A third remained in post. One of those who left said that the IPCC work was "shoddy. In late March the IPCC indicated that the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act made it impossible for the organisation to reveal information obtained during its investigation into Duggan's death, making it doubtful if a public coroner's inquest into the killing could ever be held.
In April , the BBC aired footage of the immediate aftermath of the shooting. The footage showed paramedics handling Duggan's body. The IPCC was expected to release its report on the killing in summer of Because no report had been issued by January , a planned inquest into the killing was delayed until September. The 11 officers involved initially refused interviews with the IPCC.
The officer who killed Duggan, now known as "V53", later submitted testimony in writing. Police stated that "no officer had done wrong" but announced that the person who shot Duggan would not remain on active firearms duty. The firearms officer involved in the operation known only as V53 provided written statements to the IPCC but refused to be interviewed.
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In November , the IPCC began an investigation into the "quality of the investigative response" by police to an incident on 29 July , for which police charged Kevin Hutchinson-Foster with possession of a handgun, believing the gun may be the same found at the shooting of Mr. The trial included testimony from seven police officers who were allowed to remain anonymous and use pseudonyms.
According to the evidence given by the cab driver and corroborated by one policeman present at the scene, Duggan got out of the taxi and ran in an attempt to escape. Dr Simon Poole, a pathologist who had performed a post-mortem on Duggan's body, testified in January at the retrial of Kevin Hutchinson-Foster and asserted that the injuries Duggan sustained in the shooting were not consistent with the account of the incident that was given by the police officer who fired the lethal shot. Questioned by a barrister representing Hutchinson-Foster, Poole said that the police bullet had penetrated Duggan's body on the right side and travelled from right to left.
Poole agreed with the barrister's statement: The officer fires to his left and the bullet hits Mr Duggan in the chest and it should go from left to right — but it went right to left. Therefore the scenario can't be right?
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Poole also later agreed with the prosecution that the bullet's trajectory might be consistent with the same angle of firing if Duggan had turned to face the officer. On 17 October , the jury failed to reach a verdict. The Hutchinson-Foster case did not resolve a number of significant unknown questions related to the Duggan killing.
Following interviews in the Tottenham area, some residents have revealed that they do not trust police or investigators, and say that Duggan was executed by police. Frustration with the official investigation mounted in May when it was announced that the 31 police witnesses would not be required to answer questions—instead submitting written testimony. Duggan's family did not believe that the police have been honest about the shooting, and have pressured the police and IPCC for greater transparency.
We want them to come clean and tell us what happened. The police are human like us. If you kill someone, you should do the time, just like we would have to do.
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Duggan's mother, Pamela, has said: I won't give up until I get justice for Mark. People need to be held to account for my son's death. There needs to be a full inquest, in front of a jury of ordinary men and women, to find out the truth. London's High Court of Justice rejected her application for judicial review on 18 June The family have criticized the IPCC for delaying the investigation. Expecting an inquest to begin on 28 January and instead facing indefinite postponement, a barrister for the Duggan family commented: Stafford Scott, originally appointed as an advisor to Operation Trident, resigned from the investigation because he felt that it was not being conducted fairly.
Writing in The Guardian , he stated:. The IPCC has broken its own guidelines by giving out erroneous information to journalists regarding the "shoot-out" involving Duggan and police that didn't actually happen.
And its investigation is flawed and in all probability tainted — so much so that we can never have faith in its final report. Scott blames the police response to the Duggan shooting for the escalation of the riots. Seven months later the word is that the police had control of the gun or worse. After the Hutchinson-Foster trial, Scott criticized the Trident police for inaction, writing: And this is all the more shocking because the police have a special unit, Trident, established specifically to deal with gun crime in the black community.
At a pre-inquest hearing in June , coroner Andrew Walker said it was "quite extraordinary" that the IPCC refused to provide witness statements. He ordered the material to be disclosed within 28 days. Representing the Duggan family, Michael Mansfield QC said the IPCC's position was "utterly unacceptable", and warned them they would be in contempt if they refused the coroner's order.
