One factor for which the French were not personally responsible was their number. The post could not be lef t unattended while the French agent made exploratory trips or friendly visits. If the French can be faulted for failure to establish good relations with the people, their black personnel were equally responsible for some of the bad relations.
They were the ones who reported to the whites that someone had been skulking about at night. From who else would the administrator learn, for example, that it was people from Yuka's village who had corne at night and that Yuka himself was trying to get shells for the guns he had stolen? I believe that the black personnel fed whites a great deal of misinformation.
It is not impossible that some of this was actually disinformation: They believed as much as the whites did that the local people were nothing but savages. And it was easy for uncritical personnel to accept what some Ubangians said about others. Those who were working for the French, whether they were foreign blacks or Ubangians from other parts, took advantage of their relationship with the whites to steal and loot and in other ways oppress the local people.
For example, in July Jacquot was worried about what would happen if some of his militiamen left when their term of service was over; he even considered going to the mission: Although the administrators were plagued by insufficient funds in establishing themselves on the right bank of the river, at Bangui itself the problem was one of race relations.
The local inhabitants were at the least a nuisance ; at worst, they kept the post a constant alert and made the whites believe that their existence was a very precarious one. The explanation for bad relations finds ail participants at fault: Summary chronology of events at and around Bangui. November Return of Vangele, who claims territory around Zongo for the Congo. October A Bobangi trader is killed outside the post; a post of the Congo Free. February 11, French are in state of hostility with Bwaka Ngbaka.
Fonds de Georges Bruel. Paul des Rapides, correspondances avec Brazzaville Histoire d'une Fondation, Autour du Tchad, Paris, Ancienne librairie Germer. La brousse telle qu'elle est, les gens tels qu'ils sont Mission Chari-lac Tchad, ; carnet de route du docteur J.
Notre métier - Expertise France
Decorse , Paris, Asselin et Houzeau. African Colonial Labor on the Congo and Ubangi. Pion, Nourrit et CiB. Their help is gratefully acknowledged. If this study appears to be biased in favor of the French point of view, it is not by intention.
Nonetheless, it is excusable to take one perspective as a first step in a historical task. Even though Bangui's history was not entirely white, but Ubangian as well, we accomplish much by understanding how the whites saw it, impatiently awaiting the day when a Central African one will be written.
But it must be a history, a reasoned argument based on carefully sifted fact. However, the French had deserted Modzaka by Anonymous, , p. That population was probably not a factor is seen in the fact that A. Contradictory data from others do not, in my opinion, weaken my case, because I am focussing on what the founders of Bangui saw.
For example, Alis reported a dense population around Bangui , p. I would guess that within a perimeter of ten kilometers the population was no more than about 10, The matter of food is discussed below.
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That the way Europeans were received was determined in part by the way they appeared amongst the Africans should need no argument. Elsewhere, dealing with this same area Samarin, a , it is the main thesis. It is surprising therefore to read what Kalck has to say about Vangele's arrivai in The establishment of the post is described by Kalck a [2], p.
Kalck has apparently misrepresented the facts. This is a survey of ail the data at my disposai. Although my research covers a wide variety of sources, it unfortunately did not include the reading of the journal of the post. In my opinion, this was burglary.
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We must therefore be careful to distinguish substance from rhetoric, a topic that is discussed below. We will note, nonetheless, that F. Kalck does not cite his sources. Nebout's report , p. He says that the murder took place 50 m. The subject of cannibalism as colonial propaganda is taken up in Samarin in press.
Of Comte's death, which took place in a deliberate and premeditated attack on the Bondjo on the Mpoko River, Georges Bruel, then at Mobaye, wrote this to Dr.
Sambuc, the grieving survivor at Bangui: I would, however, assume that he was a notable person who had been killed by the French. The chef de poste in wrote: As early as it was said of Bembe, the Gbanziri chief upriver of Bangui, and a good friend of the French: Because most writers use the name for those around Bangui, we must conclude that Nebout included other groups incorrectly.
This kind of error was common in the nineteenth century. We will see this in connection with the term Bondjo. I find it simply. One that can be documented is malamu, introduced by the Zanzibari personnel. An example of the broad use of the term is the following, referring to people found midway between Lirranga and Bangui: For a linguistic classification, see Samarin, In Zaire today people called Ngbaga, presumably Ngbaka-Ma'bo, are located along the left bank of the Ubangi, starting from Zongo.
In this same document Berton considers the people of Bagassi and Bobassa i. It is not likely that they were even in a client relationship with those in the interior ; it was usually the other way round in this area. Although they were mostly centered around the mouth of the Kouango River, two hundred kilometers away, they had fishing villages closer to Bangui, for example at the mouth of the Ombella River Brunache, , p.
The local people also found themselves in a predicament. Its nature is suggested in what follows for the period we are considering. Given the difficulties of linguistic communication at this time, there being only a very limited African pidgin in use, and the abstractness of the administrator's message, we take this sentence with a grain of sait.
We can safely assume, to begin with, that a lot of time was spent in pillaging the destroyed village and the widely scattered gardens. Kalck a [2], p. But this writer did not specify the location of the places where food was available. Another bit of apparently contradictory information is Kalck's statement a [2], p. By contrast, three years later another wrote: And he goes on to say: It is to be recognized, of course, that administrative reports were written with a purpose, which frequently was to argue for more of anything one could get: The report of January certainly gives this impression.
For example, a missionary at St. A suggestion similar to Kalck's was proposed in To support the argument that the riparian population feared each other one can cite descriptions of villages protected with strong palisades Nebout, , p. A suggestion of the size of this population, for example at places called Mon-Zembo. In making this statement I am taking a relativistic, not racist, point of view.
I am hypothesizing that for reasons that have not been determined the people at the bend of the Ubangi may have been more prone to preying on others by theft than other populations. I am fully aware of the fact that in Africa social ethics were to be found that sought the avoidance of inter-village and inter-ethnic strife and that proscribed theft for whatever reason. Theft was defined, it would appear, as an act committed against anyone, not just against co-members of an eyando.
Not too far away, for example, were people who were Banda of. Another explanation for this move is that of Mgr. Liste des illustrations Bondjo territory 19th century [link] Colonization of the Ubangi-Congo bassins [link]. What follows is surely a record of violence in , the kind that whites came to expect of the locals: The situation two years later is described as follows: The whites' perception The French had a low opinion of the people around Bangui, in marked contrast to their estimation of those who were found further upriver. The french response Force was the French response to their situation at Bangui.
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