Elizabeth, married to Mr. David MacGill of Rankeillor, ancestor of viscount Oxenford. Lilias Forrester, married to William, second son of the said lieutenant-general William Baillie, who carried on the line of this family, as will be shown hereafter. After the death of the said Jean Forrester his first wife, he married, 2dly, lady Jean Ruthven, daughter of Patrick earl of Forth and Brentford; but dying without issue by either, the estate and honours, according to the last-mentioned patent, devolved upon his brother and heir,. WILLIAM, fourth lord Forrester, grandson of the first lord, who married a daughter of Sir Andrew Birnie of Saline, one of the senators of the college of justice, by whom he had four sons and two daughters.
Andrew Forrester, who was major to the third troop of horse-guards, but died unmarried. James, who was a lieutenant of a ship of war, but died also unmarried. John, captain of a ship of war, who married Elizabeth Tyrrel, sister of sir Charles Tyrrel of the county of Southampton, by whom he had a son, William, who succeeded to the honours, as will be shown hereafter. GEORGE, fifth lord Forrester, who having gone into the army, served some years in Flanders under the duke of Marlborough, and rose to the rank of a lieutenant-colonel.
He signalized himself in the government's service at Preston in Lancashire, anno He married Charlotte, daughter and co-heiress of Anthony Row of the county of Oxford, Esq; by whom he had one son,. Harriot, married to Edward Walter of Salt-bridge, Esq; member of parliament for the burgh of Milbornport, Somerset-shire, to whom she hath one daughter. He afterwards returned to Scotland, and died without issue. Quarterly; 1st or, on a bend azure 3 mascles of the first for Haliburton; 2d or, three bars gules for Cameron; 3d argent a bend gules for Vauss lord Dirleton; and 4th as the first.
Margaret Bothwell, married to doctor Colin Drummond physician in Edinburgh, to whom she hath two sons, Archibald and George, and one daughter, Margaret. Anne, married to Thomas Sharp of Houstoun, Esq; and hath issue. Lady Mabella, married to John sixth earl of Sutherland, and had issue. Thomas Melvile of Murdo-Cairny, who got a charter from his nephew, George fourth lord Melvile, of the lands of Auchmore, in the county of Fife, which we have seen, and is dated 20th October , of whom major John Melvile, now of Murdo-Cairny, is the representative in a direct male-line.
Walter of Gartartan, who died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Gilbert. She died at Paris, anno , in the 78th year of her age. The earl, in , married 2dly, miss Loyd, daughter of the present countess of Haddington's first marriage. Page , at the end of Rothsay, add, And since the union of the two crowns, the eldest son of the king of Great Britain is prince of Wales in England, and duke of Rothsay in Scotland.
Page , after line 7. This appears from an original charter in the custody of doctor Abernethy-Drummond of Hathornden; wherein Helen, one of the daughters and co-heiresses of Sir Laurence Abernethy, had for her portion, the estates of Hathornden, Butel, and Leat-Bernard and several others; all which she disponed to sir William Douglas of Strabroke, her nephew, confirmed to him by king Robert II. Elizabeth, married to John lord Glammis, chancellor of Scotland. Andrew Drummond, Esq; an eminent banker in London, who hath issue.
The peerage of Scotland: As the exhausted troops caught whatever sleep time allowed, Cumberland's force came into view, some 3 miles to the east. At the sound of approaching pipes and drums around 5, weary soldiers fell into the lines adopted the previous day, albeit much further to the west. The right flank was anchored on the corner of the dry stone dykes of the Culwhiniac enclosure and the left on the easterly corner of the walled enclosure of Culloden Parks to the north.
For the most part, the clan regiments formed the front line with Irish and French troops and others forming the second, and what little cavalry the Jacobites had forming a third line. The location of the battle on Drummossie Moor is well established through detailed contemporary maps and archaeological investigations.
At the time, the moor was used as rough grazing with some arable but with stone walled enclosures to the north and south. The Jacobites anchored their right and left flanks on these enclosures, with the clan regiments in the front line. The Government army advanced on the Jacobites from their camp at Nairn, around 10 miles to the west. Although the Jacobites had picked the site of the battle, in a location which blocked the approach to Inverness to the west, it was the Government army which set the scale of the field, coming to a halt around m to the east of the Jacobite line.
In doing this they maximised the use of their artillery and the distance over which the Jacobites would have to charge, so creating an extended killing ground for both their artillery and muskets.
The first Government line formed not far to the west of a small farmstead Leanach , with the second line forming just to the east of it, with the farmstead thus being towards the left of the Government lines. Leanach was one of a number of farmsteads scattered across the moor and is the only surviving upstanding example. A farmstead was located within the Culwhiniac enclosure and a sketch map by Yorke shows a building located close to the east-west wall of the enclosure which divided it into two. This building appears on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map as Park of Urchal as a ruin and is also shown on Roy's map The much-denuded remains of a building can be identified on the ground at this location.
The third farmstead was located to the west of the Culwhiniac enclosure and is no longer extant. Between the Jacobite right and the Government left sat the turf-built Leanach enclosure. Barrel's regiment on the far left of the Government line formed across the mouth of this enclosure though some distance to the east of it. The right wing of the Jacobite charge passed through the enclosure, which was probably a denuded feature by the time of the battle.
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The moor on the northern part of the battlefield, in front of the Jacobite left, was wetter ground than to the south, so much so that the Jacobites charging here were unable to close with the Government right in contrast to the situation on the left where fierce hand-to-hand fighting took place. The enclosures to the north Culloden Parks and south Culwhiniac played an important role in the battle as the Jacobite army anchored its left and right flanks respectively upon them.
The Government dragoons also passed through breaches made in the walls of the Culwhiniac enclosure, while the Campbells positioned themselves behind its northern wall to deliver fire into the Jacobite flank. The enclosures were demolished in the s but a walkover survey in identified the possible foundation courses of both, which in the case of the Culwhiniac enclosure corresponded to a modern field boundary. Other aspects of the Culwhiniac enclosure may also have survived from the time of the battle. For instance, a gate in the eastern side of the modern fence line, which correspond to the line of the earlier wall, appears to represent the point at which the Campbells breached the wall in order to allow passage for the dragoons through the enclosure, as it corresponds with the location of the breach on contemporary maps and written accounts of the event.
Topographic survey across the core of the battlefield area identified subtle undulations in the terrain, which may have served to partially shield the Jacobites on the right and centre, while their absence on the left may explain the failure of Jacobites on that side to close with the enemy during the charge.
The battle was fought on partially open moorland situated on the crest of a broad sandstone ridge which ran from east to west between Nairn and Inverness.
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The moor is located on gently sloping ground at the base of the Monadhliath mountains. The subtly undulating terrain of the boggy moor which played a key role in the battle is well-preserved and the centre of the battlefield is today occupied by a mosaic of gorse and heather, with pools of standing water and streams giving some impression of the wet conditions that prevailed on the ground at the time of the battle.
Spatial relationships between key landscape features such as the stone and turf enclosures utilised by the Jacobite line and the open moor of the Government position are intact. Important views out over the undulating topography of the moor provide the same outlook as they would have done in the 18th century and it is clear how the Jacobite right and centre would have been partially shielded from the Government artillery during the charge. The National Trust for Scotland has partially restored the terrain to its appearance at the time of the battle.
This has included the burial of overhead telephone cables; the removal of forestry from the centre of the site; and the re-routing of the road that ran through the Clan Cemetery. There had long been calls for the road to be moved as its passage through the clan cemetery was seen by many as an act of desecration, though ironically the old route was in fact fairly much the same as that taken by the track that carried across the moor at the time of the battle and is shown on several of the contemporary battle maps. The Trust has also undertaken restoration or partial reconstruction of the Culwhiniac and Leanach enclosures.
The current condition of the battlefield is good, with the centre of the battlefield under NTS ownership. The area around the fringes of the NTS property, in which parts of the battle took place, are for the most part occupied by agricultural fields, both arable and grazing and are partly designated as a conservation area. The archaeological potential of these areas is relatively high, with the areas occupied by the left flank of the Jacobite army and the right flank of the Government line sitting to the north of the B and the location of the cavalry action located to the north west of the modern Culchunaig Farm.
