A performance of the work typically lasts 35 minutes. The ballet score was revised by Stravinsky in History Diaghilev wanted a ballet based on an early eighteenth-century commedia dell'arte libretto and music then believed to have been composed by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. Although the music was then attributed to Pergolesi, much of that attribution has since proved to be spurious;[1] some of the music may have been written by Domenico Gallo, Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer, Carlo Ignazio Monza, and possibly Ales Franck Ferrand 12 October , Poitiers - is a French writer and journalist who specializes in history.
He has a radio show about history on Europe 1, a French Radio Channel. This footwear is made from local light wood like santol and laniti. It is cut to the desired foot size before being shaven until smooth. Uppers of traditional rattan or tight cloth or modern plastic or rubber will then be fastened using clavitos tiny nails.
The finished product has been a symbol of the masses since its popularity. Others — significantly more numerous — were published in various small books and collections after the author's death by his widow, Alice Regnault: A few others, notably translated into German, Spanish, and Russian, were published abroad. Anxious to profit from all of his literary output, Mirbeau reused a Nez de cuir, Italian: Octave Mirbeau 16 February — 16 February was a French journalist, art critic, travel writer, pamphleteer, novelist, and playwright, who achieved celebrity in Europe and great success among the public, while still appealing to the literary and artistic avant-garde.
His work has been translated into thirty languages. Biography Aesthetic and political struggles Octave Mirbeau. After his debut in journalism in the service of the Bonapartists,[2] and his debut in literature when he worked as a ghostwriter,[3] Mirbeau began to publish under his own name.
Richard Marazano born 27 January is a French cartoonist. Biography Marazano was born in Fontenay-aux-Roses, near Paris. After short scientific studies, he was introduced by artist Moebius to several comics publishers. He was formerly pushed into comics by artist Jean Giraud, better known as Moebius, who advised him for a few years and introduced him to several publishers. Meeting and collaborating with Victor Delafuente and Antonio Parras in Paris had a major influence over his art and inking. Despite being also a penciller, Marazano mostly works as writer with other artists.
Emmanuel Rossfelder in Emmanuel Rossfelder born is a French classical guitarist. Life Rossfelder started playing the guitar at the age of 5. He started as a student of Raymond Gellier. At the age of 8, he entered the Conservatoire de musique of Aix en Provence in Bertrand Thomas' class. At the age of 14, he obtained the gold medal from the Conservatoire of Aix-en-Provence and became a student of Alexandre Lagoya at the Conservatoire de Paris.
He was then the youngest guitarist to join the classes of the master. At only 18 years old he obtained his prize from the Concervatoire de Paris. In , he was named Instrumental Soloist Revelation of the Year at the Victoires de la musique classique. Binondo is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city's Chinatown and is the world's oldest Chinatown.
It is the oldest Chinatown in the world, established in [3] by the Spaniards as a settlement near Intramuros but across the Pasig River for Catholic Chinese, it was positioned so that colonial rulers could keep a close eye on their migrant subjects. Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila, where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive.
Noted residents include St. Etymology Numerous theories on the origin of the name "Binondo", and that of "Tondo", its neighboring district, have been put forward. Philippine National Artist Nick Joaquin suggested that t Madame du Barry by Christian-Jaque - uncredited Pourquoi viens-tu si tard?
Les Amours de Paris Les Godelureaux - uncredited Le Miracle des loups - Un soldat uncredited Blague dans le coin Between and , he wrote several scripts for films destined to French television. Work Under his pseudonym Mauvaise graine ou graine de violence. La Mort du pantin. Gabriel Timmory 6 November - 20 April was a French dramatist, teacher, journalist, lecturer and screenwriter.
For a certain number of plays, comedies and saynetes he collaborated with the playwrights Jean Manoussi and Maurice de Marsan. Un beau mariage cowritten with Jean Manoussi Pomme de terre cowrittenwith Jean Manoussi Un gentilhomme cowritten with Jean Manoussi Le Planteur de Chicago or Le cultivateur de Chicago Le Matelot Cartahut cowritten with Maurice de Marsan La Course aux dollars cowritten with Maurice de Marsan Rigadin et la petite Moulinet La Dame du Louvre cowritten with Jean Manoussi L'insaisissable Stanley Collins cowritten with Maurice de Marsan Les Kriekenrinckx d'Anvers The history of the Philippines from to , also known as the Spanish colonial period, a period that spans during the Captaincy General of the Philippines located in the collection of Islands in Southeast Asia that was colonized by Spain known as 'Las Islas Filipinas', under New Spain until Mexican independence which gave Madrid direct control over the area.
It was also known as Spanish East Indies to the colonialist. It started with the arrival in of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailing for Spain, which heralded the period when the Philippines was a colony of the Spanish Empire, and ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in , which marked the beginning of the American colonial era of Philippine history.
Spanish expeditions and colonization Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines on March 16, Magellan Although the archipelago may have been visited before by the Portuguese who conquered Malacca City in and reached Maluku Islands in , the earlie He arrived in the Philippines in and established the Jala Jala hacienda in Morong present-day Rizal province.
Among the activities that he undertook were hog raising and planting indigo, sugarcane, and coffee. He ensured good relations with the clergy by building a church; and with his workers by building cockpits in the estate. Family His father was a noble captain ruined by the French revolution who died in Vertou, near from Nantes.
The Philippine Commission on Women formerly the National Commission on the Role of the Filipino Women , is a government agency run by the government of the Philippines with the intention of promoting and protecting the rights of the Women in the Philippines. It was established on January 7, through Presidential Decree No. On August 14, , the Magna Carta of Women was signed into law providing better protection for women. According to the United Nations' Human Development Report, the Philippines is 40th out of nations when the gender-related development index is compared directly to the human development index, While the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report for lists the country at a ranking 9 among of about countries.
Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre French: Maistre argued that the rationalist rejection of Christianity was directly responsible for the disorder and bloodshed which followed the French Revolution of Marianne Loir or Marie-Anne Loir c. Her brother, Alexis Loir — , was a renowned sculptor. In she was in Paris, where she completed a portrait of the young Antoine Duplas on 1 September. She left Paris in and moved to Provence. She died sometime in She left ten paintings signed and dated between and In he was elected a member of the Polish diet on the Conservative side.
On the collapse of the insurrection he emigrated, and on his return to Poland devoted himself exclusively to literature and the cultivation of his estates. Schiller, Roger de Piles 7 October — 5 April was a French painter, engraver, art critic and diplomat. Life Born in Clamecy, Roger de Piles studied philosophy and theology, and devoted himself to painting. In he became tutor to Michel Amelot de Gournay, whom he was to follow throughout his life, acting as secretary to his various missions as French ambassador to Venice, Portugal, Spain.
He also acquired a taste for political intrigue using his travels ostensibly undertaken to study the European collections, as a buyer for Louis XIV, as cover for confidential missions - for example in Germany and Austria on behalf of Louis' minister, the marquis de Louvois. He was not always fortunate as a spy. Un joli train de vie, Julliard Le Gentilhomme de notre temps: Gabriel Girard in Montferrand — 4 February , in Montferrand was a French churchman and grammarian, notable as the author of the first work on synonyms published in France.
He was chaplain to the duchess of Berry and the king's secretary-interpreter in Slavonic and Russian. The royal princess had a reputation for promiscuity and concealing pregnancies. When Girard became her chaplain, the Duchess of Berry alternated moments of debauchery with prolonged retreats at a Carmelite convent. She was then in the family way again but kept it a secret and freely indulged in lechery and strong drinks.
Berry's shameful state soon became public gossip. At the end of March , the infamous Duchess suffered a harrowing delivery while being denied the sacraments. The young woman did not recover from childbirth and died The Strategikon of Kekaumenos Greek: Cecaumeni Strategicon is a late 11th century Byzantine manual offering advice on warfare and the handling of public and domestic affairs.
In it, he offers advice, based on his own personal experience and drawing upon numerous historical examples from the events of the 11th century. It is divided in six parts: Part 1 Chapters survives incomplete, as its beginning has been lost. It concerns the duties and services due to a superior lord.
Part 2 Chapters is the Strategikon proper, and contains advice to a general. Part 3 Chapters contains advice on domestic matters, the rearing of children, management of the house and the family and social relations. Part 4 Chapters contains advice on the proper course of action in the event of a revolt against the Emperor. Part 5 Chapters contains the admonitions to He sometimes used the pseudonym "Louis de Vernon".
Life Born in Isigny-sur-Mer, he trained as a lawyer in Paris and then - thanks to his links with the Legitimists - was arrested after the French Revolution of On his return to France in , he was made a doctor of letters at Caen University after writing a thesis on Aeschylus. Michel Etcheverry 16 December — 30 March was a French actor. Ephraim Ponticollo Vous pigez? The Prussian invasion of Holland[1] was a Prussian military campaign in September—October to restore the Orange stadtholderate in the Dutch Republic against the rise of the democratic Patriot movement.
She was on her way from Nijmegen, where William V had taken refuge, to The Hague, where she intended to request her husband to be allowed to return to, after the States of Holland had fired him as Captain General of their troops in This had not been done on a whim: It was a remake of a silent film Montmartre that had also starred Morlay.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Jacques Colombier. Manila's history begins around 65, BC the time the Callao Man first settled in the Philippines, predating the arrival of the Negritos and the Malayo-Polynesians. The nearby Angono Petroglyphs, are then dated to be around 3, BC and the earliest recorded history of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, dates back to the year AD as recorded in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription.
By the thirteenth century, the city consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter near the mouth of the Pasig River, the river that bisects the city into north and south. Manila became the seat of the colonial government of Spain when it gained sovereignty over the Philippine Islands in The seat of the Spanish government was situated within the fortified walls of Old Manila now referred t The Tagalog people Baybayin: They have a well developed society due to their cultural heartland, Manila, being the capital city of the Philippines.
The Last Day Poison Friends directed by Emmanuel Bourdieu La Vie d'artiste directed by Marc Fitoussi Primrose Hill directed by Mikhael Hers A Simple Heart Born in 68 Le Sentiment de la chair directed by Roberto Garzelli Le Roman de ma femme directed by Jamshed Usmonov English title: My Wife's Romance Cornouaille directed by Anne Le Ny Le verrou directed by Laurent Laffargue short film An author of theoretical works on theater, he showed himself a staunch opponent of the romantic school.
Les Consolateurs, comedy in 1 act and in verses Until it was known as Prix des Maisons de la Presse and given out in the two categories Novel Roman and Non-Fiction Document , after which the name was changed and the categories merged into one. Recipients Novel, Pierre Moustiers, L'Hiver d'un gentilhomme, Gallimard Guy Lagorce, Ne pleure pas, Grasset Robert Manuel — was a 20th-century French stage and film actor, and a film director. La Petite Sauvage by Jean de Limur Salonique, nid d'espions by Georg Wilhelm Pabst La Marseillaise by Jean Renoir The Captain by Robert Vernay The Paris Waltz by Marcel Achard Rififi Du rififi chez les hommes by Jules Dassin Voici le temps des assassins by Julien Duvivier Comme un cheveu sur la soupe by Maurice Regamey Police judiciaire by Maurice de Canonge Le Gorille vous salue bien One of the larger rorqual species, adults range in length from 12—16 metres 39—52 ft and weigh approximately 36, kilograms 79, lb.
The humpback has a distinctive body shape, with unusually long pectoral fins and a knobbly head. An acrobatic animal known for breaching and slapping the water with its tail and pectorals, it is popular with whale watchers off Australia, New Zealand, South America, Canada, and the United States.
Males produce a complex song lasting 10 to 20 minutes, which they repeat for hours at a time. Its purpose is not clear, though it may have a role in mating. Found in oceans and seas around the world, humpback whales typically migrate up to 25, kilometres 16, mi each year. Humpbacks feed only in summer, in polar waters, and migrate to tropical or subtropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter. During the winter, humpbacks fast and live off their fat reserves. Their diet consists mostly of krill and small fish.
Humpbacks have a diverse repertoire of feeding methods, including the bubble net feeding technique. Like other large whales, the humpback was and is a target for the whaling industry. While stocks have since partially recovered, entanglement in fishing gear, collisions with ships, and noise pollution continue to impact the 80, humpbacks worldwide.
Humpback whales are rorquals family Balaenopteridae , a family that includes the blue whale, the fin whale, the Bryde's whale, the sei whale and the minke whale. The rorquals are believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Miocene. Though clearly related to the giant whales of the genus Balaenoptera, the humpback has been the sole member of its genus since Gray's work in More recently, though, DNA sequencing analysis has indicated the humpback is more closely related to certain rorquals, particularly the fin whale Balaenoptera physalus , and possibly to the gray whale Eschrichtius robustus , than it is to rorquals such as the minke whales.
The humpback whale was first identified as baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Regnum Animale of In , Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, converting Brisson's name to its Latin equivalent, Balaena novaeangliae. In , John Edward Gray created the genus Megaptera, classifying the humpback as Megaptera longipinna, but in , Remington Kellogg reverted the species names to use Borowski's novaeangliae.
