Small islands have received comparatively little attention in this research area, though tourism provides a vital source of income. This study will examine the following items in detail: Climate preferences of holiday-makers with respect to a typical summer holiday; The role of weather concerning the destination choice; Actual weather perceptions; Weather-related activities; Evaluative processes.
It is instead aimed at delineating a conceptual model that considers weather and climate to be drivers of tourism demand in general and, more specifically, in a small tropical island setting. The assumption is that weather constitutes an important factor for holiday-makers in a small tropical island and, therefore, that deviations from the weather preferences and expectations of tourists will result in negative perceptions of the travel experience, including value-for-money perceptions of the destination.
The influence of weather on human behavior is an interesting topic for many areas of research and application. For instance, individual social or financial behavior appears to be affected by weather variables Cunningham, ; Hirshleifer and Shumway, The impact of weather on behavior has also been researched in marketing literature e. Such explanations, in addition to thermoregulation, include other adaptive processes that function as a type of psychological homeostasis e. Vacation trips may be considered medium-term means of mood regulation. Tourists often try to find optimal conditions for physical and psychological comfort.
Lohmann and Kaim presented empirical evidence with respect to German tourists and their idea of perfect weather conditions for a summer holiday. In a pioneering study, Besancenot maintained that the ideal climate for tourism should provide a basic level of comfort that includes enjoyment and safety. They demonstrated that weather is a complex concept. Tourist perception of weather considers several aspects, including not only temperature.
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Moreover, actual weather is evaluated with respect to the activities planned, and it is assessed differently by different target groups. In the event of predicted changing weather patterns for future holidays or with increased storm, rain and humidity, temperature was perceived to have little influence on future decision-making. Eilat generally offers year-round warm and sunny weather.
In addition to the influence of different weather conditions on satisfaction levels, as demonstrated in other studies, the study also discovered that overseas visitors were less sensitive to weather conditions than were domestic visitors. Therefore, the distance travelled also appears to influence expectations and satisfaction with weather conditions in-situ.
Sunshine hours were rated the most important factor and were rated more important than the absence of rain, strong winds and unfavorable air temperature. Lohmann and Kaim also examined the summer holiday weather preferences of tourists planning to travel to the Mediterranean the Balearic Islands or to the beach destinations in northern Europe. Preferences with respect to the ideal summer holiday weather were identical for both groups of holiday-makers plenty of sunshine, light winds, and mostly warm.
While the weather expectations differed for those planning a trip to beaches in the North, the destination was nonetheless chosen for a holiday. Furthermore, the study illustrated that in-situ weather experiences had no major influence on future visitation.
Respondents who expressed dissatisfaction with the weather after the actual holiday demonstrated almost as much interest in revisiting as did those who experienced no major disappointment. Unexpected or unfavorable thermal reactions e. Prior research has shown the universal importance of climate and weather with respect to destination image and destination choice, as well as in-situ responses and adaptation.
Based on the existent literature, a conceptual model is proposed cf. Light-grey ovals mark psychological concepts and processes. Finally, dark-grey ovals identify factual behavior. The 3S sun, sand and sea image has been a significant feature of attraction for Martinique since the development of tourism on the island during the s CMT, ; Dupont, The Laws of Metropolitan France largely apply to Martinique.
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Other visitors come from the Caribbean Holiday-makers, on average, stayed approximately four days longer during the low season than during the high season. More than one-third of the tourists stayed with friends or relatives. Almost half of all visitors had previously visited Martinique at least once CMT, The advantages that it once held over other islands in the region e. Its hospitality services are comparatively poor in quality and are expensive, the salaries in the public sector are exorbitant compared to those in other sectors, which has led to dissatisfaction and demotivation among tourism sector employees, and insecurity exists concerning the possibility of strikes e.
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Investment policies, including various financial aid, tax exemptions, artificially high wages and social welfare, are becoming increasingly unstable due to a deterioration in public finances in metropolitan France Gay, Tourism development has never been trouble-free. Developments have been marked by conflicts with respect to exclusive beach usage, land ownership, environmental issues, difficulties in socio-economic issues and global uncertainty, including the global economic crisis or volatilities in currency exchanges. This is also hurricane season.
However, hurricanes are less frequent in Martinique than in the northern Antilles, where the water temperatures are slightly higher INSEE, The rainy season is the low season for the tourist industry. Interviews were conducted only if a holiday was the prime reason for the stay on Martinique and if respondents had experienced at least a three-night stay on the island. This time period represents the end of the main holiday season for Martinique. The in-situ situation did not allow for the extensive in-depth interviewing that is customary with respect to qualitative research, and we therefore attempted to collect data on the topics of interest using a time-saving approach.
In other contexts, this type of methodological approach has offered useful insights Lohmann, Closed quantitative elements were used for the questions that the respondents had to rate on a scale. Weather Conditions during Data Collection. The minimum and maximum temperatures of approximately The interviews were then transcribed in the language in which the interview was conducted. Only the quotations used in the text were translated into English. Using the process of content analysis cf. Mayring, , the transcripts were later scanned and categorized using the emerging themes and issues that had developed with respect to the study objectives.
Subsequently, potential links among these categories were sought. France, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Argentina.
Overall, the sample can be characterized as predominantly French or French-speaking and as relatively experienced visitors to the Caribbean and to Martinique. These findings are consistent with the results of previous literature e. Warm country respondents similarly preferred sunny and slightly windy weather but were less unanimously accepting of warm or hot temperatures. The answers demonstrated that weather was one important factor among many and was thus not the only reason for visiting Martinique. The reasons for visiting Zanzibar included safety, marine diversity, the beach, or visiting friends and relatives.
This was particularly the case for respondents from Guadeloupe. Weather perceptions and evaluation. The different perceptions may be based on a different duration of the observation period because warm country respondents had substantially shorter stays cf. Warm country respondents rated the weather slightly less favorably than did cold country interviewees.
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These differences again may be explained by two major factors. First, an extreme period of rain preceded the data collection. Second, the average length of stay for warm country respondents was much shorter, which prevented them from experiencing more typical weather conditions for mid-April. Overall, three categories of remarks were derived from interviewees: The respondents made rationalizations that were determined by previous travel experiences of other information sources friends or relatives, media, home weather. Tourists who are informed of actual weather conditions or are familiar with the potential volatility of regional weather have realistic expectations and therefore accept adverse weather conditions more easily.
In-situ activities and weather conditions. Moreover, respondents from warm countries generally seemed to have less fixed ideas with respect to planned activities and, therefore, gave much fewer details concerning any changes. Although the weather was generally described as rainy and cloudy, respondents from cold countries nevertheless engaged in various activities; these included walking, touring the island, or snorkeling. Respondents who participated in snorkeling highlighted that this activity depends more on high waves rather than rain, which was also mentioned by a few participants who participated in swimming in the sea.
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Eero Kasanen Professor Emeritus of Finance. Matthijs Lof Assistant Professor of Finance. Peter Nyberg Assistant Professor of Finance. Elias Rantapuska Associate Professor of Finance. Antti Suhonen Professor of Practice in Finance.
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Matti Suominen Professor of Finance. Sami Torstila Associate Professor of Finance. Michael Ungeheuer Assistant Professor of Finance. Mikael Paaso Doctoral Student. Petra Vokata Doctoral Student. Graduate School of Finance. Theresa Spickers Postdoctoral Researcher. Research The Department of Finance's research covers a broad range of topics in the areas of corporate finance and financial markets. The current focus areas in the research are: