study, performed the recruitment of participants and the statistical analysis, and wrote the paper.

GD designed the study, supervised the recruitment of participants and the statistical analysis, provided guidance and oversight throughout the project, and contributed to writing, proofreading, and editing the final paper. EB designed the study, provided guidance and oversight throughout the project, and contributed to writing, proofreading, and editing the final paper. JW designed the study, provided guidance and oversight throughout the project, and contributed to writing, proofreading, and editing the final paper.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Their books are well written, and cover the most important points on a specific part of our businedd. But i was in part wrong, this is what i learnt in this book. In fact, we now have to see a brand as a person. We have to to give the brand as many emotions as a person could have.

Do know guys that on the other side of the screen there are real people, like you and me? This is what Aarron Walter explains in a specific chapter. When i was talking with Googlers at the Paris GooglePlex or at the Dublin Headquarter, they were saying the same thing: