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Moreover, their own success as ministers may depend on the goodwill of coalition partners. They, therefore, have an incentive not to strain relations with them and to avoid clashing with opposition politicians by riding attacks on them. While this first and foremost means procedural fairness in the conduct of parliamentary affairs, it is easy to see that credibility for such behaviour may suffer from taking a leading role in partisan attacks. Office holders may also aim for even higher office such as head of state.
In constitutional monarchies where this career option is not available, the position of speaker is typically taken by elder statespersons who have grown out of party politics. In any case, speakers of parliament typically have very little motivation to expose themselves to the backlash effect that attacks on opponents produce. The party leader is increasingly important as an electoral asset of the party Aarts et al. He or she has both a party and personal incentive to avoid backlash effects and abstain from negative campaigning. These statements are first and foremost relative to other officials of the same party, allowing some differences between government and opposition parties.
Specifically, it is the role expectation of the opposition to criticise and attack the government. We therefore expect that leaders of opposition parties practice less self-constraint in negative campaigning. Their taking a more active part in attacks may also be a necessity if journalists tend not to report what less prominent opposition politicians say.
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Although the basis of this office is a public one — being a member of parliament — leading the parliamentary party is a genuine party office. Leading the party in parliamentary battles without doubt requires attacking competitors. In coalitions this task typically includes the parliamentary coordination with the other government parties. While floor leaders of opposition parties have strong incentives to attack all their opponents, those of government parties might be interested in smoothing rather than straining intra-coalition relations and to concentrate their fire on the opposition.
In addition to the material rewards they receive from the party there are also symbolic rewards from the party activists who are believed to be more radical than passive party members and voters and often appreciate offensive behaviour of their leaders see May, Despite large variation in their internal organization, most European parties feature a functional equivalent of the party secretary, usually called general secretary or secretary general e. The job description usually features the day-to-day operation of the extra-parliamentary party organization, in many cases including the management of election campaigns and speaking on behalf of the party.
The offices we have singled out should comprise a large share of politicians who contribute to public campaign discourse. The remaining politicians include MPs, parliamentary candidates, and sub-national office holders. They tend to have less relevance for media and quite heterogeneous incentive structures to participate in the campaign and attack competitors in particular. While these expectations seem plausible for the public and party offices per se, real world politics is somewhat more complex as several individuals combine party and public offices. In such circumstances we expect the incentives from public office to be stronger.
The second important question is to what extent office holders are available for party activity. While making a contribution to the public political debate may not require much time per se, the precise timing of such interventions is often crucial. Reacting too late may mean that the public floor de facto has been left to the competitors. A too late response may miss the editorial deadlines of important mass media and fail to balance or override messages from political competitors.
Such availability is severely limited in the case of members of the executive who may be bound up in meetings or international travel especially to Brussels , duties that do not vanish in campaign periods. Holders of high parliamentary office — the presidents of parliament and the floor leaders — should display much greater availability, as the parliament typically is not in session when the election approaches.
This is probably less true for MPs, many of whom will have to combine private occupation and constituency campaigning. With respect to party office holders, the party secretaries again are most likely available. Contrary to other politicians they are almost permanently present in the capital and the party headquarters.
The most likely source of prominence is high public office followed by high party office. Three groups of actors seem plausible: The top group includes the head of government and the other party leaders and top candidates respectively.
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A middle group comprises the members of the cabinet, the speakers of parliament, the parliamentary floor leaders, the party secretaries, and leading sub-national executive officers. A third group, finally, consists of MPs, other sub-national office holders, and candidates without public office. We can now bring the discussions of the three questions together. Clearly, the incentives to attack constitute the most important factor.
Here we see that the holders of high public office have no incentive to attack competitors. Even party leaders have little incentive to do so, though leaders of opposition parties and those who are serious contenders for the office of prime minister should be more prone to attack.
