He did, however, say "It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views. On 31 October , Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and issued a declaration acknowledging the errors committed by the Catholic Church tribunal that judged the scientific positions of Galileo Galilei, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.
According to Stephen Hawking , Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else, [] and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science. Galileo's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto as the Galilean moons.
Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft , [] the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system , the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal unit , sometimes known as the Galileo, which is a non- SI unit of acceleration.
Partly because was the fourth centenary of Galileo's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope, the United Nations scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy. The International Year of Astronomy was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.
Asteroid Galilea is named in his honour. Galileo is mentioned several times in the "opera" section of the Queen song, " Bohemian Rhapsody ". Twentieth-century plays have been written on Galileo's life, including Life of Galileo by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht , with a film adaptation of it, and Lamp At Midnight by Barrie Stavis , [] as well as the play "Galileo Galilei". Kim Stanley Robinson wrote a science fiction novel entitled Galileo's Dream , in which Galileo is brought into the future to help resolve a crisis of scientific philosophy; the story moves back and forth between Galileo's own time and a hypothetical distant future and contains a great deal of biographical information.
Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: This coin also commemorates the th anniversary of the invention of Galileo's telescope. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In the silver ring, other telescopes are depicted: In , the Galileoscope was also released. Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the tract entitled The Little Balance La Billancetta describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water [] and the printed manual Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare on the operation of a geometrical and military compass.
The former was based on Aristotelian—Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum, bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. It also subscribed to the Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration. Galileo's The Starry Messenger Sidereus Nuncius was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope.
It reported his discoveries of:. Galileo published a description of sunspots in entitled Letters on Sunspots [] suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The Letters on Sunspots also reported his telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling "appendages" of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In , Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the " Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina " which was not published in printed form until This letter was a revised version of the Letter to Castelli , which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture.
In , Galileo published The Assayer —Il Saggiatore , which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze in in Holland , outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Galileo disambiguation and Galileo Galilei disambiguation. Portrait of Galileo Galilei , by Justus Sustermans. Pisa , Duchy of Florence. Arcetri , Grand Duchy of Tuscany , Italy. Kinematics Dynamics Telescopic observational astronomy Heliocentrism. University of Pisa University of Padua His father was the musician Vincenzo Galilei. Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory. Equations for a falling body. This section needs additional citations for verification.
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August Learn how and when to remove this template message. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the Dialogue left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio Drake, , p. Even Arthur Koestler , who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in The Sleepwalkers , after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue" , p.
Longomontanus's system could account for the apparent motions of sunspots just as well as the Copernican. According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him "in support of" his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time Feyerabend, , p. The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar , which was then in force throughout Christendom.
In it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. The Person of the Millennium: Critical Assessments , Volume 1. The Genesis of Science. Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs. Retrieved 21 May Renaissance and Reformation, — The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
University of St Andrews , Scotland. The Overlook Press, Astronomer and Physicist , Capstone, , p. The Century Dictionary and Encyclopedia. A Documentary History , n.
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Retrieved 2 November Encyclopedia of Physical Science. Retrieved on 14 January Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri. In Coyne, George V. Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Aesthetic Attitude and Scientific Thought". The Composition of Kepler's Astronomia Nova. Princeton University Press, University of Toronto Press, The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a Latinised version of his name and home town.
Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible. University of Notre Dame Press.
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Translated from Favaro , Texts from The Galileo Affair: Archived from the original on 30 September Retrieved 18 February A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is "available on-line".
The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject to only the less serious censure of "erroneous in faith" Fantoli, , p. See Galileo affair for further details. Retrieved 12 September Accessed on line 27 May The Science of Music at. Retrieved 20 February Journal for the History of Astronomy. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Archived 21 March at the Wayback Machine. The Sun Recorded Through History. Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April Favaro , , Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.
