Yet, the hypothesis of an illimitable nature — and distinct from the cultural idea that man, limited by his intellectual and anthropological prejudice, has created — ends up making the idea of natural dissonance possible.
Antoine Danchet
Rejecting it is mooted to be only be an effect of education. This is what Diderot observes through the metaphor used by Neveu:. In his pantomime, Rameau creates voices of laughter and happiness, of tears and unhappiness, heard separately but almost juxtaposed:. The voice, linked to the truth of the inner soul, offers emotions that lead it to dispersal and contradiction. The voice speaks the truth of the natural character of the soul. Thus, it signals the physical dissonance of sounds, which correspond to the metaphysical dissonance of Men capable of going instantly from the greatest joy to the most intense suffering.
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If sonorities seem sometimes off-key and rasping — becoming a broken puppet, so to speak — it is because emotions have an effect on this process, creating dissonance along the way before the soul returns to perfect harmony. He also wishes to express that vocal distortions are created by the soul, and not by a mechanical problem, as the likes of Mersenne tought in the seventeenth century.
Human nature is not a matter of equilibrium. Jewellery, a common metaphor for the pudenda, expresses a form of vitality that is often disharmonious.
The frenzied opera offers a confusion of voices, a heathen, outlandish feast where the most unlikely sounds can be intertwined. Off-key music, inarticulate sounds, and inaudible words put the powerful vitality of someone being freed from all constraints into perspective:.
The voice, though it disrupts civilization, represents a dynamic participation in global harmony insofar as it exacerbates passions. Turning from tears to laughter and from laughter to screams is a normal process. Does this mean that it is existentially pure and beautiful?
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Vocal expression, as Diderot imagines it, is as rich and inflected as the soul is sensitive:. Thus, the characters of Diderot represent all of these arresting states of mind which make them charming. The human experience of the author is conveyed by a sensitive form of writing, laden with emotion, body language or sound: This, at least, is what Suzanne says. Even a space that is dedicated to silence, such as a convent, is constantly troubled by a range of noises, from the softest to the most menacing: The character, losing her understanding by way of the fashion in which her sense of hearing has been aggressively confronted with the emotions contained in the vocal emission, experiences the power of the voice.
The attention that Diderot gives to vocal sounds brings him to note situations where communion between men is absent, and where the voice of disagreement is never far. The laughing voice wins the day, and adumbrates an ethic of exchange above that of aesthetics. Art can thus conjure up things which education could not: The impetus is always towards reconciliation: And with movement come sounds and come noises. The philosopher underlines the strong impressions that the voice can provoke, by observing that children can generate fear by using their voices as well as any professional actor can:.
That is because the scream is one of the first signs of sensibility in animals and men alike. Unlike thinkers in the previous century, Diderot proves more audacious than, say, Voltaire, for whom the cries of man were unbearable He rates these loud sounds as positive through their association with passionateness, which is unobjectionable. Indeed, all of his characters express themselves through screaming, which comes from an inner impulse, and makes the body a vibration machine, a sort of physiological resonator.
In order to give scope to his sounds, the author must become an astute acoustician. To represent the resounding body, different stylistic devices are used.
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Sometimes only a verb accompanies the critical word: The purpose of the verb that determines the clause is to pinpoint the nature of a muffled scream. Finally, an adjective makes the idea of animality explicit: This can happen through the repetition of a noun: Indeed, to understand a man through his screams is inevitably to be confronted with a body in movement, with a resounding corporality. When passions arise, the voice is barely dissociable from the body. When emotions are at their most intense, the author is not satisfied with vocal expression alone, and therefore exhibits the boisterous body of his character.
Verbal lexicon is deployed to express the voice and the body: Sometimes, Diderot resorts to explicit comparisons.
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Thus, by exploiting an entire range of sounds, as an adept of the physiology of Haller and Bordeu, he experiments with the sensibility of matter. This is shown by the rich vocabulary which constructs an aesthetic of sound not to be found in writers from the first third of the century, except Marivaux — though to a lesser extent. I would like to suggest that Diderot adumbrates here modern conceptions of the voice, as defined by Nathalie Sarraute in Enfance: And yet the voice also maintains a primary role. It is through vocal expressivity, indeed, though associated with gesture, that the reader enters into the world of the writer.
Verbs, adjectives and adverbial phrases of manner refer to sound more than content. The diversity of these verbs reflects the possibilities of the voice in terms of both its quality and its intensity. On his own, Rameau is indeed an artistic work in which vocal variations represent all human passions. As Du Bos had already noted in , sounds: The effect achieved is far from the one expected. Neveu displays, both visually and orally, an imperfect nature, a dissonant nature at odds with itself — the sound of a voice without resolution. Literature has not succeeded in preserving the beautiful sounds which aim at enrapturing.
The voice exhausts all possible inflections and pulls extremes together: In fact, the music of the voice, imitating both voices and instruments, reflects emotions more than any other form of expression. Diderot had already understood the effects of music on the soul:. For Diderot, after Condillac and at the same time as Rousseau, sensationalism has entered language itself.
To write down sounds is to give a rightful place to the sense of hearing. But the representation of sound emphasises a human nature that is incapable of reaching total plenitude, as can be seen with Rameau. However, rather than despairing, the philosopher prefers to see this as a sensory boon, even if that means maintaining a belief in man, be he less than perfect. Following the paroxysm of Bijoux indiscrets , and before sharing in the vigorous joy of Jacques le fataliste , the reader finds himself in the Babelian universe of La Religieuse and at the heart of a cacophonous concert in Neveu de Rameau.
If we, along with Suzanne, are immersed in a noise that reflects human vitality — as in Marivaux —, Diderot constantly tries to bring this human vitality back into the world. With Neveu, powerful sounds reveal the life of the body, but seem to signify a disharmonious society. The noise that is represented is eventually linked to satire, even in Diderot. It expresses movement and the energy, 75 and sometimes the excess of a vibrating voice.
It expresses the strength of a human nature that is so passionate that it loses the idea of its perfectibility, and of the capacity of man to become reasonable, in total harmony with himself and his kind. Consequently, if the voice in Diderot signifies the inherent vitality of man, it may also mark the end of optimism and utopia for Enlightenment thinkers. It also marks, however, the entry of sound into philosophy. The experience of the vocal aspect that brings him to represent his characters with a passionate nature, allows him to be political as well: Whether in a sigh or in a scream, the voice declares that it is language.
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