Conveniently, these offices, and the general secretaries in particular, are also endowed with the required time resources and relevance for media to lend effectiveness to such behaviour. Table 1 summarizes these expectations. The present article is based on a content analysis of party press releases. This source, to the best of our knowledge, has been hardly used in the study of negative campaigning 3 even though it has two general advantages: Second, press releases are issued frequently and continuously during a campaign and therefore capture its dynamics Dolezal et al.
For the present article this source is best suited because of a further characteristic: Press releases allow for studying the campaign communication of a much broader range of party representatives. Naturally, leading politicians can easily use other means of communication such as interviews in newspapers or TV news shows. However, press releases typically follow these channels and distribute the messages provided to a broader media audience.
In Austria, press releases are distributed via the APA, the national news agency. Research has demonstrated that press releases strongly influence news coverage in many countries, including Austria Haselmayer et al. In a further step we manually de-selected all press releases that only informed about coming events e.
Note that we deliberately do not include press releases distributed by ministries. In we only found one cabinet member using this channel to attack an opponent. All in all we collected press releases from seven parties. This method goes back to the work of Kleinnijenhuis and his collaborators e. Kleinnijenhuis and Pennings, and was also used in comparative research on election campaigns and public debates Kriesi et al. Given the high number of press releases we only coded their title. However, because of the length of the headings a maximum of characters set by the OTS-system and the high quality with which most press releases are written, the content of the titles perfectly captures the basic message of most press releases.
What is more, press release titles are the main selection criterion for journalists only titles and subtitles are visible when journalists scroll through the APA system , thus our measure registers whether party actors choose to make the attack the main point in their communication. For the present article we define any negative relation between subject and object actors, thus any form of criticism, as negative campaigning e.
For both the subjects i. Of course, in an archetypical party democracy such as Austria it is natural to find some overlap between party and public offices. Parties reserve the highest public office available to them for their leaders. Therefore, leaders of government parties typically take positions in cabinet mostly as Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor , whereas opposition party leaders usually assume the position of party floor leader in parliament.
Apart from the office variables, we also control for gender as men and women are sometimes expected to differ in terms of negative campaigning , government status, and the week of the campaign as campaigns may systematically vary in emphasis on individuals and attacks over their course. Media relevance, as argued above, is the precondition for any communication strategy based on press releases; otherwise journalists would simply neglect them.
Even though in these members of the political elite comprised only 33 individuals or four percent of all individuals recorded in the content analysis , they were mentioned in no less than 54 percent of all articles or television pieces analysed. Figure 1 presents the level of negativity by political office. Heads of government and leaders of parties in government i.
Vice-Chancellors almost completely refrain from attacking opponents.
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Other holders of high public office in government and parliament exercise similar levels of restraint. Opposition party leaders are somewhat more likely to direct negative messages at their opponents, yet still stay below the average level of negativity. Party floor leaders are just above average, yet clearly not as aggressive in their messaging as party general secretaries.
Attack shares by political office. A more detailed breakdown of the number of observations and attack shares by office and election year is presented in the Appendix Table A1. To see whether these results hold in a multivariate test, we present a binary logistic regression with random effects at the party-election level Table 2 to account for structural factors that remain constant for each party during a campaign. The reference category for the political office predictors is the set of non-elite politicians that make up the majority of all senders in the press release data.
All groups except the government party floor leaders display statistically significant differences from the reference category, with public offices and party leaders displaying negative coefficients and the remaining party offices exhibiting positive effects. The odds ratios suggest large differences between the groups, with heads of government and government party leaders showing the lowest levels of negativity, and opposition floor leaders and party secretaries the highest propensity of attacking.
To make effect sizes comparable, we present predicted probabilities from the regression model Figure 2. Heads of government are clearly least likely to attack. A somewhat higher probability of attacking is displayed by party leaders, cabinet members, and speakers of parliament. Next, government party floor leaders exhibit a level of negativity that is indistinguishable from that of the reference group. Opposition party floor leaders and party secretaries have the highest probabilities of attacking. Predicted probabilities calculated based on regression in Table 2 ; all other variables held constant at mean or mode; the government dummy was set to one for categories that coincide with government status; 95 percent confidence intervals shown.
