Rückenschmerzen (German Edition)

The committee reviewed all the translations T1 and T2, T1,2, B1 and B2 and the written report comparing the back-translations with the forward-translation T1,2. Based on those translations they developed the pre-final version. The pre-final version of the questionnaire was tested on 30 people. Each completed the questionnaire and was then asked the meaning of each questionnaire item as well as whether or not they had problems with the questionnaire format, layout, instructions or response scales.

Any difficulties were noted and include in the final report. A detailed report written by the interviewing person, including proposed changes of the pre-final version based on the results of the face validity test was then submitted to the expert committee. The final version of the German BQ LBP was developed by the committee based on the results of the face validity testing and the written report.

Thus all stages 1—6 were successfully completed. It was essential that no change or treatment occurred in between the two administrations. The 7 questionnaire item domains were given in different random order for the second administration to avoid the students memorizing their initial responses [ 5 ]. The purpose of cross-cultural adaptation is to try and ensure consistency in the content and face validity between the original and the translated versions of a questionnaire.

However, it does not ensure that the questionnaire has construct validity. Content validity of the BQ LBP questionnaire was previously evaluated on the original English version, and was therefore not tested in this study. Additional testing was done to evaluate construct validity, however [ 16 , 17 ]. This additional testing of the instrument should be done in the same population where it would be used [ 12 ]. The BQ is commonly used as an outcome measure for neck and low back pain patients being treated by chiropractors in the UK, where it was developed, and is also used in other countries [ 12 , 16 ].

Synonyms for "Rückenschmerzen"

Thus low back pain patients from five different chiropractic practices were asked to fill in the new German version of the BQN, the German version of the Oswestry Disability Index ODI [ 9 ] and the German version of the SF Health Survey [ 10 ] prior to the start of their chiropractic treatment. Four weeks later each patient had to complete the 3 questionnaires again. The questionnaires were given to them in the practice or sent by post with an addressed and stamped return envelope.

Those patients who received them in the practice filled them in immediately. Those who received them by post were allowed one week to return them. If necessary, the questionnaires were resent to the patients. To compare these three questionnaires, each one was broken down into its component subscales. The sensitivity to change over time of the three questionnaires was assessed with the standardized response mean SRM.

The average change in scores for each scale was divided by the standard deviation of the score changes [ 13 , 17 ]. For the 31 students who participated in the test-retest reliability part of the study, their mean age was There was no significant age difference between the genders. For the Oswestry questionnaire, the mean baseline total score was The mean baseline score for the SF was The ICC values were above.

Test-retest reliability for the German Bournemouth questionnaire for low back pain patients. All values are well above the cut-off point of 0.

The pain locus of control at baseline domain 7 of the BQ did not have a significant positive correlation with the similar domain on the SF at baseline. The Oswestry questionnaire does not contain this particular domain so no comparison could be made.

The translation and cultural adaptation of the German version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire for low back pain patients, although a long and tedious multi-step process, was done successfully according to published guidelines [ 14 , 15 ]. Both of these commonly used questionnaires contain similar domains and have also been translated and validated into German. These results are identical to those found in the translation and validation of the BQ into German for neck pain patients and into Danish for low back pain patients [ 13 , 16 ]. It can now be used in routine clinical practice to monitor patient outcomes or for research purposes in German speaking countries.

The SF questionnaire was selected for comparison with the BQ LBP questionnaire because it is a multidimensional, commonly used questionnaire for low back pain patients and has been translated and validated into German [ 10 ]. The recommended scoring system for the SF is that each of the 8 domains has a range of scores from 0— Thus a score of would be the best possible function on that domain in the SF In order to avoid negative correlations and confusing results, the SF scoring system was reversed for this study so that a higher score was a worse outcome, the same as for the BQ and Oswestry questionnaires.

The translation and validation of this same questionnaire into Danish also used the SF Although the issue of how they scored the SF is not mentioned in their methods section, the results only show good positive correlations [ 16 ].

Thus a modification of the usual scoring system along these same lines must have occurred. It did not leave much room to show improvement. The Oswestry questionnaire is often used for very acute patients and therefore may not have been applicable to some of the chiropractic patients. The Oswestry questionnaire asks patients about their condition at the moment rather than on average.

The BQ asks the patient to rate their pain, disability etc.

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet].

Some of the study participants commented on the difficulty in answering the BQ questions when their symptoms were of a very short duration. However, this was only a problem for the baseline measurements. This situation may be more common in patients presenting to Swiss chiropractors compared to other countries. This is because chiropractic is one of the 5 government recognized medical professions in Switzerland.

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As a result, Swiss chiropractors are more likely to be referred patients earlier in the course of their symptoms compared to chiropractors in other countries [ 19 ]. One of the limitations to this study is the short, two hour, test-retest time period used for the reliability part of this study. The excellent results obtained may be because the participants could remember their previous answers [ 17 ]. An attempt to inhibit this recall was done by changing the order of the domains on the BQ for the second administration of the questionnaire.

This two hour time frame, however, is identical to the ones used in two previous translation and validation studies [ 13 , 16 ]. It is unknown whether or not using a more heterogeneous age group would have influenced the reliability results. A further limitation is the fact that, like previous studies, this current study did not attempt to assess the content validity of this questionnaire [ 3 , 16 , 20 ]. This was done for the English version when it was originally created.

Current methodology states that the content should also be evaluated when translating into a new language [ 7 ]. However, only chiropractic patients were used for the validation part of this study another limitation. Comparison of chiropractic practice and patients in Switzerland, where this study occurred, with other countries was published in [ 19 ]. As the United Kingdom, where the BQ LBP questionnaire originated, was one of the countries with which Swiss chiropractors were compared, the content validity of this German version of the BQ should not be an issue.

Because the validation of the BQ LBP questionnaire was only done using chiropractic patients as noted above, further testing with other practitioners and treatments should be done. It was successfully tested for validity, consistency, and responsiveness against the German versions of the Oswestry Disability Index and the SF questionnaire.

The BQ LBP questionnaire is shorter than the other two questionnaires, covers more domains than the ODI and is more sensitive to change than the other questionnaires. Intra-class correlation coefficient; LBP: Low back pain; ODI: Oswestry disability questionnaire; SD: Data acquisition, drafting manuscript, interpretation of data, approval of manuscript. Concept and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting and revising manuscript.

Data acquisition, interpretation of data, revising and approval of manuscript. Concept and design of the study, revising manuscript, approval of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Chiropr Man Therap v. Published online Sep Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jul 22; Accepted Sep Abstract Background Finding the best outcome measures for research and quality assurance purposes in terms of validity, sensitivity to change, length and ease of completion is crucial.

Methods The translation was done in 4 steps, translated and back-translated by two independent people and adapted and approved by an expert committee. Bournemouth questionnaire, Outcome assessment, Low back pain, Chiropractic, Validity of results. Open in a separate window. Stage 2 Synthesis of T1 and T2 into T1,2 The two translators had to then agree on one new consensus version of the translation T1,2. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number.

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