He originally intended to write tales but only completed 24 before he died. Chaucer begins the work with an apology for anything in the stories which may be deemed inappropriate. The date of the conception and writing of The Canterbury Tales as a collection of stories has proved difficult to ascertain. The Tales were begun after some of Chaucer's other works, such as Legend of Good Women, which fails to mention them in a list of other works by the author.
However, it was probably written after his Troilus and Criseyde, since Legend is written in part as an apology for the portrayal of women in the Criseyde character. Troilus is dated to sometime between and , with Legend coming soon after, possibly in Work on The Canterbury Tales as a whole probably began in the late s and continued as Chaucer neared his death in the year Two of the tales, The Knight's Tale and The Second Nun's Tale, were probably written before the compilation of stories was ever conceived.
It describes the death of Barnabo Visconti, which occurred on December 19, , although some scholars believe the lines about him were added after the main tale had already been written.
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References to her in Envoy to Bukton seem to indicate that her character was quite famous in London by that time. Chaucer's use of sources also provide chronological clues. Jerome's work is also an addition to Chaucer's Prologue to a revised Legend of Good Women dated to , suggesting that these three tales were written sometime in the mids.
Scholars have also used Chaucer's references to astronomy to find the dates specific tales were written. From the data Chaucer provides in the prologue, for example, the pilgrimage in which the tales are told takes place in A total of 83 medieval manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales are known to exist, more than any other vernacular medieval literary work except The Prick of Conscience.
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This provides some evidence for the tales' popularity during the fifteenth century. However, other variations suggest that Chaucer himself was constantly adding to and revising his work as it was copied and distributed. No official, complete version of the Tales exists and it is impossible with the information available to determine Chaucer's preferred order or even, in some cases, whether he even had any particular order in mind. Scholars usually divide the tales into ten fragments. The tales that make up a fragment are directly connected and make clear distinctions about what order they go in, usually with one character speaking to and then stepping aside for another character.
Between fragments, however, there is less of a connection. This means that there are several possible permutations for the order of the fragments and consequently the tales themselves. Below is list of the most popular ordering of the fragments: In other cases, the above order follows that set by early manuscripts.
Fragments IV and V, by contrast are located in varying locations from manuscript to manuscript. The scribe uses the order shown above, though he does not seem to have had a full collection of Chaucer's tales, so part are missing. The most beautiful of the manuscripts is the Ellesmere manuscript, and many editors have followed the order of the Ellesmere over the centuries, even down to the present day.
Since this version was created from a now-lost manuscript, it is counted as among the 83 manuscripts. Chaucer's narrative framework appears to have been original. No other work prior to Chaucer's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage. However, Chaucer borrowed portions, sometimes very large portions, of his stories from earlier stories, as well as from the general state of the literary world in which he lived. Storytelling was the main form of entertainment in England at the time, and storytelling contests had been around for thousands of years.
In fourteenth-century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group. The winner received a crown and, as with the winner of the Canterbury Tales, a free dinner. It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen "master of ceremonies" to guide them and organize the journey.
There are also numerous parallels with Boccaccio's Decameron. Like the Tales, it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken to flee from the Black Plague. It ends with an apology by Boccaccio, much like Chaucer's Retraction to the Tales. One-fourth of the tales in Canterbury Tales parallels a tale in the Decameron, although most of them have closer parallels in other stories.
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Scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand, surmising instead that he must have merely read the Decameron while visiting Italy at some point. Chaucer was the first author to utilize the work of these last two, both Italians. Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy appears in several tales, as do the works of John Gower , a known friend to Chaucer. Chaucer also seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopedias and liturgical writings, such as John Bromyard's Summa praedicantium, a preacher's handbook, and St.
The Canterbury Tales falls into the same genre as many other works of its day—a collection of stories organized into a frame narrative or frame tale.
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Chaucer's Tales differed from other stories in this genre chiefly in its intense variation. Most story collections focused on a theme, usually a religious one. Even in the Decameron, storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day. Chaucer's work has much more variation, not only in theme, but in the social class of the tellers and the meter and style of each story told than any other story of the frame narrative genre. The pilgrimage motif, which served as a useful narrative device to accumulate a diverse set of voices, was also unprecedented.
Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety, and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms. While the structure of the Tales is largely linear, with one story following another, it is also innovative in several respects.
In the General Prologue , Chaucer describes not the tales but the narrators, making it clear that structure will depend on the characters rather than a general theme or moral. This idea is reinforced when the Miller interrupts to tell his tale after the Knight has finished his. Beginning where "O is for Oral" left off, Abby and Brian and their swinging friends engage in an orgiastic session in front of a crowd at the club.
In the end, Abby again doubts herself and how Brian sees her in their relationship.
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Not for Adults Only This ebook does not contain graphic sexual content. Sorry to disappoint, but, well, you can decide for yourselves whether you like it or not. Some readers may find this subject matter romantic. You have been warned.
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Brian takes the relationship to a whole new level After a workout, Abby and her friend, Mandi, retire to the sauna, where they discuss Mandi's sexual frustration. Fortunately, Brian joins them at just the right moment This story does contain graphic sexual content, for those of you who missed it in Q is for Question.
A weekend retreat for swingers, and a new friend for Abby and Brian, leads to new sexual adventures. Abby, Brian and Mandi continue to enjoy their swinger's weekend when a series of events leads Abby to make a rash decision Abby copes with her jealousy, and Brian misses her. Will they find a way to get back together?
Or is their relationship doomed? Abby has given up on her relationship with Brian, angry at his infidelity. She decides to get back at him with an indiscretion of her own, but things don't work out exactly like she plans Abby and Brian have agreed to meet to discuss their problems, but there is a complication neither of them counted on.
Brian sets some conditions for Abby Abby, bound and helpless, enjoys Brian's new techniques, even as he punishes her for her recent indiscretions The review must be at least 50 characters long.
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