Secondly, there simply were not very many priests in the rural areas, especially in Oriente. Those Cubans who chose to maintain a faith practice were left to produce a religiosity of their own design. The popular religiosity which did develop among white and creole Cubans was a local version of Catholicism enriched with African influences.
It is based on the maintenance of relationships, both among people and between people and deities called orishas. Since orishas were comparable to and interchangeable with Catholic saints, slaves could put on a face of Catholic piety while worshiping their own gods. Since the relaxation of state censure in the s there has been an increase of Protestant missionary activity on the island. Catholic church membership is on the rise, and Pope John Paul II was welcomed to the island in January to the cheering of crowds of both the faithful and the curious.
Evangelical Protestantism is growing at an even faster rate, fed perhaps by the desperate material People during a street festival. Many religious persons, including priests, participated in the Revolution and supported its ideals, but when it was discovered in that churches were being used as bases of counterrevolutionary plotting, all foreign priests were invited to leave the island.
This hostility was cemented by the declaration of atheism in the first socialist constitution in Practicing religious leaders and the faithful were thereafter excluded from some professions and promotion to high governmental offices. However, Castro was impressed by the Liberation Theology of Latin America, which sided with the poor in their struggles against oppressive governments and neoliberal capitalism. The leading role of Christian religious leaders in the socialist Nicaraguan revolution was particularly noted by Castro, whose attitude toward religion softened considerably as a result.
In the s, more freedom was given to print religious materials and preach, and in , faith was removed as an impediment to party membership. Rituals and Holy Places. Because of the unpopularity and suppression of religion in the early revolutionary period, public Christian rituals are rare. There are no holy sites to which pilgrimages are made, although the cathedrals in Santiago and Havana are symbolic and continue to offer Mass.
More common is a home altar that may include both Catholic and African elements. Afrocuban religion is more likely to be celebrated publicly in Oriente. The churches continue to celebrate events on the Christian calendar, but these rituals do not generally spill out into the streets. Death and the Afterlife. There is no common pattern of belief regarding the afterlife.
Funerals are celebrated and may invoke religious imagery, but more common is a secular ceremony in which the deceased is remembered for her contribution to the socialist project. The Revolution's greatest success has been an astonishing improvement of the health of the population since Cubans have benefitted dramatically in the last forty years, with lower infant and maternal mortality rates, a higher average caloric consumption, and a vastly reduced number of persons served by each doctor.
Cuba has joined the United States and Canada as the only three nations in the Western Hemisphere to have been granted "best health status" by the United Nations. Since health care is not a matter of profit, and there are no insurance companies in search of wealth, Cuba can provide high-quality health care at a reasonable cost. Part of this success is due to an innovative system of distribution of health services and a focus on preventive medicine.
These specialists have been supplemented since with family physicians, who are even more widely distributed throughout the neighborhoods and focus on prevention and health maintenance. However, the revolutionary government has great faith in biomedical science as the vehicle for modernization and has invested heavily in biotechnological research.
Cuba has engaged in a massive program of humanitarian overseas aid, placing thousands of doctors, nurses, and public health technicians all over the second and third worlds. Several factors threaten the stability and efficacy of Cuba's health care system. The worsening of the United States embargo as a result of congressional legislation means that not only can medical equipment and medicines not reach Cuban ports, but neither can the latest research reports and scholarly journals.
Also, the hierarchical nature of government and society discourages popular participation. The result is a top-down approach to treatment with little patient-doctor consultation. Finally, in the severe spending restrictions of the Special Period, the state can not provide the same level of services it did when the economy was stable. Some health care professionals have been forced to abandon medical practice in favor of work in the more lucrative tourism industry.
Two significant events in the history of Cuba are celebrated annually with great fanfare. The first is the symbolic date of the triumph of the Cuban Revolution on 1 January , when Batista fled to Miami and the Sierra Maestra guerillas arrived in Havana. This celebration coincides neatly with New Year's. The second event is the attack on the Moncada barracks by Fidel and his fellow revolutionaries on 26 July , symbolically beginning the final and triumphant Cuban Revolutionary movement.
This celebration coincides with the annual "carnival" in both Santiago and Havana. Carnival, consisting of song and dace, outlandish costume, and much drinking and eating, has a history which far precedes the Revolution.
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Support for the Arts. The Revolution's stated goal is to nurture the development of each citizen's abilities, even if those talents are not economically productive. There has recently been some external funding as the international art world has taken great interest in Cuban artistic production.
In the early years of the Revolution, there was considerable censorship, but the state relaxed censorship in and now allows critical ideas to be debated openly as long as they do not incite treason. Though artistic production is supported by the state, in the past it was also ideologically constrained by state censors. But now that Cuban art has become popular in the United States and Europe, it has become a potential source of external revenue from tourists and art dealers. The state has become more permissive toward protest art since it became financially lucrative.
Film has been a popular and successful form of art since Cubans love going to the cinema; it is a favored and inexpensive form of recreation, and since film production has been socialized, going to the movies only costs about fourteen cents.
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Expressive language, music, and dance are a cultural heritage that Cubans express frequently. Any Cuban can dance and enjoys performing at Carnival, for tourists, or at parties. Afrocuban music is performed on street corners and in living rooms all over the island. Cuba is also known worldwide for the National Ballet of Cuba, whose founder and artistic director, Alicia Alonso, continues to guide the company and attend performances.
In keeping with the ideals of the socialist state, the ballet is supported by public funds, so that it is accessible to all citizens, costing only about twenty-five cents per performance. Scientists in all fields are supported by the state, which sees scientific advancement as the key to the success of the socialist project.