The major historic threat to the site was the planting of coniferous trees in the 19th century. The NTS have removed most of the trees from their holding, though elements still exist around the boundaries of the property. Archaeological survey within these areas of former forestry indicate that the plantations have severely disrupted the ground and have potentially removed all archaeological evidence associated with the battle. The road that was re-routed in also still passes through the northern part of the battlefield. The area of the battlefield out-with NTS ownership is under pressure from development and forestry, though part of it has some protection through its status as a Conservation Area.
Although fought on Drumossie Muir moor , the battle name Culloden was adapted almost immediately, coming from the proximity of Culloden House ' the moor sitting within the wider lands of the Culloden estate. Thanks to a number of detailed contemporary battle maps it is possible to accurately locate the battle within the modern landscape. Archaeological investigation has also played an important role here, with the results feeding directly into the re-interpretation of the site presented by the NTS with the opening of the new visitor centre in The battlefield is located on reconstituted moorland and grazing land some 4 miles to the east of Inverness, in the parish of Croy and Dalcross.
The site is at approximately m above sea level, on a rolling terrace largely formed from Old Red Sandstone. Stone enclosures to the south of the field Culwhiniac enclosures provided cover for the Government dragoons to outflank the Jacobite right and engage from the right-rear, where they were confronted by their opposite numbers among the Jacobite cavalry.
The encounter took place across a hollow which is still clearly visible to the north west of Culchunaig farm. The National Trust for Scotland has made several attempts to reconstruct the terrain as it appeared at the time of the battle. The first of these was the burial of previously overhead telephone cables in In , the Trust purchased the area of forestry that now represents the core of the site and removed the trees not long after. In , the route of the B, which previously ran through the site and the clan cemetery, was relocated to the north of the site, although still within the battlefield area.
The previous visitor centre was constructed in and extended between and The Field of the English was acquired by the NTS in and the Leanach enclosure reconstructed between and there is little doubt that this occupies roughly the same position as the original. The present interpretation of the site, in conjunction with the new visitor centre, includes flags to mark out the Jacobite and Government lines and regimental name markers which accurately represent the location of the two armies during the battle, with around metres of open moorland between the two lines.
A walk-over survey has possibly identified the partial remains of Culloden Parks enclosure to the north of the battlefield. A stretch of wall foundation was identified in Pollard and this may relate to the western wall of the former enclosure. It seems likely that any other traces have been grubbed out and replaced by ditches and hedges. Since , a number of features on the site have been designated Scheduled Monuments, including the stone commemorating the graves of the English, the graves of the clans and the Well of the Dead, while Old Leanach Cottage and the King's Stables are both listed buildings.
Culloden benefits from being the most intensively archaeologically and historically investigated battlefield in Scotland. In the s geophysical surveys which aimed to identify traces of the long vanished Leanach earthen enclosure, located between the Government and Jacobite lines, were inconclusive. In a limited programme of metal detecting, geophysical and radar survey, excavation and topographic survey was undertaken. The metal detector survey established that large amounts of unstratified battle debris in the form of musket shot, artillery shot, buttons etc survived in the topsoil, most obviously in the area known as the Field of The English.
Although limited in scale, this work demonstrated that the location of the hand-to-hand fighting on the left of the Government line was at least 80 m further south than thought at the time. Topographic survey across the core of the battlefield area was also carried out as part of the programme of archaeological work. This survey identified subtle undulations in the terrain, which may have served to partially shield the Jacobites on the right and centre, while their absence on the left explains the failure by the MacDonalds and others to close with the enemy during the charge.
Excavation work of a low rectangular feature attached to the gable end of the Leanach cottage established that it was a 19th century kitchen garden and not the infamous 'Red Barn' where wounded Jacobites were taken in the aftermath of the battle and which was burnt on the orders of the Duke of Cumberland. Radar survey carried out across the mounds in the Clan Cemetery revealed that they cover pits, presumably burials. Further anomalies beneath the grassed-over road which runs between the mounds may represent pits buried beneath the road or the ends of the visible mounds covered by the road when it was widened in the s: Radar survey in the Field of The English identified an anomaly suggestive of a grave pit not far to the south of the clan cemetery, which could represent the resting place of the Government troops.