The specific name means "New Englander" and was probably given by Brisson due the regular sightings of humpbacks off the coast of New England. A humpback whale can easily be identified by its stocky body with an obvious hump and black dorsal coloring. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, which are hair follicles, and are characteristic of the species.
The fluked tail, which it lifts above the surface in some dive sequences, has wavy trailing edges. North Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean humpbacks, which have distinct populations which complete a migratory round-trip each year, and the Indian Ocean population, which does not migrate, prevented by that ocean's northern coastline.
The long black and white tail fin, which can be up to a third of body length, and the pectoral fins have unique patterns, which make individual whales identifiable. The two most enduring mention the higher maneuverability afforded by long fins, and the usefulness of the increased surface area for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates. Humpbacks have to darkly coloured baleen plates on each side of their mouths. Ventral grooves run from the lower jaw to the umbilicus about halfway along the underside of the whale.
These grooves are less numerous usually 14—22 than in other rorquals but are fairly wide. The stubby dorsal fin is visible soon after the blow when the whale surfaces, but disappears by the time the flukes emerge. Humpbacks have a 3 metres 9. Because humpback whales breathe voluntarily, the whales possibly shut off only half of their brains when sleeping. Newborn calves are roughly the length of their mother's head.
At birth, calves measure 20 feet 6. They nurse for approximately six months, then mix nursing and independent feeding for possibly six months more. Females reach sexual maturity at the age of five, achieving full adult size a little later. Males reach sexual maturity at approximately seven years of age.
Humpback whale lifespans range from 45— years. Females are slightly larger at 15—16 m 49—52 ft ; the largest recorded specimen was 19 metres 62 ft long and had pectoral fins measuring 6 metres 20 ft each. This visually distinguishes males and females. The varying patterns on the tail flukes are sufficient to identify individuals.
A study using data from to on whales in the North Atlantic gave researchers detailed information on gestation times, growth rates, and calving periods, as well as allowing more accurate population predictions by simulating the mark-release-recapture technique Katona and Beard A photographic catalogue of all known North Atlantic whales was developed over this period and is currently maintained by College of the Atlantic. The humpback social structure is loose-knit. Typically, individuals live alone or in small, transient groups that disband after a few hours.
These whales are not excessively social in most cases. Groups may stay together a little longer in summer to forage and feed cooperatively. Longer-term relationships between pairs or small groups, lasting months or even years, have rarely been observed. Some females possibly retain bonds created via cooperative feeding for a lifetime.
The humpback's range overlaps considerably with other whale and dolphin species—for instance, the minke whale. However, humpbacks rarely interact socially with them, though one individual was observed playing with a bottlenose dolphin in Hawaiian waters. Courtship rituals take place during the winter months, following migration toward the equator from summer feeding grounds closer to the poles.
Competition is usually fierce, and unrelated males, dubbed escorts by researcher Louis Herman, frequently trail females, as well as mother-calf dyads. Male gather into "competitive groups" and fight for females. Behaviors include breaching, spyhopping, lob-tailing, tail-slapping, fin-slapping, peduncle throws, charging and parrying. Whale songs are assumed to have an important role in mate selection; however, they may also be used between males to establish dominance.
Females typically breed every two or three years. The gestation period is The peak months for birth are January, February, July, and August, with usually a one- to two—year period between humpback births. They can live up to 48 years. Recent research on humpback mitochondrial DNA reveals groups living in proximity to each other may represent distinct breeding pools.
Both male and female humpback whales vocalize, but only males produce the long, loud, complex "songs" for which the species is famous. Each song consists of several sounds in a low register, varying in amplitude and frequency, and typically lasting from 10 to 20 minutes. Cetaceans have no vocal cords, so whales generate their songs by forcing air through their massive nasal cavities.
Whales within a large area sing the same song. All North Atlantic humpbacks sing the same song, and those of the North Pacific sing a different song. Each population's song changes slowly over a period of years without repeating. Scientists are unsure of the purpose of whale songs. Only males sing, suggesting one purpose is to attract females. However, many of the whales observed to approach a singer are other males, often resulting in conflict.
Singing may, therefore, be a challenge to other males. Humpback whales have also been found to make a range of other social sounds to communicate, such as "grunts", "groans", "thwops", "snorts" and "barks". Humpbacks feed primarily in summer and live off fat reserves during winter. The humpback is an energetic hunter, taking krill and small schooling fish such as Atlantic herring, Atlantic salmon, capelin, and American sand lance, as well as Atlantic mackerel, pollock, and haddock in the North Atlantic.
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The humpback has the most diverse feeding repertoire of all baleen whales. The shrinking ring of bubbles encircles the school and confines it in an ever-smaller cylinder. This ring can begin at up to 30 metres 98 ft in diameter and involve the cooperation of a dozen animals. Using a crittercam attached to a whale's back, some whales were found to blow the bubbles, some dive deeper to drive fish toward the surface, and others herd prey into the net by vocalizing.
Plated grooves in the whale's mouth allow the creature to easily drain all the water initially taken in. Given scarring records, killer whales are thought to prey upon juvenile humpbacks, though this has never been witnessed. The result of these attacks is generally nothing more serious than some scarring of the skin, but young calves likely are sometimes killed. They are migratory, spending summers in cooler, high-latitude waters and mating and calving in tropical and subtropical waters. A large population spreads across the Hawaiian Islands every winter, ranging from the island of Hawaii in the south to Kure Atoll in the north.
Identified by their unique tail patterns, these animals made the longest documented mammalian migration. These two populations are distinct, with only a few females in each generation crossing between the two groups. Humpback whales were hunted as early as the 18th century, but distinguished by whalers as early as the first decades of the 17th century. By the 19th century, many nations the United States in particular , were hunting the animal heavily in the Atlantic Ocean, and to a lesser extent in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
The lateth-century introduction of the explosive harpoon, though, allowed whalers to accelerate their take. This, along with hunting in the Antarctic Ocean beginning in , sharply reduced whale populations. They imposed rules and regulations for hunting whales and set open and closed hunting seasons. To prevent extinction, the International Whaling Commission banned commercial humpback whaling in By then, the population had been reduced to around 5, Prior to commercial whaling, populations could have reached , North Pacific kills alone are estimated at 28, It is now known that the Soviet Union was deliberately under-recording its catches; the Soviet catch was reported at 2,, whereas the true number is now believed to be over 48, As of , hunting of humpback whales was restricted to a few animals each year off the Caribbean island Bequia in the nation of St.