Medical research has been especially successful. But in the current economic crisis, the state has been unable to maintain its scientists and laboratories as it did in the past. The United States embargo makes it difficult to obtain even basic laboratory supplies. As to the social sciences, the government has supported thousands of historians, anthropologists, philosophers, and economists.
There is some limitation on social scientific research, since the state does not permit the publication of findings that suggest an abandonment of the socialist project or of the PCC. Within that constraint, any investigation or finding can be published and debated, even if it calls for reform. Cuba Faces the s, Halebsky, Sandor, and John Kirk, eds. Hatchwell, Emily, and Simon Calder.
A Guide to the People, Politics, Culture, The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, —, The New Cuban Economy. Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, —, Cuba at a Crossroads: Politics and Economics after the Fourth Party Congress, Between Reform and Revolution, Identity, Nationality, and Culture, Scarpaci, Cuba's New Entrepreneurs: Five Years of Small-Scale Capitalism, Smith, Lois, and Alfred Padula.
Women in Socialist Cuba, Alternative Name Republic of Cuba. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space In the colonial period, the port of Havana was strategically valuable as a military post, administrative center, and shipping port. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. Social Welfare and Change Programs Social change programs usually are instituted by a ministry or institute of the state.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations The state assumes full responsibility for all development projects and the well-being of its citizens and is reluctant the to admit need for external assistance. Marriage ,Family, and Kinship Marriage. Etiquette Being generous and hospitable is a highly valued quality. Medicine and Health Care The Revolution's greatest success has been an astonishing improvement of the health of the population since Secular Celebrations Two significant events in the history of Cuba are celebrated annually with great fanfare.
The Arts and Humanities Support for the Arts. The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Scientists in all fields are supported by the state, which sees scientific advancement as the key to the success of the socialist project. Cuba, or the Pursuit of Freedom, Who wrote the section on religion about the santero or orishas? I see references on the bottom, but I need to know which author wrote about the orishas.
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This information has been plenty of help with my Latin America Project! I have a lot to use in my 5 paragraph essay! And for anyone who wants to email me, you can reach me at spier97 gmail. Thanks, Goofy Person P. Go Cuba and Moscow,Russia! The information was overall very helpful, right-on about the racial dichotomies of Cuba that still many today try to hide or avoid. However, it is very difficult to talk about the political aspect after the Revolution since information has been censored, and stats may or may not be accurate. Therefore, some aspects about healthcare, education, boarding schools, and equality may be underrepresented or misrepresented since the stats that the government provides or tries to show may not necessarily be the case.
Only from experience, so do not quote me on this, many of the hospitals and clinics do not have the required tools and medicine for a patient, and some patients have left the hospital with more illnesses than they came in due to lack of sanitation, sterilization of medical equipment. There are have been good aspects of socialism and communism in Cuba described above, but let us not forget that information provided about Cuba from any source is not objective including mine, since I was born and grew up in Cuba, and now live in the US.
I am using this for a school paper and need to know who wrote it so I can cite it properly in my paper. Thank you so much for the info. This Website Helped A lot: It would be nice if you added what they wore in cuba. Wonderful info that helped me get a school project done, very useful info! This website has been very helpful on a school project for school it saved me a lot of time and everthing i needed was right there. Great information, inpartial and factual. Thank you so much, I printed it for my children to read about Cuba, since I am Cuban. This is the best non biased site I have come across on the internet.
This document was very helpful. I used it for an assignment but need to cite it properly. How do I do this. This website has be amazing to me. It had a lot of helpful information that I needed for my schools projects. But i need to know which author wrote about the religion section? Thanks for the information! What is the main difference between the men and women in cuba? What do the men do and what do the women do.
It will be more useful for me if you add some information about the promotion of equitable democratic international order in cuba. I just stumbled on and read your web page, - and I am amazed about the clarity with which you describe the essence of the topics. Thank you for your work and efforts.
What is the cause of lack of food? What is being done to help these people? This was really intersting and it really helped me and my friend withour project but we wouls like it if you put up somethinhg about cuban clothing. This is very good info. I would be very grateful if you could help me in any way, for example: Yours sincerely Anna Griffith.
Thank you too whom ever wrote the article because it wss very helpful to me and my projects. This website is full with good factual information Thank you for making this website!!!
Wonderful information, this has helped me greatly with my homework, thanks who ever made this site. This information helped me very much. I was able to correctly complete my homework assignment because of this. This will definitively help me get an A on my 5th grade report card cant wait to see the grade. Whoever wrote this is a genius and I must thank them very much! The info is really helpful for my project and I really need to bring my grade up so thanks.
Too bad I need 6 sources for the project. Now I probably only need one! For those of you that made comments of what they wore in Cuba. They really never have had or have a cultural dress. The only thing that is very common are uniforms among school children and they vary per grade.
Also the government uniforms too are common among all military in Cuba. There is also one style of shirt worn by men up until a certain time which is really unknown. This style of shirt is called a "guayabera" it is now more commonly used by government workers. I am doing an essay on Cuba and I was wondering; what are the ages kids get out and in of middle school?
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What are their beliefs n school? Do the learn any languages? If so, which ones? This artical was really interesting. This website had very informative information, and helped me learn a lot about the culture of Cuba. This was amazing, thank you. Everything I needed was right here! Really helped a lot for my report on Cuba. Thank you for this wonderful website. It helped me a a lot on my Cuban project. Thanks for the information it helped a lot on my Cuban Research Project! Total Record 18 Page 1 2.
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- A Thousand Stars Explode in the Sky (Modern Plays).
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