A further programme of work was undertaken in to support the re-interpretation of the site and a new visitor centre. A more intensive programme of metal detecting in the vicinity of The Field of the English and the now reconstructed Leanach enclosure confirmed that this was an area of intense hand to hand fighting, defined by finds of pistol balls, fragments of musket fittings and a bayonet socket.
Large numbers of musket balls and pieces of grape and case shot within the Leanach enclosure clearly demonstrated that the Jacobites charged through this area and not around the enclosure as suggested by most historians. The survey also confirmed that the Jacobite's initial deployment line was located considerably further to the west than previously believed.
Geophysical survey in the Field of The English located a dense concentration of anomalies, two of which could be grave pits. The discovery of a German Thaler coin above one of these anomalies may represent a visit by a British soldier, perhaps stationed at nearby Fort George, at a time when the graves were still marked in some way.
Other circular anomalies may represent prehistoric settlement on the moor, which would not be unusual given the high concentration of prehistoric ritual and funerary monuments in the area.
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Small-scale trial trenching of an anomaly to the west of Leanach Cottage identified a foundation slot possibly related to one of the other buildings of the Leanach Steading, though further excavation would be required to confirm this. A programme of metal detecting carried out across the areas of the new car-park and the visitor centre uncovered low densities of fired musket balls and Jacobite buttons. These are suggestive of the 'mopping up' of Jacobites who had broken through the Government lines and were hoping to escape the field to the south and east. The Clan Cemetery is a series of low, grass covered mounds grouped near a later memorial cairn.
The mounds originally sat on both sides of the verges of the road across the battlefield removed in and each has a roughly hewn block of granite set into its end on which has been carved the name of the clan allegedly represented by the bodies within. These headstones were added to the graves by Duncan Forbes of Culloden House in , and there is some uncertainty as to whether they replaced earlier markers: In the vicinity of the graves are other stones which possibly relate to this programme of memorialisation.
These include the Keppoch Stone which supposedly marks the spot where the chief, Alasdair MacDonell, 16th of Keppoch fell during the charge. A number of stones have a Government connection including the 'Cumberland's Stone', located on the eastern end of the battleground, which according to local tradition was the vantage point from which the Duke took breakfast and watched the battle. This is a natural boulder and, as there is no doubt that he was with his men during the action, is certainly too far back from the Government position for Cumberland to have been anywhere near it during the battle.
The first genuine post-battle monument to the dead was a cairn erected in the area of the cemetery in by Edward Power an earlier planned memorial in ran out of funds prior to construction and only a time capsule was buried. It was not completed until Forbes of Culloden took over the task in the s and built a 6 m 20 ft high circular stone tower.
Two unit memorials were erected through the latter part of the 20th century; the Irish memorial stone erected in by the Military History Society of Ireland and the French stone erected by the White Cockade Society in Based on map regression work, the National Trust for Scotland NTS has reconstructed some of the enclosures that played a key role in the battle: Traces of the original enclosure can be traced in the fields to the south.
Two cottages located within the battlefield still survive and have been recorded in some detail. King's Stable Cottage was located behind the position of the Jacobite line and so named because Government horses were stabled nearby in the aftermath of the battle. Although it does not appear on any of the contemporary maps of the battle it is likely to pre-date the battle. The cottage is well preserved and has only undergone minimal restoration. Leanach Cottage, which for some time served as the visitor centre for the site, is located on the eastern side of the battlefield.
The structure corresponds to a farmstead that appears on mid 18th century maps sandwiched between the left of the first and second lines of the Government position. Most of the maps show the farmstead consisting of three buildings, with Leanach cottage being the only survivor. The survey identified that the cottage is probably contemporary with the King's Stable. It was rebuilt in the s with further repairs taking place throughout the 20th century.
Addyman on behalf of the National Trust for Scotland. The King's Stable was recorded in and Leanach in Culloden House, a country mansion to the north of the battlefield, was the lodgings of Bonnie Prince Charlie and the headquarters of the Jacobite army prior to the battle. The house was rebuilt in the late 18th century over the footprint of the original structure.
Fragments of the earlier mansion were incorporated into the present house at basement level. Culloden has far more contemporary records than any other battle fought in Britain. The numerous letters, journals, army documents and maps reflect the combined influence of increased literacy and ever increasing levels of military bureaucracy.