Notes and Records of the Royal Society. Retrieved 18 June In the Starry Messenger , written in Latin, Galileo had used the term "perspicillum". The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. Archived from the original PDF on 9 April Galileo Timeline last updated , The Galileo Project. See also Timeline of microscope technology. Retrieved 11 August From the Rhythm of Time to the Making of Matter. At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall.
He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed Drake, , p. The Falling Bodies Experiment. Last accessed 26 Dec Cornell University Press , , p. Christoffel Plantijn , reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated in: Oresme, however, regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena, and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of falling bodies Grant , , p.
He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity. The unfinished mechanics of Giuseppe Moletti. Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna of Vincenzo Galilei: North Texas State University, Retrieved 13 January Coming of Age in the Milky Way.
Source of the English translation. Archived 6 February at the Wayback Machine. The uncensored version of the Dialogue remained on the Index of prohibited books, however Heilbron , p. In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentrism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.
Sagt, Frankfurt , p. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics—indeed, of modern science altogether. The Spectacular Journey of the Galileo Spacecraft. South Brunswick, New Jersey: Archived from the original on 17 July Archived from the original on 24 October Archived from the original on 16 July The Private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste.
Altieri Biagi, Maria Galileo e la terminologia tecnico-scientifica.
The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism. University of Chicago Press. Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial. Chalmers, Alan Francis []. What is this thing called Science? Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum.
University of Wisconsin Press. The Natural Philosophy of Galileo. Consolmagno, Guy; Schaefer, Marta Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa.
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Drabkin, Israel; Drake, Stillman, eds. On Motion and On Mechanics. Notes to English translation of Galileo's Dialogue. Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo. Controversy on the Comets of University of Michigan Press. The University of Toronto Press. Drake, Stillman; Kowal, C. A History of Mechanics. University of California Press. Translated by Bargmann, Sonja. For Copernicanism and the Church third English ed. Favaro, Antonio , ed. Archived from the original on 13 July Reprinted — and — A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence, and a brief overview of Le Opere is available here at the Wayback Machine archived 3 January The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend.
Fillmore, Charles July []. Metaphysical Bible Dictionary 17th ed. Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs. Galileo on the world systems: Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: Galilei, Galileo []. The Controversy on the Comets of Translated by Drake, Stillman. Galilei, Galileo [, ]. Crew, Henry; de Salvio, Alfonso, eds. Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences.
Retrieved 21 February Galilei, Galileo; Scheiner, Christoph Gebler, Karl von Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia. Galileo Galilei, A biography and inquiry into his philosophy and science. The Great Copernican Chase and other adventures in astronomical history.
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Setting Aside All Authority: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Grassi, Horatio a []. Introduction to the Controversy on the Comets of Translated by O'Malley, C. Grassi, Horatio b []. University of Pennsylvania Press. British Journal for the History of Science. Father of modern science. The Rosen Publishing Group. The Cambridge concise history of astronomy Cambridge University Press.
A Brief History of Time. Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo. Great Feuds in Science. Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever. The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe. In Taton and Wilson. Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy Between and The Refusal to Accommodate. Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System. The History of the Telescope Dover reprint ed. Koestler, Arthur []. Original edition published by Hutchinson , London. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology.
Galileo, Science and the Church third ed. American Journal of Physics. McMullin, Ernan , ed. The Church and Galileo. The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, The Science of Mechanics. The Cambridge Companion to Galileo. Moss, Jean Dietz; Wallace, William Ondra, Leos July Owen, Richard 29 January Owen, Richard; Delaney, Sarah In Koetsier, Teun; Bergmans, Luc. Mathematics and the Divine. Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal Turning point for Europe? Translated by McNeil, Brian. Galileo Galilei, his life and his works. Galileo, a Philosophical Study. The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius.
Sobel, Dava []. The Beginnings of Modern Science from to Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton. Van Helden, Albert Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley. Galileo and His Sources: Use our checked baggage calculator to determine your free checked baggage allowance, and any additional fees should you exceed it. Change language and edition ca - Edition - English. Upgrades Opens in a New Window.
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