A public inquest on the killing had been scheduled for 28 January On 25 January, [] the inquest was declared indefinitely postponed because the IPCC had not yet released its report.
The government created a website for publicizing materials related to the inquest, and is considering live broadcast for some of the proceedings. Testimony from firearms officers will remain entirely anonymous. Inquest hearings began on 16 September The jury began with a visit to the street in Tottenham where Duggan was killed in Police maintained that Duggan was a gang member linked to violent crime.
Foote denied making the claim that Duggan had fired at police, saying he was "surprised" that early reports of the incident described a "shoot out". A police officer appearing in support of the IPCC, wrote in a statement that during informal briefings at the scene of death "officers had apparently thrown a firearm found in his [Duggan's] possession over a fence so that it was out of reach and it would no longer pose a threat to them". No other officer confirmed this. Pathologist Derrick Pounder said that police had "simply got it wrong" in their accounts of the shooting.
Pounder testified that Duggan was hit first by a non-fatal shot to the arm, then killed by a second shot to his chest. Lawyers for the Duggan family argued that police had planted the handgun found on the scene. The driver of the minicab testified that he did not see a gun in Duggan's hand, nor did he see one fly through the air. He said Duggan was shot in the back.
Death of Mark Duggan - Wikipedia
The witness denied ever making such statements. Near the end of the hearings, lawyer Leslie Thomas confronted the police officer "V59" with the possibility that a gun had been planted, saying: I find that highly offensive. During the inquest, student protesters were heard chanting: You killed Mark Duggan. The jury began deliberations on 10 December , asked to render a verdict of unlawful killing , lawful killing , or open verdict. The jury interrupted deliberations over Christmas and resumed on 7 January Following the inquest, a case was brought by Duggan's mother to the High Court seeking judicial review , arguing that the coroner's directions to the jury were legally incorrect.
The direction to the jury instructed them to determine whether or not the officer who shot Duggan was acting on an honest belief that Duggan was a threat, not whether his belief was reasonable. The case challenged the legal standard for self-defence as being incompatible with Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights which protects the right to life. In October , the High Court rejected this challenge. Leave was given to appeal the case to the civil division of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales , but the appellate court also rejected the claims in The inquest started on Monday, 30 October From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the American economist, see Mark Duggan economist. Rebels with a cause? Rioters claim 'payback' against the police: On the streets Those involved in the unrest speak of a common enemy - and a shared hatred of stop and search". Retrieved 10 August Retrieved 8 January Archived 20 November Retrieved 1 October Retrieved 12 July Who was Mark Duggan?
Death of Mark Duggan
Retrieved 13 August Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 15 August Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 12 August Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 9 August Dead man was minicab passenger". Retrieved 14 August Retrieved 8 August Archived from the original on 1 July Retrieved 18 August Retrieved 27 September Mark Duggan died of gunshot wound to chest, inquest told".
Retrieved 1 August Archived from the original on 6 October Retrieved 11 August Retrieved 26 April Mark Duggan was nephew of Manchester gangster Desmond Noonan". Retrieved 31 August I want no part in it ", The Guardian , 20 November Police watchdog investigator admits 'mistake' over information that Duggan fired at officers first", Daily Mirror , 12 December ; see " Statement intended to be read out to HM Coroner at pre-inquest hearing into death of Mark Duggan ".
Retrieved 7 August Archived from the original on 19 September Archived from the original on 13 August Retrieved 16 August Retrieved 18 November Retrieved 11 January Mark Duggan was not armed when shot by police". Retrieved 19 November Watchdog will finish report a year late into police shooting that sparked riots ", The Guardian , 25 March Tensions behind unrest revealed". Archived from the original on 9 August The lesson of Broadwater Farm".
Retrieved 2 April Rioting Erupts On Streets". Archived from the original on 1 December Retrieved 17 August Retrieved 21 August Now police need to show justice is being done". Owen Jones commences a series of special reports".
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