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Regal Lifestyle Communities, a public company with over 25 homes, recently awarded National Pharmacy with a contract to work with their network of homes via a formal RFP process competing against all major long term care pharmacies , acknowledging our leadership status. We Are Here to Serve You Providing strong clinical services exclusively to nursing homes, retirement homes and other specialized institutions, National Pharmacy is the leader in innovative institutional pharmacy and has grown rapidly to serve homes across Ontario.
Our business operations revolve around the four cornerstones of our service: To receive our Newsletter please click here. To review our Script Tips please click here. Clinical Services National Pharmacy prides itself on its ability to tailor its services to meet the needs of each home it serves. Large-scale arrests of Communists and socialists with an "international" background, i.
De-Stalinization had a late start in Czechoslovakia. In the early s, the Czechoslovak economy became severely stagnant. The industrial growth rate was the lowest in Eastern Europe. As a result, in , the party approved the New Economic Model , introducing free market elements into the economy. Democratic centralism was redefined, placing a stronger emphasis on democracy. Slovaks pressed for federalization. The press, radio, and television were mobilized for reformist propaganda purposes. The movement to democratize socialism in Czechoslovakia, formerly confined largely to the party intelligentsia, acquired a new, popular dynamism in the spring of the " Prague Spring ".
Radical elements found expression; anti-Soviet polemics appeared in the press; the Social Democrats began to form a separate party; and new unaffiliated political clubs were created. The leadership affirmed its loyalty to socialism and the Warsaw Pact, but also expressed the desire to improve relations with all countries of the world, regardless of their social systems. As a result, the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries except for Romania mounted a Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia during the night of 20—21 August Popular opposition was expressed in numerous spontaneous acts of non-violent resistance.
In Prague and other cities throughout the republic, Czechs and Slovaks greeted Warsaw Pact soldiers with arguments and reproaches. The Czechoslovak Government declared that the Warsaw Pact troops had not been invited into the country and that their invasion was a violation of socialist principles, international law, and the UN Charter. The principal Czechoslovak reformers were forcibly and secretly taken to the Soviet Union, where they signed a treaty that provided for the "temporary stationing" of an unspecified number of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia.
On 19 January , the student Jan Palach set himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square to protest the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union, an action shocked many observers throughout the world. The Slovak part of Czechoslovakia made major gains in industrial production in the s and s.
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By the s, its industrial production was near parity with that of the Czech lands. Slovakia's portion of per capita national income rose from slightly more than 60 percent of that of Bohemia and Moravia in to nearly 80 percent in , and Slovak per capita earning power equaled that of the Czechs in The pace of Slovak economic growth has continued to exceed that of Czech growth to the present day Dubcek remained in office only until April A program of " Normalization " — the restoration of continuity with the prereform period—was initiated. Normalization entailed thoroughgoing political repression and the return to ideological conformity.
A new purge cleansed the Czechoslovak leadership of all reformist elements. Anti-Soviet demonstrations in August ushered in a period of harsh repression.
Citizens and Political Behavior
The s and s became known as the period of "normalization," in which the apologists for the Soviet invasion prevented, as best they could, any opposition to their conservative regime. Political, social, and economic life stagnated. The population, cowed by the "normalization," was quiet. The only point required during the Prague spring that was achieved was the federalization of the country as of , which however was more or less only formal under the normalization.
The newly created Federal Assembly i. He returned Czechoslovakia to an orthodox command economy with a heavy emphasis on central planning and continued to extend industrialization. For a while the policy seemed successful; the s, however, were more or less a period of economic stagnation. In the s, approximately 50 percent of Czechoslovakia's foreign trade was with the Soviet Union, and almost 80 percent was with communist countries. Through the s and s, the regime was challenged by individuals and organized groups aspiring to independent thinking and activity.
The first organized opposition emerged under the umbrella of Charter On 6 January , a manifesto called Charter 77 appeared in West German newspapers. The original manifesto reportedly was signed by persons; among them were artists, former public officials, and other prominent figures. The Charter had over signatures by the end of , including workers and youth. It criticized the government for failing to implement human rights provisions of documents it had signed, including the state's own constitution; international covenants on political, civil, economic, social, and cultural rights; and the Final Act of the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
Although not organized in any real sense, the signatories of Charter 77 constituted a citizens' initiative aimed at inducing the Czechoslovak Government to observe formal obligations to respect the human rights of its citizens. Signatories were arrested and interrogated; dismissal from employment often followed.
Citizens and Political Behavior - Oxford Handbooks
Because religion offered possibilities for thought and activities independent of the state, it too was severely restricted and controlled. Clergymen were required to be licensed. Unlike in Poland, dissent and independent activity were limited in Czechoslovakia to a fairly small segment of the population.
Many Czechs and Slovaks emigrated to the West. The slow pace of the Czechoslovak reform movement was an irritant to the Soviet leadership.
The first anti-Communist demonstration took place on 25 March in Bratislava the Candle demonstration in Bratislava. It was an unauthorized peaceful gathering of some 2, other sources 10, Roman Catholics.
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Demonstrations also occurred on 21 August the anniversary of the Soviet intervention in in Prague, on 28 October establishment of Czechoslovakia in in Prague, Bratislava and some other towns, in January death of Jan Palach on 16 January , on 21 August see above and on 28 October see above. The anti-Communist revolution started on 16 November in Bratislava, with a demonstration of Slovak university students for democracy, and continued with the well-known similar demonstration of Czech students in Prague on 17 November. On 17 November , the communist police violently broke up a peaceful pro-democracy demonstration, [33] brutally beating many student participants.
In the following days, Charter 77 and other groups united to become the Civic Forum , an umbrella group championing bureaucratic reform and civil liberties. Intentionally eschewing the label "party", a word given a negative connotation during the previous regime, Civic Forum quickly gained the support of millions of Czechs, as did its Slovak counterpart, Public Against Violence. Faced with an overwhelming popular repudiation, the Communist Party all but collapsed. The astonishing quickness of these events was in part due to the unpopularity of the communist regime and changes in the policies of its Soviet guarantor as well as to the rapid, effective organization of these public initiatives into a viable opposition.
A coalition government, in which the Communist Party had a minority of ministerial positions, was formed in December As anticipated, Civic Forum and Public Against Violence won landslide victories in their respective republics and gained a comfortable majority in the federal parliament. The parliament undertook substantial steps toward securing the democratic evolution of Czechoslovakia. It successfully moved toward fair local elections in November , ensuring fundamental change at the county and town level. Civic Forum found, however, that although it had successfully completed its primary objective—the overthrow of the communist regime—it was ineffectual as a governing party.
The demise of Civic Forum was viewed by most as necessary and inevitable. Get my own profile Cited by View all All Since Citations h-index 14 10 iindex 16 Verified email at vu. Comparative Politics - Dutch Political History.
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