Vincent and the Grenadines. The announcement sparked global protests. The worldwide population is at least 80, humpback whales, with 18,, in the North Pacific,[43] about 12, in the North Atlantic,[44] and over 50, in the Southern Hemisphere,[45] down from a prewhaling population of , This species is considered "least concern" from a conservation standpoint, as of This is an improvement from vulnerable in the prior assessment. Most monitored stocks of humpback whales have rebounded well since the end of commercial whaling,[2][46] such as the North Atlantic, where stocks are now believed to be approaching levels similar to those before hunting began.
However, the species is considered endangered in some countries, including the United States. Today, individuals are vulnerable to collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing gear, and noise pollution. In the 19th century, two humpback whales were found dead near sites of repeated oceanic sub-bottom blasting, with traumatic injuries and fractures in the ears.
Once hunted to the brink of extinction, the humpback has made a dramatic comeback in the North Pacific. A study estimated the humpback population, which hit a low of 1, whales before hunting was banned worldwide, has made a comeback to a population of between 18, and 20, The United Kingdom, among other countries, designated the humpback as a priority species under the national Biodiversity Action Plan.
Although much was learned about humpbacks from whaling, migratory patterns and social interactions were not well understood until two studies by R. Dawbin in the s. This is made difficult by humpback's extraordinary migrations, which can extend the 5, miles 8, km from Antarctica to Costa Rica.
Humpback whales are generally curious about objects in their environments. Some individuals, referred to as "friendlies", approach whale-watching boats closely, often staying under or near the boat for many minutes. Because humpbacks are often easily approachable, curious, easily identifiable as individuals, and display many behaviors, they have become the mainstay of whale-watching tourism in many locations around the world.
Hawaii has used the concept of "ecotourism" to use the species without killing them.
1710 deaths
Lawrence River, the Snaefellsnes peninsula in the west of Iceland. In December , a male humpback swam up the Firth of Tay in Scotland, past what was then the whaling port of Dundee. The whale was exhibited to the public by a local entrepreneur, John Woods, both locally and then as a touring exhibition which travelled to Edinburgh and London. The whale was dissected by professor John Struthers, who wrote seven papers on its anatomy, and then in , a monograph on the humpback.
A presumably albino humpback whale that travels up and down the east coast of Australia became famous in the local media on account of its extremely rare, all-white appearance. Migaloo is the only known all-white humpback whale. Migaloo was shown to be male in by analysis of sloughed skin samples. Because of the intense interest, environmentalists feared he was becoming distressed by the number of boats following him each day. In response, the Queensland and New South Wales governments introduce legislation each year to create a m ft exclusion zone around the whale. He was pulled off the mudflat with a large cargo net and the help of the Coast Guard.
Both times, he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in a flotilla of boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a Japanese fishing technique known as oikami. At the same time, the attractive sounds of humpback whales preparing to feed were broadcast from a boat headed towards the open ocean. With the rain falling harder, it was a bit of a route march to Holborn and my next church, the stunning St Sepulchre, which was also open.
It is located on Holborn Viaduct, almost opposite the Old Bailey. In medieval times it stood just outside "without" the now-demolished old city wall, near the Newgate. It has been a living of St John's College, Oxford, since The name eventually became contracted to St Sepulchre. The church is today the largest parish church in the City.
It was completely rebuilt in the 15th century but was gutted by the Great Fire of London in ,[1] which left only the outer walls, the tower and the porch standing[2] -. Modified in the 18th century, the church underwent extensive restoration in It narrowly avoided destruction in the Second World War, although the 18th-century watch-house in its churchyard erected to deter grave-robbers was completely destroyed and had to be rebuilt. The interior of the church is a wide, roomy space with a coffered ceiling[3] installed in The Vicars' old residence has recently been renovated into a modern living quarter.
Traditionally, the great bell would be rung to mark the execution of a prisoner at the nearby gallows at Newgate. The clerk of St Sepulchre's was also responsible for ringing a handbell outside the condemned man's cell in Newgate Prison to inform him of his impending execution. This handbell, known as the Execution Bell, now resides in a glass case to the south of the nave.
The church has been the official musicians' church for many years and is associated with many famous musicians. The south aisle of the church holds the regimental chapel of the Royal Fusiliers City of London Regiment , and its gardens are a memorial garden to that regiment. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January The Early History of St. Many interesting associations—Principally, however, connected with the annals of crime and the execution of the laws of England—belong to the Church of St.
This sacred edifice—anciently known as St. Sepulchre's in the Bailey, or by Chamberlain Gate now Newgate —stands at the eastern end of the slight acclivity of Snow Hill, and between Smithfield and the Old Bailey. The genuine materials for its early history are scanty enough.
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It was probably founded about the commencement of the twelfth century, but of the exact date and circumstances of its origin there is no record whatever. Its name is derived from the Holy Sepulchre of our Saviour at Jerusalem, to the memory of which it was first dedicated. The earliest authentic notice of the church, according to Maitland, is of the year , at which date it was given by Roger, Bishop of Sarum, to the Prior and Canons of St.
The next stage in its history is that the rectory was purchased by the parishioners, to be held in fee-farm of the Crown, and the advowson was obtained by the President and Fellows of St. John the Baptist College, at Oxford. The church was rebuilt about the middle of the fifteenth century, when one of the Popham family, who had been Chancellor of Normandy and Treasurer of the King's Household, with distinguished liberality erected a handsome chapel on the south side of the choir, and the very beautiful porch still remaining at the south-west corner of the building.
The dreadful fire of almost destroyed St. Sepulchre's, but the parishioners set energetically to work, and it was "rebuilt and beautified both within and without. The work was done rapidly, and the whole was completed within four years. Godwin, "retained its original aspect, and the body of the church, after its restoration, presented a series of windows between buttresses, with pointed heads filled with tracery, crowned by a string-course and battlements. In this form it remained till the year , when it appears the whole fabric was found to be in a state of great decay, and it was resolved to repair it throughout.
Accordingly the walls of the church were cased with Portland stone, and all the windows were taken out and replaced by others with plain semi-circular heads, as now seen—certainly agreeing but badly with the tower and porch of the building, but according with the then prevailing spirit of economy.
The battlements, too, were taken down, and a plain stone parapet was substituted, so that at this time with the exception of the roof, which was wagon-headed, and presented on the outside an unsightly swell, visible above the parapet the church assumed its present appearance. At each corner of the tower—"one of the most ancient," says the author of "Londinium Redivivum," "in the outline of the circuit of London" —there are spires, and on the spires there are weathercocks. These have been made use of by Howell to point a moral: Sepulchre's tower, which never look all four upon one point of the heavens.