Taken together, these results largely confirm our expectations. Politicians in high public offices that come with expectations of non-partisanship are least likely to attack, whereas somewhat lower-ranking positions that are also more partisan in nature induce higher levels of negativity. Also, government participation dampens negativity for all party offices although the differences are not statistically significant for general secretaries.
These marked differences according to role expectations are especially relevant as we only included press releases distributed by partisan channels — discarding all official government channels such as ministries which would increase the differences even more. One criticism that could be levelled against our approach is that the willingness to engage in attack behaviour varies primarily across individuals, and this variation may lead to self-selection or selection by others into positions that come with specific role expectations. In order to demonstrate that our findings are robust to these concerns, we take advantage of the fact that many individuals moved into, out of, or between high offices in our observation period.
We can thus additionally test our expectations on a smaller sample of observations where the same individuals perform different roles. To arrive at this subgroup we identify all subjects that assume more than one role including the reference category across the four election campaigns. In total, the pool of office switchers comprises 41 individuals see Table A2 in the Appendix producing over press releases.
Table 3 presents the same regression model as in Table 2 , but with fixed effects at the level of individuals. Thus, all variation left to explain is within individuals switching between offices we therefore drop the gender variable which is fully accounted for by the fixed effects.
As Table 3 shows, the results are very similar to our analysis of the full sample. Compared to the reference category, holders of public office and party leaders use negative messages to a much lesser extent. The coefficients and odds ratios for the party floor leaders imply little difference compared with the reference group. The same conclusion can be drawn for general secretaries in government parties.
By contrast, opposition party general secretaries are significantly more negative than the comparison group and thus constitute the group most prone to attack in our subsample of office switchers. These results strengthen our conjecture that the attack patterns observed in the data are not driven by self-selection of more or less aggressive types of individuals into different political roles, but by a strategic division of labour within parties. This article builds on and contributes to the literatures on political roles and party organizations in election campaigns.
Our core argument holds that parties have good reasons to implement a division of labour regarding negative campaigning. While most parties clearly prefer to have their competitors attacked during election campaigns, the incentives for individual politicians to carry out such attacks are limited. In the context of parliamentary systems with coalition governments, the collective interest of the party is served by delegating attacks to the offices of party floor leader and, in particular, general secretary.
The latter are part of the party leadership most often by means of appointment and therefore remain accountable to the party leader. At the same time, the party compensates them financially and controls their further political career. More than half of all general secretaries in our sample were promoted to ministerial positions after their party entered government. Delegating much of the attacks to them allows other party elites to largely stay free from such behaviour. They thereby follow their personal motivations and, at the same time, do what is in the collective interest of the party.
It is worth pointing out that the effect sizes reported in the regression models are substantial — especially when considering that the large sample size of almost reduces the chance that random noise produces such huge differences. Moreover, the analysis of a subset of party elites that switch offices between elections strengthens the claim that the observed differences are, in fact, caused by the intra-party division of labour and are not due to self-selection.
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Our study is a first step in building a theory of party offices and is limited to party campaign behaviour. While campaigning is a vital party activity, further analyses should expand the scope of analysis to other realms. Policy innovation may allow for a rather straightforward extension of our theoretical reasoning.
The Roles and Function of Parliamentary Questions : Shane Martin :
When parties want to change course on an issue, for instance to expand their electoral appeal, approach potential coalition partners, or because they now consider earlier ideas unworkable, they may face a problem similar to that inherent in riding attacks. In such uncertainty, a division of labour might be testing the viability of the new policy first by one high-ranking official, for instance a minister or party policy specialist, airing it before the party leader throws his or her authority behind it.
