Some literary descriptions of key urban portraits pay close attention to their costume and highlight the strong link of the habitus with the meaning of the monument and the background of the honour.
During the Hannibalic War the Senate exceptionally honoured M. Aemilius Lepidus with an equestrian statue in the area Capitolina for having killed an enemy and saved a fellow citizen in battle. In this monument the official costume of the Roman youth was used just to make clear that a Roman puer exceptionally returned from war carry- ing the spoils of an enemy.
A few years later, in BC,7 L. According to Cicero Pro Rabirio Post. In 46 or 45, according to Pliny the Elder See also Sehlmeyer, , p. On the contrary, according to Hallett, , p. As dictator, Caesar had the power to exercise his imperium militiae within the pomerium and the standing cuirassed image might have been selected to publicly declare his extraordinary but legal role of imperator in Rome. After defeating Sex- tus Pompey in Sicily in 36 BC, Octavian accepted from the Senate only two honours, an ovatio and a gilded statue to be erected on a columna rostrata in the forum.
According to Appian BC 5. In fact, many important changes in social and political status, or in public and private life, were highlighted by a vestis mutatio, that was a visible and ceremonial change of clothing. Therefore, Romans usually underlined ethnic and social distinctive qualities through clothes both in life and monuments. Portraits wearing a fringed cloak from the second century BC to the imperial age fig. The best available evidence comes from Delos and relates to military costume.
The earliest existing cuirassed statue of a Roman was found in the island and portrayed the propraetor proconsule C. Billienus, who was exceptionally honoured by his friend Midas in front of the Stoa of Antigonus in the last decade of the second century BC. A He wore the standard Hellenistic cuirass with rectangular straps, cingulum and two rows of pteryges. See also Seelmeyer, , p. See also Ma, , p. Portraits wearing a fringed cloak from the second century BC to the Augustan age.
Base du groupe statuaire de Domitius Ahenobarbus — Wikipédia
These short boots were not properly part of the military footwear but were usually worn with the toga and used among the formal insignia of public rank and office. They were probably adopted also in Roman cuirassed statues because they immediately conveyed both the Romanitas of the honoured and his social status. See also Cadario, , p. Ofellius Ferus, who was a leading businessman of the Italian trading community figs.
The combination of epigraphic and prosopographic evidence about them allows us to date the portrait to the years between and BC. While there is no doubt on the role of calcei in constructing the Roman identity, the meaning of fringed cloak may be ambiguous. A full list of surviving portraits and reliefs wearing a fringed mantle can be useful to explain whether the presence of this cloak is meaningful or it was only a question of personal taste and luxurious fashion.
A beautiful torso, which was discovered with other Hellenistic statues in the Bouleuterion of Metropolis in Asia Minor, wears it over an undecorated corselet, and the common features with the Delian cuirassed statues suggest the ascription of the work to a De- lian workshop active in the first half of the first century BC fig. Even this torso can be compared with the cuirassed statues from Delos and its workmanship suggests that it was erected when Sardis, like Metropolis, was already part of the Roman province.
Similar authors to follow
See also Queyrel, Cadario, ; Hallett, , p. From the Bouleuterion comes also a little fragment of a fringed cloak and a second from the city, see Aybek, , n. Cuirassed portraits wearing a fringed cloak from the second century BC to the Augustan age. So, contexts and chronologies recommend a cautious identification of these three cuirassed statues wearing a fringed garment, with Italians and Roman citizens or magistrates, like Billienus.
Memmius, the grandson of L. Cornelius Sulla, in the third quarter of the first century, the fringed mantle was used again with the calcei as a part of a Roman heroic military dress. The second floor of the building was deco- rated by panels depicting three Roman citizens dressed in a toga C. Memmius, his father and Sulla? Probably he also had a long spear in his right hand fig. In another plaque Z a second heroic figure a trumpeter? He wears the calcei, an exomis, a baldric, a cingulum and a fringed cloak, only identifiable in the folds falling down near the left leg figs.
Perhaps in his right hand he holds a tuba, an instrument used also on the battlefield to give orders to soldiers. P , with the sword in the scabbard on his left side and his right hand raised presumably in a greeting gesture. He also wears a finger ring on which is engraved a lituus, alluding to his role of augur and to his power of taking his own auspicia as imperator.
On the meaning of the reliefs, see Torelli, On the monument, its chronology and decoration, see Outschar, ; Webb, , p.
Find a copy in the library
On military signal trumpets see Ziolkowski, Cadario, a, II 11, p. For a pre-Actium chronology see Polito, See also Bergemann, , P5, p. According to Rocco, the equestrian statue, in any case depicting a Roman honored, is older, because its first head was replaced by the portrait of Augustus. This hypothesis seems very speculative. Nude statues with weapons wearing a fringed cloak from the sec- ond century BC to the Augustan age. He is dressed in a red hip-mantle with painted fringes figs. The statue might have been made for the first phase of the Roman theatre and then reused in the Hadrianic scaene frons, where it was placed in a very relevant position, flanking the image of Divus Trajan.