The belfry is reached by a small winding staircase in the south-west angle, and a similar staircase in an opposite angle leads to the summit. The spires at the corners, and some of the tower windows, have very recently undergone several alterations, which have added much to the picturesqueness and beauty of the church.
The chief entrance to St. Sepulchre's is by a porch of singular beauty, projecting from the south side of the tower, at the western end of the church. Coming now to the interior of the church, we find it divided into three aisles, by two ranges of Tuscan columns. The aisles are of unequal widths, that in the centre being the widest, that to the south the narrowest. Semi-circular arches connect the columns on either side, springing directly from their capitals, without the interposition of an entablature, and support a large dental cornice, extending round the church.
The ceiling of the middle aisle is divided into seven compartments, by horizontal bands, the middle compartment being formed into a small dome. Over each of the aisles there is a gallery, very clumsily introduced, which dates from the time when the church was built by Wren, and extends the whole length, excepting at the chancel. The front of the gallery, which is of oak, is described by Mr. At the east end of the church there are three semicircular-headed windows.
The length of the church, exclusive of the ambulatory, is said to be feet, the breadth 68 feet, and the height of the tower feet. A singularly ugly sounding-board, extending over the preacher, used to stand at the back of the pulpit, at the east end of the church. It was in the shape of a large parabolic reflector, about twelve feet in diameter, and was composed of ribs of mahogany. At the west end of the church there is a large organ, said to be the oldest and one of the finest in London. It was built in , and has been greatly enlarged.
In Newcourt's time the church was taken notice of as "remarkable for possessing an exceedingly fine organ, and the playing is thought so beautiful, that large congregations are attracted, though some of the parishioners object to the mode of performing divine service. On the north side of the church, Mr. Godwin mentions, is a large apartment known as "St.
Between the exterior and the interior of the church there is little harmony. Godwin, "the columns which form the south aisle face, in some instances, the centre of the large windows which occur in the external wall of the church, and in others the centre of the piers, indifferently. Sepulchre's appears to have enjoyed considerable popularity from the earliest period of its history, if one is to judge from the various sums left by well-disposed persons for the support of certain fraternities founded in the church—namely, those of St. Anne, and Our Lady—and by others, for the maintenance of chantry priests to celebrate masses at stated intervals for the good of their souls.
One of the fraternities just named—that of St. Katherine— originated, according to Stow, in the devotion of some poor persons in the parish, and was in honour of the conception of the Virgin Mary. They met in the church on the day of the Conception, and there had the mass of the day, and offered to the same, and provided a certain chaplain daily to celebrate divine service, and to set up wax lights before the image belonging to the fraternity, on all festival days. The most famous of all who have been interred in St. This learned old worthy was born in , near Northallerton, in Yorkshire.
He was educated at Cambridge University, and in time rose to be the university orator, being notably zealous in promoting what was then a novelty in England—the study of the Greek language. To divert himself after the fatigue of severe study, he used to devote himself to archery. This drew down upon him the censure of the all-work-and-no-play school; and in defence of himself, Ascham, in , published "Toxophilus," a treatise on his favourite sport. This book is even yet well worthy of perusal, for its enthusiasm, and for its curious descriptions of the personal appearance and manners of the principal persons whom the author had seen and conversed with.
Liana Levi Foreign Rights
In , Ascham, on the death of William Grindall, who had been his pupil, was appointed instructor in the learned languages to Lady Elizabeth, afterwards the good Queen Bess. At the end of two years he had some dispute with, or took a disgust at, Lady Elizabeth's attendants, resigned his situation, and returned to his college. Soon after this he was employed as secretary to the English ambassador at the court of Charles V. During his absence he had been appointed Latin secretary to King Edward. In he married a lady of good family, by whom he had a considerable fortune, and of whom, in writing to a friend, he gives, as might perhaps be expected, an excellent character.
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, in , she not only required his services as Latin secretary, but as her instructor in Greek, and he resided at Court during the remainder of his life. He died in consequence of his endeavours to complete a Latin poem which he intended to present to the queen on the New Year's Day of He breathed his last two days before ran out, and was interred, according to his own directions, in the most private manner, in St. Sepulchre's Church, his funeral sermon being preached by Dr. Andrew Nowell, Dean of St.
He was universally lamented; and even the queen herself not only showed great concern, but was pleased to say that she would rather have lost ten thousand pounds than her tutor Ascham, which, from that somewhat closehanded sovereign, was truly an expression of high regard. Ascham, like most men, had his little weaknesses.
He had too great a propensity to dice and cock-fighting. Bishop Nicholson would try to convince us that this is an unfounded calumny, but, as it is mentioned by Camden, and other contemporary writers, it seems impossible to deny it. He died, from all accounts, in indifferent circumstances. Johnson, referring to this, "Ascham was poor by his own fault, or the fault of others, cannot now be decided; but it is certain that many have been rich with less merit. His philological learning would have gained him honour in any country; and among us it may justly call for that reverence which all nations owe to those who first rouse them from ignorance, and kindle among them the light of literature.
The nature of this celebrated performance may be gathered from the title: At London, printed by John Daye, dwelling over Aldersgate," a printer, by the way, already mentioned by us a few chapters back see page , as having printed several noted works of the sixteenth century. Johnson remarks that the instruction recommended in "The Schoolmaster" is perhaps the best ever given for the study of languages. Here also lies buried Captain John Smith, a conspicuous soldier of fortune, whose romantic adventures and daring exploits have rarely been surpassed.
He died on the 21st of June, This valiant captain was born at Willoughby, in the county of Lincoln, and helped by his doings to enliven the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. He had a share in the wars of Hungary in , and in three single combats overcame three Turks, and cut off their heads. For this, and other equally brave deeds, Sigismund, Duke of Transylvania, gave him his picture set in gold, with a pension of three hundred ducats; and allowed him to bear three Turks' heads proper as his shield of arms.
He afterwards went to America, where he had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the Indians. He escaped from them, however, at last, and resumed his brilliant career by hazarding his life in naval engagements with pirates and Spanish men-of-war. The most important act of his life was the share he had in civilising the natives of New England, and reducing that province to obedience to Great Britain. In connection with his tomb in St. Certainly the most interesting events of his chequered career were his capture by the Indians, and the saving of his life by the Indian girl Pocahontas, a story of adventure that charms as often as it is told.