Similar to negative campaigning, policy innovation constitutes a collective action problem. While beneficial to the party if successful, it also involves risks. A division of labour similar to the one analysed in this article can resolve this dilemma. As is true for all single-country studies, there are, of course, limits in how far we can generalize from our findings. It also examines Members' spending pattern in recent years.
This report provides the background information on women's representation in the House.
It also examines the roles of the UK Government, Parliament and political parties in improving equality and diversity in Parliament. Disorderly conduct in the House of Representatives from to December Executive summary Author: It identifies the patterns, extents and degree of such behaviour and respective disciplinary actions taken. Publishing statistics on the time spent on parliamentary proceedings on each part of an Act January Author: This paper examines the background to a proposal that information should be published alongside every Act showing the length of time spent on it at each stage in the parliamentary process to highlight the level of scrutiny it had received.
Casework in a Congressional Office: Eric Petersen, Sarah J. Eckman, Congressional Research Service US The term casework refers to the response or services that Members of Congress provide to constituents who request assistance to deal with administrative agencies. This report discusses House and Senate rules and guidelines, laws and regulations which affect congressional casework, as well as the role of caseworkers.
It also provides sample outlines and document templates for implementing and managing congressional casework. Parliament House security upgrade works - perimeter security enhancements November Author: Parliament of Australia Australia In December , the Parliament of Australia approved additional security enhancements to the grounds of the Parliament House following a major security measures upgrade in Young children accompanying members into the House October Author: New South Wales Parliament, Legislative Council, Procedure Committee Australia This report provides an analysis of the current practice in the Legislative Council of New South Wales and that operating in other jurisdictions the feasibility of allowing young children to accompany members onto the floor of their respective Houses.
E-petitions November Author: Parliament of Victoria, Legislative Council, Procedure Committee Australia This paper provides information on the two-stage implementation of the e-petition system of the Parliament of Victoria. Stage One is to conduct a month pilot system which is closely replicating the existing paper petition process, while Stage Two is an enhancement of the system based on the review outcome of the pilot system. It provides the background to recent changes in Members' pay and expenses.
It also charts the changes in the rules relating to and budget limits for Members' expenses since Video broadcasting of Congressional proceedings October Summary Author: Eckman, Congressional Research Service US Video broadcasting enables constituents, policy professionals and interested individuals to see Congress at work, learn about specific Members, and follow the legislative process. This report provides information on: New mobile app for Commons vote results November Author: The app sorts the division results by Aye vs Noes and within that by party.
Users have the option of bookmarking individual MPs to view their voting records. Nerys Roberts et al. Members of Youth Parliament "MYP" will select issues for campaign and the selected issues will be prioritized for debate at the Annual Sitting through an online voting system. This paper provides information on the top 10 policy motions that matter most to young people in the UK.
The five top issues, after a national consultation process, will be debated in the House of Commons sitting on 11 November , where MYPs will vote for two issues for campaign during the following year. Parliament launched its first social learning course September Author: Jointly developed by the UK Parliament and FutureLearn a social learning platform , the three-week course aims to increase public engagement and understanding of the work and role of the UK Parliament through five major topics: This report provides information on the improvement of DPS in establishing and managing contracts through the development of policies, guidelines and training and the use of contract management information technology to support its staff in managing contracts.
It also recommends DPS to work further to ensure that their staff follows the guidelines. Organizing the halls of power: Daniel Dickin This article attempts to define the work of Members' staff in terms of their position and responsibilities such that their role can be better understood by parliamentary observers and the public.
It also provides some possible organization structures for Members' offices based on the author's observations. Eckman, Congressional Research Service US Both the House and Senate restaurant systems have been operated since they were first established in the early s, reflecting their importance in congressional supporting services. The first report provides some background information on the House and Senate restaurant systems. It also addresses major changes in facilities, management, and control. The second report discusses the current operation of the House and Senate restaurants and issues for Congress.