Some of the most valuable of these are the eyewitness accounts that survive from Jacobite and Government sources and the official records from the British army. The surviving battle maps show an incredible amount of detail as they were drawn by both trained cartographers and line officers.
Although 38 battle maps survive the majority are based on a much smaller number of maps produced by people who were actually at the battle. There is little doubt that Culloden is one of the most emotive battles to have been fought in the UK. It is inextricably linked with the romantic image of Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Highland Jacobites.
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The battlefield is one of the most popular heritage tourist destinations in the Highlands of Scotland and has become almost a place of pilgrimage for ex-patriot Scots and other members of the Scottish Diaspora from places such as USA, Canada and Australia, especially those with Highland ancestry.
The greatest focus for modern visitors is undoubtedly the Clan Cemetery. The site continues to be a place of great importance to clan associations and groups such as the White Cockade society. There are, however, popular misconceptions about the battle, among them being that all the Jacobites were Highlanders and that it was a battle between the Scottish and English rather than part of a civil war played out against the backdrop of the pan-European War of Austrian Succession.
The battle has featured prominently in literature, art and other media throughout the passage of time since the battle. The most famous painting of the battle titled 'An incident in the Rebellion of ' by French artist David Morier was painted soon after the battle and shows the Government and Jacobite troops in close combat.
The battle and its aftermath has featured in popular culture through film, such as Michael Caine's adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped and television, such as the ground-breaking BBC docudrama Culloden , based on the popular book Culloden by John Prebble and an episode of Doctor Who The NTS has owned and maintained parts of the battlefield since A purpose-built visitor centre was constructed in and the Trust embarked on a conservation programme which has succeeded in re-routing the road away from the Clan Cemetery and removing areas of forestry.
Further land has been purchased to prevent the sale of parts of the battlefield for housing developments and the current aim of the Trust is to return much of the battlefield to its appearance in A new state-of-the-art visitor centre with interactive exhibitions was created in alongside a new network of footpaths, interpretation boards and flags showing the initial position of the armies as indicated by the archaeological investigations across the battlefield created to guide the visitors around the site.
Each grass covered mound in the clan cemetery has a roughly hewn block of granite set into the end of the mound, into which has been carved the name of the clan allegedly represented by the bodies within. The clans named are: Duffy, C The ' Bonnie Prince Charlie and the untold story of the Jacobite Rising. Battlefield Archaeology, the Key to Unlocking the Past. Pen and Sword, Barnsley. Reid, S Like Hungry Wolves: Culloden Moor 16 April Windrowe and Greene, London. Reid, S A Military History of the last Jacobite Rising.
Numerous eyewitness accounts exist for the battle in the form of soldiers' letters, journals and other memoirs. These personal accounts come from both Jacobite and Government sources and represent a hugely valuable resource. There are also a number of official accounts, and the records for the British army of the time are relatively good, though the equivalent records for the Jacobite army, including morning states and other returns, no longer exist. Coming in the middle of the 18th century, Culloden benefits from an increase in general levels of literacy and the growth of bureaucracy within the military establishment.
In short, there are far more contemporary accounts for Culloden than any other battle fought in Britain. One of the most quoted sources is not military in origin but a collection of eyewitness accounts collected by the Jacobite sympathising Presbyterian minister, and later bishop, Robert Forbes, which was later published under the title, The Lyon in Mourning. Among the diverse collection of letters, journals, speeches and anecdotes are a series of damning accounts of the behaviour of Government troops in the aftermath of Culloden, including the burning of buildings containing Jacobite wounded which gave rise to the tradition of the 'Red Barn'.
The documentary resource also extends to a number of battle maps, drawn both by trained cartographers and line officers. It should be noted that by the perspective technique which produced a hybrid between a map and an illustration had been abandoned in favour of the vertical view map with which we are familiar today. During alone, no less than 38 battle maps appeared. However, these are by and large based on a much smaller number of maps produced by people who were actually at the battle.
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There is a vast range of secondary sources on the battle. James Ray's A Compleat History of the Rising London, , is the first history of the '45 and although largely a primary source Ray served on the Government side , also includes a secondary narrative of the campaign. The first real secondary history was Robert Chambers' History of the Rising of Edinburgh, The battle map in Chamber's book incorrectly shows the Jacobite right anchored on the Leanach enclosure.