Bancroft, the historian of the United States, relates how, during the early settlement of Virginia, Smith left the infant colony on an exploring expedition, and not only ascended the river Chickahominy, but struck into the interior. His companions disobeyed his instructions, and being surprised by the Indians, were put to death. Smith preserved his own life by calmness and self-possession. Displaying a pocket-compass, he amused the savages by an explanation of its power, and increased their admiration of his superior genius by imparting to them some vague conceptions of the form of the earth, and the nature of the planetary system.
To the Indians, who retained him as their prisoner, his captivity was a more strange event than anything of which the traditions of their tribes preserved the memory. He was allowed to send a letter to the fort at Jamestown, and the savage wonder was increased, for he seemed by some magic to endow the paper with the gift of intelligence.
It was evident that their captive was a being of a high order, and then the question arose, Was his nature beneficent, or was he to be dreaded as a dangerous enemy? Their minds were bewildered, and the decision of his fate was referred to the chief Powhatan, and before Powhatan Smith was brought. His fearlessness, and her entreaties, persuaded the council to spare the agreeable stranger, who could make hatchets for her father, and rattles and strings of beads for herself, the favourite child.
The barbarians, whose decision had long been held in suspense by the mysterious awe which Smith had inspired, now resolved to receive him as a friend, and to make him a partner of their councils. They tempted him to join their bands, and lend assistance in an attack upon the white men at Jamestown; and when his decision of character succeeded in changing the current of their thoughts, they dismissed him with mutual promises of friendship and benevolence.
Thus the captivity of Smith did itself become a benefit to the colony; for he had not only observed with care the country between the James and the Potomac, and had gained some knowledge of the language and manners of the natives, but he now established a peaceful intercourse between the English and the tribes of Powhatan. On the monument erected to Smith in St. Sepulchre's Church, the following quaint lines were formerly inscribed: Sir Robert Peake, the engraver, also found a last resting-place here. He is known as the master of William Faithorne—the famous English engraver of the seventeenth century—and governor of Basing House for the king during the Civil War under Charles I.
He died in Here also was interred the body of Dr. Bell, grandfather of the originator of a well-known system of education. Sepulchre's," we learn from Maitland, "at one time extended so far into the street on the south side of the church, as to render the passage-way dangerously narrow. In the churchyard was, in consequence, levelled, and thrown open to the public. But this led to much inconvenience, and it was re-enclosed in Sarah Malcolm, the murderess, was buried in the churchyard of St.
This coldhearted and keen-eyed monster in human form has had her story told by us already. The parishioners seem, on this occasion, to have had no such scruples as had been exhibited by their predecessors a hundred and fifty years previous at the burial of Awfield, a traitor. We shall see presently that in those more remote days they were desirous of having at least respectable company for their deceased relatives and friends in the churchyard.
Godwin , "the church was surrounded by low mean buildings, by which its general appearance was hidden; but these having been cleared away, and the neighbourhood made considerably more open, St. Sepulchre's now forms a somewhat pleasing object, notwithstanding that the tower and a part of the porch are so entirely dissimilar in style to the remainder of the building. In the glorious roll of martyrs who have suffered at the stake for their religious principles, a vicar of St. Sepulchre's, the Reverend John Rogers, occupies a conspicuous place. He was the first who was burned in the reign of the Bloody Mary.
This eminent person had at one time been chaplain to the English merchants at Antwerp, and while residing in that city had aided Tindal and Coverdale in their great work of translating the Bible. He married a German lady of good position, by whom he had a large family, and was enabled, by means of her relations, to reside in peace and safety in Germany. It appeared to be his duty, however, to return to England, and there publicly profess and advocate his religious convictions, even at the risk of death.
He crossed the sea; he took his place in the pulpit at St. Paul's Cross; he preached a fearless and animated sermon, reminding his astonished audience of the pure and wholesome doctrine which had been promulgated from that pulpit in the days of the good King Edward, and solemnly warning them against the pestilent idolatry and superstition of these new times.
It was his last sermon. He was apprehended, tried, condemned, and burned at Smithfield. We described, when speaking of Smithfield, the manner in which he met his fate. Connected with the martyrdom of Rogers an odd circumstance is quoted in the "Churches of London. Rogers, however, contended that she should be executed; and his friend then begged him to choose some other kind of death, which should be more agreeable to the gentleness and mercy prescribed in the gospel.
Sepulchre's, but this may easily be accounted for by the fact that at the Great Fire of nearly all the registers and archives were destroyed. A noteworthy incident in the history of St. Sepulchre's was connected with the execution, in , of Awfield, for "sparcinge abrood certen lewed, sedicious, and traytorous bookes.
Pulcher's to be buryed, but the parishioners would not suffer a traytor's corpse to be laid in the earth where their parents, wives, children, kindred, masters, and old neighbours did rest; and so his carcass was returned to the burial-ground near Tyburn, and there I leave it. Another event in the history of the church is a tale of suicide.
On the 10th of April, , a man named William Dorrington threw himself from the roof of the tower, leaving there a prayer for forgiveness. We come now to speak of the connection of St. Sepulchre's with the neighbouring prison of Newgate. Being the nearest church to the prison, that connection naturally was intimate.
Its clock served to give the time to the hangman when there was an execution in the Old Bailey, and many a poor wretch's last moments must it have regulated. On the right-hand side of the altar a board with a list of charitable donations and gifts used to contain the following item: It was formerly the practice for the clerk or bellman of St.
Sepulchre's to go under Newgate, on the night preceding the execution of a criminal, ring his bell, and repeat the following wholesome advice: This practice is explained by a passage in Munday's edition of Stow, in which it is told that a Mr. Sepulchre's, under the following conditions: He was there to ring "certain tolls with a hand-bell" appointed for the purpose, and was afterwards, in a most Christian manner, to put them in mind of their present condition and approaching end, and to exhort them to be prepared, as they ought to be, to die.
When they were in the cart, and brought before the walls of the church, the clerk was to stand there ready with the same bell, and, after certain tolls, rehearse a prayer, desiring all the people there present to pray for the unfortunate criminals. The beadle, also, of Merchant Taylors' Hall was allowed an "honest stipend" to see that this ceremony was regularly performed. The affecting admonition—"affectingly good," Pennant calls it—addressed to the prisoners in Newgate, on the night before execution, ran as follows: Sepulchre's shall toll for you, in form and manner of a passing-bell, as used to be tolled for those that are at the point of death; to the end that all godly people, hearing that bell, and knowing it is for your going to your deaths, may be stirred up heartily to pray to God to bestow his grace and mercy upon you, whilst you live.