The Roles and Function of Parliamentary Questions
Library Note - Canadian Senate reform: House of Lords Library UK Appointment to the Senate of Canada was used to be made on a party-political basis, with Prime Ministers rarely appointing senators from other parties or independents. Following the Liberal Government took office in October , a merit-based Senate appointment system was adopted to encourage a more independent Senate comprising fewer senators with political affiliations. One of the implications for the change is that the Government does not have a majority in the second chamber to carry out or pass its legislative programme.
This paper provides an overview of the recent development in the Canadian Senate appointment process and highlights the work of the Canadian Senate Committee on Senate modernisation. Inter-Parliamentary Union This report discusses and analyses a survey of parliaments in 88 countries and 33 parliamentary monitoring organizations such as data brokers, intermediaries and interpreters in 31 countries on utilizing information and communication technologies to strengthen democracy and democratic institutions. The findings show how digital and social technologies have led to and supported deep changes in the operational environment and cultural landscape of parliaments.
Professor Sarah Childs, University of Bristol UK This report provides a comprehensive reform agenda on how the House of Commons can become more representative and inclusive. It sets out 43 recommendations which aim to transform the membership of the House, enhance the effectiveness of Members of Parliament, improve the quality of parliamentary outcomes and raise the public's regard for the House.
Outer House, Court of Session Scotland In November , protesters set up camps on the grounds of the Scottish Parliament and pledged to stay put until Scotland declared independence. The Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body "SPCB" suggested the protesters to consider alternative options to make their protest but without success, therefore SPCB sought an order from the Court to remove the camps and evict the protesters. On 27 July , the order was granted stating that SPCB did not substantially impair the ability to protest at the grounds of the Scottish Parliament, it might only interfere with the protesters' wish to conduct their vigil in the manner and form of their choice.
Yet, they were mistaken in considering that they had an unfettered right to make such choice. The Committee is of the view that a secure and reliable electronic voting system suits the needs of the House, and modernising voting procedures will save the time and provide an immediate accurate result of division. Maintenance of the standing orders April Foreword Author: House of Representatives, Standing Committee on Procedure Australia In general, the Committee on Procedure "Committee" of the House of Representatives of Australia will review the practices and procedures of the House at the conclusion of each Parliament.
Attention will be paid to areas which have undergone recent changes. In this report, the Committee recommended changes to certain standing orders to better reflect current practice as well as to correct certain aspects of operation to better reflect sound parliamentary practice. Expulsion, censure, reprimand, and fine: The underlying justification for legislative discipline is to protect the integrity and dignity of the legislature and its proceedings.
Congressional discipline of a Member includes expulsion, censure, reprimand, fine or monetary assessment, loss of seniority and loss of certain privileges. Parliamentary remuneration and entitlements: Cathy Madden, Deirdre McKeown, Politics and Public Administration Section, Parliamentary Library Australia This research paper sets out major changes to the parliamentary remuneration and entitlements regime, including the authority and governing legislation and explains how different aspects of parliamentary remuneration and entitlements are regulated.
It analyses changes of the rules made on the opening day of the th to th Congresses the Congresses convening in , , , and respectively , with references to selected legislation and actions which have effects on these rules. The report also includes freestanding legislation and a budget resolution which have affected these rules in consequential ways. Social media in Congress: The impact of electronic media on Member communications May Summary Author: Glassman, Congressional Research Service US In the US, all Senators and almost all Representatives have adopted Twitter, Facebook and other social media tools as a way to supplement their office communication strategies and disseminate information.
Where we've been and where we might be going extracted from the Canadian Parliamentary Review , Vol. The event brought together scholars, parliamentary officials and other interested observers to discuss and debate on how Canada's Parliament might continue to meet the needs of Canadians. This article provides views of some of the presenters from that conference on reforms from recent history and prospects for change in Parliament in the near term.
Internships in Congressional Offices: Frequently asked questions May Summary Author: This report provides information on a rules of the House and Senate that apply to congressional internships; b factors that may affect an office's selection process and an individual's eligibility to serve in an internship; and c congressional resources and training opportunities available for interns. The game allows players to experience the ups and downs of life as a Member of Parliament. This game targets at young people aged 11 to 14 hoping that they will find the political process more meaningful and relevant to them.