The identification with a portrait of Augustus is therefore a very persuasive option. Attius in his late-Republican funerary relief in Thessalonica. A squire bearing his shield and a horse head in a window declare his military equestrian role fig. On the augural images, see Koortbojian, , p. On the meaning of the group, see Shaya, This torso, prepared for the insertion of the lost head, wears it on a corselet decorated with the Gorgoneion and fastened with the cingulum.
Many details, such as the presence of an underarm, anchor the statue to the Hellenistic tradition of the cuirassed image. The provenance from a temple which housed a Divus Julius statue set up in accordance with the Lex Rufrena 42 BC suggests to identify the honoured as a partisan of the dictator and to date the work to the period of the Second Triumvirate.
The deceased, probably an eques of Augustan age, holds a sword in his left hand and in his right the reins of the horse, whose head is represented next to the portrait. O a few years after its construction 32 BC. The rider has a sword on his left side, and wears a fringed mantle over a tunic fastened with the cingulum.
This impressive realistic portrait probably represented a mature member of the nobilitas and was erected in the second quarter of the first century BC. The nudity of the body is partially covered by the hip-mantle, whose rich fringes were sculpted with extreme elegance figs. The 36 The fringed mantle was inserted in the image of a summus vir just because it was retrospectively attributed to the Republican tradition. The same way of looking back drove an Augustan poet such as Ovid Fast.
See Baeza, Angulo, Buono, Le collezioni, Milano, , n. Fringed cloaks in Roman portraiture from the second century BC to the Augustan age. Fragment of a statue from Metropolis; D. Cui- rassed statue from Sardis; E. Nude statue from Foruli; F. Hip- mantle statue from Auxinum; H. Cuirassed statue from the Forum Augusti; I. Cuirassed equestrian statue from Delos; J. Relief from the Memmiusbau; K. General statue from Tibur; L. Nude torso from Aquileia; M. Navarch from Capua; N.
Cuirassed statue from Minturnae; O.
Equestrian statue from Herculaneum; P. The statue should be dated to the third quarter of the first century BC, is completely naked, wears only a fringed cloak rolled on the left shoulder, and holds a drawn sword in the right hand. A cuirass, added as support, bears on its back the signature of Ophelion, a member of a late-Hellenistic family of Rhodian sculptors.
The armour leads again to assume that the honoured had a military career. Cartilius Poplicola, which was found in front of the temple of Hercules in Ostia, depicts the honoured naked, crossing the arms in front of the body and resting on his left raised leg figs. The left arm is covered with a fringed mantle, and Poplicola held in his left hand an object not preserved, probably a sword, as it can be seen in a very similar statue from the theatre of Casinum.
A headless marble statue from Capua depicts a semi-nude man standing with his left foot on a rostrum, and with a fringed cloak around his hips figs. According to Boschung, , n. On the identification of the Casinum statue as portraying M. Cadario, ; Post, , I 4, p. See also Celani, , p. Cadario, ; on the representations of naval battles usually Actium , see Kellum, A different and more aggressive statuary type, vaguely inspired by the image of the Greek hero Diomedes by Kresi- las?
L might belong to a monument set up in the first century BC close to the harbor area of Aquileia. There are at least three cuirassed statues of Nero Bononia, Dyrrachium and Thessalonike sharing the representation of the Nereids on the breastplate. A rostrum could be used also as a decoration of buildings and honorific monuments.
Maderna, , D1, p. On the context, see Segenni, , p. On the family group, see Torelli, On the link with the harbor area, cf. The meaning of the fringed cloak in the Roman portraiture The imperial images listed above conclude the scrutiny of the portraits and reliefs representing a male fringed mantle in the Roman portraiture. The interpretation of the meaning of this garb is important and controversial at the same time. The hypothesis that it was a Greek chlamys, indistinguishable from that of the Hellenistic kings, and adopted by the Romans to give a con- notation of oriental luxuria to their portraits,58 does not convince primarily because the fringes are missing on the cloaks of the extant Greek portraits.
I do not know of any image of a Hellenistic ruler or Greek magistrate wearing a fringed mantle. Moreover, the Macedonian chlamys is never fringed and the fringed cloak is also absent from the iconographic tradition of Alexander the Great and from the representation of Greek heroes. It is attested only in cuirassed statues fig. We can also infer that it was a cloak worn by generals and officers in the field, as it seems confirmed by its use on the Trajanic frieze. Therefore, almost all the portraits are identifiable with Roman citizens, or at least this is our best option, and this fact is not surprising because, according to ancient sources, all the most common Roman late-Republican military or travelling cloaks sagum, paenula and lacerna would have fringes.
On Roman officers wearing a fringed cloak in the Fayum during the second century, see Paetz Schieck, , p. On two late-antique stele representing soldiers wearing a fringed cloak from Aquileia, see Franzoni, , n. The best evidence of the military use of the lacerna is a long passage of Isidore of Seville Etym. According to him, the lacerna was a fringed cloak pallium fimbriatum which in the past only soldiers wore, and distinguished urban civilians, wearing toga, from military castrensis , wearing lacerna. If the lacerna had fringes,63 we can also prove the use of a pallium fimbriatum by the late-Republican gener- als, who often appeared lacernati on the battlefield or en route.