I beseech you, for Jesus Christ's sake, to keep this night in watching and prayer, to the salvation of your own souls while there is yet time and place for mercy; as knowing to-morrow you must appear before the judgment-seat of your Creator, there to give an account of all things done in this life, and to suffer eternal torments for your sins committed against Him, unless, upon your hearty and unfeigned repentance, you find mercy through the merits, death, and passion of your only Mediator and Advocate, Jesus Christ, who now sits at the right hand of God, to make intercession for as many of you as penitently return to Him.
And the following was the admonition to condemned criminals, as they were passing by St. Sepulchre's Church wall to execution: Dowe, who took such interest in the last moments of the occupants of the condemned cell, was buried in the church of St. Another curious custom observed at St. Sepulchre's was the presentation of a nosegay to every criminal on his way to execution at Tyburn.
No doubt the practice had its origin in some kindly feeling for the poor unfortunates who were so soon to bid farewell to all the beauties of earth. One of the last who received a nosegay from the steps of St. Sepulchre's was "Sixteen-string Jack," alias John Rann, who was hanged, in , for robbing the Rev. Bell of his watch and eighteen pence in money, in Gunnersbury Lane, on the road to Brentford. Sixteen-string Jack wore the flowers in his button-hole as he rode dolefully to the gallows.
This was witnessed by John Thomas Smith, who thus describes the scene in his admirable anecdotebook, "Nollekens and his Times: Nollekens calling at my father's house, in Great Portland Street, and taking us to Oxford Street, to see the notorious Jack Rann, commonly called Sixteenstring Jack, go to Tyburn to be hanged.
Sepulchre's steps; and his nankeen small-clothes, we were told, were tied at each knee with sixteen strings. After he had passed, and Mr. Nollekens was leading me home by the hand, I recollect his stooping down to me and observing, in a low tone of voice, 'Tom, now, my little man, if my father-in-law, Mr. Justice Welch, had been high constable, we could have walked by the side of the cart all the way to Tyburn.
Skinner Street had not then been built, and the Crooked Lane which turned down by St. Sepulchre's, as well as Ozier Lane, did not afford sufficient width to admit of the cavalcade passing by either of them, with convenience, to Holborn Hill, or "the Heavy Hill," as it used to be called. The procession seems at no time to have had much of the solemn element about it.
Paul's Day," says Mr. Timbs , "service is performed in St.
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Sepulchre's, in accordance with the will of Mr. Paul Jervis, who, in , devised certain land in trust that a sermon should be preached in the church upon every Paul's Day upon the excellence of the liturgy o the Church of England; the preacher to receive 40s. Various sums are also bequeathed to the curate, the clerk, the treasurer, and masters of the parochial schools.
To the poor of the parish he bequeathed 20s. Bartholomew's Hospital, and 6s. The residue of the yearly rents and profits is to be distributed unto and amongst such poor people of the parish of St. Sepulchre's, London, who shall attend the service and sermon. At the close of the service the vestry-clerk reads aloud an extract from the will, and then proceeds to the distribution of the money.
In the evening the vicar, churchwardens, and common councilmen of the precinct dine together. In , a Mr. Drinkwater made a praiseworthy bequest. He left the parish of St. No interest was to be charged, and the money was to be lent for four years. Sepulchre's, on Snow Hill, used to stand the famous old inn of the "Saracen's Head. It was one of the oldest of the London inns which bore the "Saracen's Head" for a sign. One of Dick Tarlton's jests makes mention of the "Saracen's Head" without Newgate, and Stow, describing this neighbourhood, speaks particularly of "a fair large inn for receipt of travellers" that "hath to sign the 'Saracen's Head.
It was at this inn that Nicholas Nickleby and his uncle waited upon the Yorkshire schoolmaster Squeers, of Dotheboys Hall. Dickens describes the tavern as it existed in the last days of mail-coaching, when it was a most important place for arrivals and departures in London: James's parish, where doorknockers are preferred as being more portable, and bell-wires esteemed as convenient tooth-picks. Whether this be the reason or not, there they are, frowning upon you from each side of the gateway; and the inn itself, garnished with another Saracen's head, frowns upon you from the top of the yard; while from the door of the hind-boot of all the red coaches that are standing therein, there glares a small Saracen's head with a twin expression to the large Saracen's head below, so that the general appearance of the pile is of the Saracenic order.
To explain the use of the Saracen's head as an inn sign various reasons have been given. But this they did to save their own credit. However this may be, it is certain that the use of the sign in former days was very general. Running past the east end of St. This interesting thoroughfare derives its name from the knights with their gilt spurs having been accustomed to ride this way to the jousts and tournaments which in days of old were held in Smithfield.
In this street was Giltspur Street Compter, a debtors' prison and house of correction appertaining to the sheriffs of London and Middlesex. It stood over against St. Sepulchre's Church, and was removed hither from the east side of Wood Street, Cheapside, in At the time of its removal it was used as a place of imprisonment for debtors, but the yearly increasing demands upon the contracted space caused that department to be given up, and City debtors were sent to Whitecross Street.
The architect was Dance, to whom we are also indebted for the grim pile of Newgate. The Compter was a dirty and appropriately convictlooking edifice. It was pulled down in Hepworth Dixon gave an interesting account of this City House of Correction, not long before its demolition, in his "London Prisons" Sepulchre's, the visitor suddenly finds himself in a low dark passage, leading into the offices of the gaol, and branching off into other passages, darker, closer, more replete with noxious smells, than even those of Newgate.
This is the fitting prelude to what follows. The prison, it must be noticed, is divided into two principal divisions, the House of Correction and the Compter. In its wards are placed detenues of various kinds—remands, committals from the police-courts, and generally persons waiting for trial, and consequently still unconvicted. The other department, the House of Correction, occupies the back portion of the premises, abutting on Christ's Hospital. Curious it is to consider how thin a wall divides these widely-separate worlds!
And sorrowful it is to think what a difference of destiny awaits the children—destiny inexorable, though often unearned in either case—who, on the one side of it or the other, receive an eleemosynary education! The collegian and the criminal! Who shall say how much mere accident— circumstances over which the child has little power —determines to a life of usefulness or mischief? From the yards of Giltspur Street prison almost the only objects visible, outside of the gaol itself, are the towers of Christ's Hospital; the only sounds audible, the shouts of the scholars at their play.
The balls of the hospital boys often fall within the yards of the prison. Whether these sights and sounds ever cause the criminal to pause and reflect upon the courses of his life, we will not say, but the stranger visiting the place will be very apt to think for him. No transports are sent hither, nor is any person whose sentence is above three years in length. The entire gaol, when he wrote, only contained thirty-six separate sleeping-rooms.