Review Committee under the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Australia On 2 August , the then Prime Minister of Australia appointed a committee to undertake a fundamental review of the federal parliamentary entitlements system with a view to a reducing ambiguity in what constitutes official business; b providing clarity to Members of Parliament "MPs" and their staff about the use of their entitlements; c improving transparency of the rules and entitlement usage; d acknowledging the role of party business in parliamentary business; e handling alleged misuse of entitlements more effectively; and f better supporting and enabling MPs to conduct their duties within clearly defined rules.
The review report and its recommendations were released on 23 March Salaries of Members of Congress: Brudnick, Congressional Research Service US This report provides information on the pay procedures and actions taken relating to salaries of Members of Congress "Members" from the last pay adjustment in to present. It also contains information on Members' pay rate in terms of constant and current prices as well as its projected and actual adjustments. It also sets out some key stages in the development of the form and manner of taking the oath since the 17th century.
Parliament news - House of Commons extends electronic recording of votes to all divisions March Author: House of Commons UK Accurate recording of divisions and timely publication of division lists are critical business activities of the House of Commons. Starting from 7 March onwards, all divisions of the House of Commons are conducted by means of tablet devices with a view to improving the timely publication of division lists, making division data more accessible to the public and easier to analyse, and improving accuracy.
Briefing paper - Electronic recording of divisions February Summary Author: One of the five targets proposed by the Commission is electronic voting. This paper provides information on proposals to introduce electronic voting in the House of Commons. It also discusses the use of electronic voting systems in other parliaments. Codes of conduct and rules systems in other jurisdictions February Author: National Parliaments January Summary Author: It traces the establishment of the national parliamentary systems and locations of these Parliaments.
Members of Parliament in Western Europe : Roles and Behaviour
The report also discusses the election of members, their terms of office and the legislative process by which bills are introduced and passed into law. Rules of behaviour and courtesies in the House December Quick guide Author: The guidance brings together longstanding rules and conventions, and is updated from time to time to reflect changes in the House procedure and evolving practice.
This is an updated version of the Rules of behaviour and courtesies in the House issued by the Speaker and the Deputy Speakers in December How Canada and various legislatures select their presiding officer December Author: Michael Dewing, Lara Trehearne, Library of Parliament Canada As the presiding officer of a parliament is the key to ensuring that the institution is operated in a smooth manner, hence the first item of business for Members of Parliament of Canada, at the outset of the first session of each new Parliament, is to elect the presiding officer.
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This report aims to look at how select committees have responded to this arrangement with a view to assisting the House in better engaging with the public. It also identifies further ways in which select committees can improve the quality of their work by strengthening opportunities for public participation. The Speaker of the House: This report further discusses the various roles of the Speaker of the House. Office of the Prime Minister Canada On 13 November , the Prime Minister of Canada publicly released all ministerial mandate letters to respective ministers.
These letters provide a framework for what ministers are expected to accomplish, including specific policy objectives and challenges to be addressed. In the mandate letter to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons "Leader" , the Prime Minister states that the goals of the Leader are to improve conditions in Parliament and make the House of Commons more accountable through reforming parliamentary committees, ensuring agents of Parliament are sufficiently funded and independent and banning the misuse of omnibus legislation.
Briefing paper - Sitting hours November Summary Author: It also charts how the sitting hours have been changed since Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives: This report provides information on the proceedings for electing the Speaker of the House. Article on Life after Parliament: Linda Asper, Rita Dionne-Marsolais, Clif Evans, Karen Haslam, Gilles Morin, Derwyn Shea and David Warner Every current parliamentarian will become a former parliamentarian, and associations representing former parliamentarians have been formed to provide transitional assistance to these people and maintain and foster social links established during their time in the legislature.