II, 76 , Marcus Antonius was improperly dressed in a lacerna and not in a toga, when, as magister equitum of Caesar, he anonymously arrived in Rome to seek the consulship; Cassius was wearing a lacerna when he killed himself after the first battle of Philippi Vell. Perhaps he was trying to maintain the similar function of military mantle.
On the lacerna as a military cloak, see Cornelius Gallus Poet. On the lacerna as a heavy mantle, see Mart.
- La République romaine. by Janine Cels Saint-Hilaire on Apple Books.
- Articles récents.
- The 6 Pillars of Nutrition - A Simple Diet Solution for Permanent Weight Loss, Better Health, and a Longer Life!
- Heart, Head & Hands!
- 15. The Temptation of Torilla (The Eternal Collection)!
- La République romaine..
The existing statues suggest that the use of a fringed cloak mainly involved the Roman military image; the literary evidence confirms that Roman soldiers and officers actually wore fringed cloaks in the field and this garment might also be considered by the Romans as a typical military castrensis costume in contrast to the civilian toga.
Therefore, I agree with J. Going back to the above-discussed statue of Scipio Asiaticus, it is not incidental that the imperator wore just two Greek garments, the chlamys and the krepides, id est the clothes which the calcei and the fringed cloaks lacernae have usually replaced. Today, such development is not easy to recognize, because during the age of the civil wars this phenom- enon was still in fieri, and did not last long. According to Hallett, , p. Cadario, ; Cadario, Beginning in , Wolski became deeply involved in direct international contacts, especially with scholars in Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, and Hungary.
His first foreign visit was made possible by a scholarship from the Ford Foundation He traveled for three months in Italy, Austria, Switzerland, and France. It enabled him to make the personal acquaintance with such scholars as A. Le Rider, and A. The tour ended with a visit in Germany, where Wolski was cordially welcomed by H. In the decades that followed, Wolski attended many international conferences and was invited to lecture all over Europe. Altheim specialized together with his adopted daughter, Ruth Stiehl in the history of the ancient Mediterranean world, Iran, and Central Asia.
A true friendship likewise developed between Wolski and J. Harmatta, a Hungarian orientalist. Wolski particularly valued his friendship with the Belgian archeologist, L. His output comprises more than articles, dozens of reviews, and several books. This in part led him to publish his research in the form of books, which until now had appeared as articles. The last volume was Seleucid and Arsacid Studies.
- Most Downloaded Articles?
- Menu de navigation.
- From Hitler Youth to American Soldier: A Prisoner of Hope.
- La Republique Romaine - 133-44 AV. J.-C. (French, Electronic book text).
Already in his doctoral dissertation, Wolski disproved beliefs then prevailing in scholarship, by employing a sound methodology based on a rigorous philological analysis of determining the best source tradition of a given subject. By drawing on his creativity and skill as a scholar, Wolski was able to reconstruct historical processes which enabled him to establish their broad political implications. Because of his use of both exacting methodology and refined historical approach, many of his studies remain of fundamental importance to the field.
He devoted much attention to the eastern frontiers of Parthia, consistently maintaining that Parthian history should be seen as closely linked to peoples of Central Asia cf. Wolski kept working on Parthian history throughout his life, adding new arguments and often engaging in discussions with specialists representing different stands. Wolski stressed the significance of the Parthian epoch in the whole history of Western and Central Asia and highly estimated achievements of the Arsacids, demonstrating that they were the true heirs of the Achaemenids and supporters of Iranian traditions.
His achievement was most firmly to reinforce the growing conviction of the high importance of Iranian states in ancient history. In his polyhistoric approach, he consciously followed the heritage of L. Wolski strongly accentuated a need to use various sources in historical research, including archeological, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence.
It is little wonder then, that his former students include no small number of scholars who integrate into their craft such diverse fields as history, numismatics, epigraphy, and archeology. Wolski also stressed that the Western approach to the history of Iran must be free from exaggerated Eurocentrism cf.
Wolski reviewed more than 50 doctoral dissertations, 40 habilitations, and 30 professorial qualifications. His students are engaged in numerous learned bodies and institutions throughout Poland. Despite his concentration camp experiences, he succeeded in keeping very fit, and almost to the end of his days he remained an active scholar. Markowski, Philologische Wochenschrift, 60, , pp. I Berlin , pp. Antiquity , Warszawa , p.
rome imperial
I, Berlin , pp. Sectio F, 29, Lublin, , pp. Wolski [ Zeszyty Naukowe UJ Chronologie , Bucarest, Paris, , pp. II, Amsterdam , pp. Alejandro Magno, modelo de los emperadores romanos, Bruxelles, , pp. Liber in memoriam Lodovici Piotrowicz, ed. Wolski, T Kotula, A.