Now by the highest prison calculation—and this, be it noted, proceeds on the assumption that three persons can sleep in small, miserable, unventilated cells, which are built for only one, and are too confined for that, being only about one-half the size of the model cell for one at Pentonville—it was only capable of accommodating prisoners, yet by the returns issued at Michaelmas, , it contained ! A large section of the prison used to be devoted to female delinquents, but lately it was almost entirely given up to male offenders.
Dixon, "are kept quite distinct, but it would be difficult to award the palm of empire in their respective facilities for demoralisation. We think the Compter rather the worse of the two. You are shown into a room, about the size of an apartment in an ordinary dwelling-house, which will be found crowded with from thirty to forty persons, young and old, and in their ordinary costume; the low thief in his filth and rags, and the member of the swell-mob with his bright buttons, flash finery, and false jewels.
Here you notice the boy who has just been guilty of his first offence, and committed for trial, learning with a greedy mind a thousand criminal arts, and listening with the precocious instinct of guilty passions to stories and conversations the most depraved and disgusting. You regard him with a mixture of pity and loathing, for he knows that the eyes of his peers are upon him, and he stares at you with a familiar impudence, and exhibits a devil-may-care countenance, such as is only to be met with in the juvenile offender.
Here, too, may be seen the young clerk, taken up on suspicion—perhaps innocent—who avoids you with a shy look of pain and uneasiness: How frightful it is to think of a person really untainted with crime, compelled to herd for ten or twenty days with these abandoned wretches! All this is so little in accordance with existing notions of prison discipline, that one is continually fancying these disgraceful scenes cannot be in the capital of England, and in the year of grace Very few of the prisoners attend school or receive any instruction; neither is any kind of employment afforded them, except oakum-picking, and the still more disgusting labour of the treadmill.
When at work, an officer is in attendance to prevent disorderly conduct; but his presence is of no avail as a protection to the less depraved. Conversation still goes on; and every facility is afforded for making acquaintances, and for mutual contamination. After having long been branded by intelligent inspectors as a disgrace to the metropolis, Giltspur Street Compter was condemned, closed in , and subsequently taken down.
Nearly opposite what used to be the site of the Compter, and adjoining Cock Lane, is the spot called Pie Corner, near which terminated the Great Fire of The fire commenced at Pudding Lane, it will be remembered, so it was singularly appropriate that it should terminate at Pie Corner. Under the date of 4th September, , Pepys, in his "Diary," records that "W.
Hewer this day went to see how his mother did, and comes home late, telling us how he hath been forced to remove her to Islington, her house in Pye Corner being burned; so that the fire is got so far that way. Strype makes honourable mention of Pie Corner, as "noted chiefly for cooks' shops and pigs dressed there during Bartholomew Fair. Shadwell, for instance, in the Woman Captain speaks of "meat dressed at Pie Corner by greasy scullions;" and Ben Jonson writes in the Alchemist —. But Pie Corner seems to have been noted for more than eatables. The houses were all old timber erections.
Some of these—those standing at the south corner of the lane—were in the beginning of this century depicted by Mr. Smith, in his "Ancient Topography of London. The rooms were small, with low, unornamented ceilings; the timber, oak, profusely used; the gables were plain, and the walls lath and plaster. They were taken down in In the corner house, in Mr. Smith's time, there was a barber whose name was Catchpole; at least, so it was written over the door. He was rather an odd fellow, and possessed, according to his own account, a famous relic of antiquity.
He would gravely show his customers a short-bladed instrument, as the identical dagger with which Walworth killed Wat Tyler. Hosier Lane, like Pie Corner, used to be a great resort during the time of Bartholomew Fair, "all the houses," it is said in Strype, "generally being made public for tippling. We return now from our excursion to the north of St. Sepulchre's, and continue our rambles to the west, and before speaking of what is, let us refer to what has been. Turnagain Lane is not far from this. A conduit formerly stood on Snow Hill, a little below the church. It is described as a building with four equal sides, ornamented with four columns and pediment, surmounted by a pyramid, on which stood a lamb—a rebus on the name of Lamb, from whose conduit in Red Lion Street the water came.
There had been a conduit there, however, before Lamb's day, which was towards the close of the sixteenth century. Thrale were subscribers to this school, and Johnson drew from it his story of Betty Broom, in "The Idler. Betty was a poor girl, bred in the country at a charity-school, maintained by the contributions of wealthy neighbours. The patronesses visited the school from time to time, to see how the pupils got on, and everything went well, till "at last, the chief of the subscribers having passed a winter in London, came down full of an opinion new and strange to the whole country.
She held it little less than criminal to teach poor girls to read and write. They who are born to poverty, she said, are born to ignorance, and will work the harder the less they know. She told her friends that London was in confusion by the insolence of servants; that scarcely a girl could be got for all-work, since education had made such numbers of fine ladies, that nobody would now accept a lower title than that of a waiting-maid, or something that might qualify her to wear laced shoes and long ruffles, and to sit at work in the parlour window.
But she was resolved, for her part, to spoil no more girls. Those who were to live by their hands should neither read nor write out of her pocket. The world was bad enough already, and she would have no part in making it worse. Few listen, without a desire of conviction, to those who advise them to spare their money. Her example and her arguments gained ground daily; and in less than a year the whole parish was convinced that the nation would be ruined if the children of the poor were taught to read and write. There is an entry in the school minutes of , to the effect that the ladies of the committee censured the schoolmistress for listening to the story of the Cock Lane ghost, and "desired her to keep her belief in the article to herself.
Skinner Street—now one of the names of the past—which ran by the south side of St. Sepulchre's, and formed the connecting link between Newgate Street and Holborn, received its name from Alderman Skinner, through whose exertions, about , it was principally built. The following account of Skinner Street is from the picturesque pen of Mr. William Harvey "Aleph" , whose long familiarity with the places he describes renders doubly valuable his many contributions to the history of London scenes and people: When the buildings were ready for occupation, tall and substantial as they really were, the high rents frightened intending shopkeepers.
Tenants were not to be had; and in order to get over the money difficulty, a lottery, sanctioned by Parliament, was commenced. Lotteries were then common tricks of finance, and nobody wondered at the new venture; but even the most desperate fortune-hunters were slow to invest their capital, and the tickets hung sadly on hand. The day for the drawing was postponed several times, and when it came, there was little or no excitement on the subject, and whoever rejoiced in becoming a house-owner on such easy terms, the original projectors and builders were understood to have suffered considerably.
The winners found the property in a very unfinished condition. Few of the dwellings were habitable, and as funds were often wanting, a majority of the houses remained empty, and the shops unopened.