This article brought representatives of associations of former members who spoke on the work of their respective organizations and how they might be able to offer their wealth of parliamentary experience to assist in current research and outreach projects of legislatures. The Committee publishes three reports and this is the final report of the inquiry. The first report sets out the background to this inquiry, including an overview of the Committee's inquiry into the performance of DPS conducted in This report concludes the inquiry and provides recommendations for improving the organization structure, management and operation of DPS.
The author divides the motions and requests into seven categories based on conduct of meetings, agenda items and persons introducing the motion or request. Richard Kelly and Sarah Priddy, House of Commons Library UK In February , the House of Commons of the UK agreed to adopt the proposals for a collaborative system of e-petitions to bring together the Government's e-petitions website which is administered by the Office of the Leader of the House and the House of Commons paper petitions system onto one platform.
The new system is overseen by a newly formed Petitions Committee and the joint e-petitions website went live on 20 July This note looks at the background of the introduction of the system and the role and functions of the Petitions Committee. Article on Some Editing Required: Deborah Caruso, Lenni Frohman, Robert Kinsman and Robert Sutherland As producers of the official transcripts of parliamentary debates, Canada's Hansards are responsible for ensuring parliamentarians and Canadians have a fair and accurate report of what happened on any given day on the floor of a legislature.
A new scheme was then introduced after the General Election. The new scheme has the following features: This note provides an overview of MPs' pensions and current proposals for reform. It also provides a brief history of past changes to the governance and administration of the House of Lords. This report is the final report in a series of consultations on MPs' pay and pensions which began in The report examines the responses to the consultation, explains the thinking and decision of IPSA in light of those responses.
House of Lords Expulsion and Suspension Act The power for expulsion is new, while the power for suspension has been extended to a period which can go beyond the end of a Parliament. The expulsion or suspension requires the passage of a motion following the recommendation of the Committee for Privileges and Conduct that the member has breached the Code of Conduct. UK Government and Parliament UK This new initiative comes as a result of the work of the House of Commons Procedure Committee which produced a report making recommendations for how an e-petitions system should function.
In view of improving public engagement with the work of Government and Parliament, the new website allows users to create, publicise and sign petitions, with actions guaranteed at certain points in the process. Guidance to members on accepting gifts, benefits and hospitality July Author: The report does not recommend any new rules; rather it sets out in one place how various existing provisions in the Code and Guide cover the acceptance of gifts, benefits and hospitality.
House of Commons Canada This Bill amends the Parliament of Canada Act for the purpose of establishing the Parliamentary Protective Service under the purview of the Speaker of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Commons to oversee the physical security throughout the parliamentary precinct and Parliament Hill. The Bill provides that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police has to provide physical security services throughout the precinct and Parliament Hill.
This report contains the assessment of the Committee on the 10 recommendations provided by the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner on the following areas: House of Commons Canada This report looks into the political situation in Hong Kong in the context of the proposed framework for the election of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in The report a gives an overview of the political development in Hong Kong; b addresses decisions affecting the election and its related reactions; c examines the situation in Hong Kong in consideration of its political, economic and social challenges; and d discusses the role of Canada in responding to this situation.
Blueprint Public Relations Inc. In the past few years, the work of the Senate has been under increased scrutiny, and some Senators have expressed concern about the effectiveness of the Senate's communication process. The goal of this review is to perform a system-wide analysis of the existing communication practices, both internal and external, to identify strengths and gaps, and to develop specific recommendations and action plan for the improvement of the communication process.
Briefing Paper - Parliamentary Questions: It also provides background material on recent developments and the history of the Questions system. In , the Committee published a report recommending some minor changes to the procedures. It also considered the process for re-electing the Speaker after a general election. This briefing paper reviews the election of the Speaker in , and the Committee's review and the changes made to the procedures for electing a Speaker in Inter-Parliamentary Union During the last 20 years, there has been notable increase in the percentage of women members of single or lower houses of parliaments around the world.