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Book of hours
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Book 5 of 5. Illumination or decoration is minimal in many examples, often restricted to decorated capital letters at the start of psalms and other prayers, but books made for wealthy patrons may be extremely lavish, with full-page miniatures. Books of hours were usually written in Latin the Latin name for them is horae , although there are many entirely or partially written in vernacular European languages, especially Dutch. The English term primer is usually now reserved for those books written in English.
Tens of thousands of books of hours have survived to the present day, in libraries and private collections throughout the world. The typical book of hours is an abbreviated form of the breviary which contained the Divine Office recited in monasteries. It was developed for lay people who wished to incorporate elements of monasticism into their devotional life.
Reciting the hours typically centered upon the reading of a number of psalms and other prayers. Most 15th-century books of hours have these basic contents. The Marian prayers Obsecro te "I beseech thee" and O Intemerata "O undefiled one" were frequently added, as were devotions for use at Mass , and meditations on the Passion of Christ , among other optional texts.
The book of hours has its ultimate origin in the Psalter , which monks and nuns were required to recite. By the 12th century this had developed into the breviary , with weekly cycles of psalms, prayers, hymns, antiphons, and readings which changed with the liturgical season.
Many books of hours were made for women. There is some evidence that they were sometimes given as a wedding present from a husband to his bride. Although the most heavily illuminated books of hours were enormously expensive, a small book with little or no illumination was affordable much more widely, and increasingly so during the 15th century.
The earliest surviving English example was apparently written for a laywoman living in or near Oxford in about It is smaller than a modern paperback but heavily illuminated with major initials, but no full-page miniatures.
By the 15th century, there are also examples of servants owning their own Books of Hours. In a court case from , a pauper woman is accused of stealing a domestic servant's prayerbook. Very rarely the books included prayers specifically composed for their owners, but more often the texts are adapted to their tastes or sex, including the inclusion of their names in prayers.
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Some include images depicting their owners, and some their coats of arms. These, together with the choice of saints commemorated in the calendar and suffrages, are the main clues for the identity of the first owner. Eamon Duffy explains how these books reflected the person who commissioned them. He claims that the "personal character of these books was often signaled by the inclusion of prayers specially composed or adapted for their owners.
Such additions might amount to no more than the insertion of some regional or personal patron saint in the standardized calendar, but they often include devotional material added by the owner. These were sometimes with spaces left for the addition of personalized elements such as local feasts or heraldry. The style and layout for traditional books of hours became increasingly standardized around the middle of the thirteenth century. The new style can be seen in the books produced by the Oxford illuminator William de Brailes who ran a commercial workshop he was in minor orders.
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