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This was later to be repeated in Tomasson and Buist's Battles of the '45 and was initially the disposition used in the interpretation of the Jacobite line on the site by the National Trust for Scotland this was corrected in Another incorrect assumption passed down through secondary sources is the positioning of Wolfe's regiment at an angle to rest of the Government line right from the start of the battle ' as opposed to coming up to that position after the Jacobites hit the front line regiments. This first appears in Home's work A History of the Rising , but also later appears in Tomasson and Buist ibid among others.
One of the most important secondary works is Anderson's Culloden Moor and Story of the Battle , which first appeared in This provides a unique snapshot of the site as it appeared around the middle of the 19th century. However, the most popular of the secondary works on Culloden is undoubtedly John Prebble's Culloden , which although very well written is frustratingly without reference, which makes sourcing some of his more interesting anecdotes all but impossible.
Recent years have seen the appearance of more in-depth military histories, among the most noteworthy being Stuart Reid's Like Hungry Wolves , which provides a very well-informed post-mortem of the battle and Christopher Duffy's The '45 , which gives an excellent in-depth account of the entire campaign. Culloden is by far the most extensively recorded battle to be fought in Britain. The numerous letters, journals, army documents etc.
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Given the scale of this resource, it has not been attempted here to include every relevant document. Therefore the following only represents a referenced sample of what is available. Narratives and intelligence of the Scottish Rising, chiefly letters and news addressed to the Hon. Letters from the same to his son-in-law, Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke; ].
Fourteen printed London Gazettes Extraordinary, and a printed account of the victory of Culloden]. Hound; and a list of officers acknowledged by the rebels to have been killed 26 April ]. On his arrival at Nairn; reporting that the rebels continue to retire before him, and although Charles Edward has marched a mile out of Inverness [to Culloden], 'I cannot bring myself to believe that they propose to give us battle' Apr 15 ]. Account of the battle of Culloden, giving a total of 2, rebels killed on the battlefield, including Lord Strathallan , Apr 18]. On the battle of Culloden, and Cumberland's entry into Inverness, Apr 19].
An account of the battle of Culloden, Apr 18]. Concerning the battle of Culloden; the pursuit of the rebels through Inverness, killing about more; and the surrender of the French forces, Apr 18]. Concerning the battle of Culloden, Apr 19]. Lists of prisoners, , comprising general lists and lists of those killed or captured at Culloden, of people who surrendered, were set free, or attainted, of those in various gaols, and of those who were taken to Carlisle for trial.
Duff, H R ed. To which is prefixed, an introduction containing memoirs of the Right Honourable Duncan Forbes Maxwell, James [18th cent? Caledonian Mercury, 5 Aug. From its rise in August , to its happy extinction, by the glorious victory at Culloden, on the 16th of April, Illustrated with plans of the battles of Falkirk and Culloden.
Reilly for Edward and John Exshaw. Adorned and illustrated with exact plans of the battles of Falkirk and Culloden, Graham, Dougal An impartial history of the rise, progress and extinction of the late rising in Britain, in the years and Giving an account of every battle, skirmish and siege, from the time of the Pretender's coming out of France, until he landed in France again: With a real description of his dangers and travels through the Highland Isles, after the break at Culloden.
Printed by John Robertson. London Gazette, 26 April Published by authority' ]. In a letter from an officer of the Highland Army, to his friend at London. AA 6 or BCL. B 1 or 2. The Newcastle Courant, April The Newcastle Journal, 3 May The lyon in mourning, or a collection of speeches, letters, journals, etc relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Pocock, Richard [plan of the order of battle of the rebel army at the battle of Culloden drawn by Dr.
Richard Pocock, Bishop of Ossory, in ]. Plan of Culloden House and the adjacent country, when the battle took place. Skinner, William [Culloden Moor]. Yorke, Joseph [rough sketch of the battle field of Culloden]. Add at f. Joseph Yorke, while serving as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland,. Maps and Plans in the Public Record Office: Rebel's Order of Battle. Dubois; second copy held as EMS.
The Royal Army forming from the order of march, to the line of battle, which they performed three times before the action began ; includes references].