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No, cancel Yes, report it Thanks! You've successfully reported this review. We appreciate your feedback. March 22, Imprint: You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices: After World War II began, Woolf's diary indicates that she was obsessed with death, which figured more and more as her mood darkened. In her suicide note , addressed to her husband, she wrote:. I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of those terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what seems the best thing to do.
You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier till this terrible disease came. I can't fight it any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know.
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You see I can't even write this properly. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that—everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been. Woolf is considered to be one of the greatest twentieth century novelists and short story writers and one of the pioneers, among modernist writers [] [] using stream of consciousness as a narrative device , alongside contemporaries such as Marcel Proust , [] [] Dorothy Richardson and James Joyce.
The growth of feminist criticism in the s helped re-establish her reputation. Virginia submitted her first article in , to a competition in Tit-Bits. Although it was rejected, this shipboard romance by the eight-year old, would presage her first novel twenty-five years later, as were contributions to the Hyde Park News , such as the model letter "to show young people the right way to express what is in their hearts", a subtle commentary on her mother's legendary matchmaking.
Virginia Woolf
Virginia was invited to submit a 1, page article, and she sent Lyttelton two contributions in November, a review of W. Woolf would go on to publish novels and essays as a public intellectual to both critical and popular acclaim. Much of her work was self-published through the Hogarth Press. Her novels are highly experimental: Intense lyricism and stylistic virtuosity fuse to create a world overabundant with auditory and visual impressions".
Her first novel, The Voyage Out , [] was published in at the age of 33, by her half-brother's imprint, Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd. This novel was originally titled Melymbrosia , but Woolf repeatedly changed the draft. An earlier version of The Voyage Out has been reconstructed by Woolf scholar Louise DeSalvo and is now available to the public under the intended title.
DeSalvo argues that many of the changes Woolf made in the text were in response to changes in her own life. In the novel are hints of themes that would emerge in later work, including the gap between preceding thought and the spoken word that follows, and the lack of concordance between expression and underlying intention, together with how these reveal to us aspects of the nature of love. The plot centres on the Ramsay family's anticipation of and reflection upon a visit to a lighthouse and the connected familial tensions.
One of the primary themes of the novel is the struggle in the creative process that beset painter Lily Briscoe while she struggles to paint in the midst of the family drama. The novel is also a meditation upon the lives of a nation's inhabitants in the midst of war, and of the people left behind. A Biography [] is one of Virginia Woolf's lightest novels. A parodic biography of a young nobleman who lives for three centuries without ageing much past thirty but who does abruptly turn into a woman , the book is in part a portrait of Woolf's lover Vita Sackville-West.
In Orlando , the techniques of historical biographers are being ridiculed; the character of a pompous biographer is being assumed in order for it to be mocked. A Biography [] is a part-fiction, part-biography of the cocker spaniel owned by Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The book is written from the dog's point of view. In the play, Flush is on stage for much of the action. The play was produced for the first time in by the actress Katharine Cornell.
Moore , among others towards doctrinaire rationalism, it is not a simple recapitulation of the coterie's ideals. Woolf's fiction has been studied for its insight into many themes including war , shell shock , witchcraft , and the role of social class in contemporary modern British society. Dalloway , [] Woolf addresses the moral dilemma of war and its effects [] [] and provides an authentic voice for soldiers returning from World War I , suffering from shell shock, in the person of Septimus Smith.
In her essay Am I a Snob? She concluded she was, and subsequent critics and supporters have tried to deal with the dilemma of being both elite and a social critic. Despite the considerable conceptual difficulties, given Woolf's idiosyncratic use of language, [] her works have been translated into over 50 languages.
Virginia Woolf researched the life of her great-aunt , the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron , publishing her findings in an essay titled Pattledom , [] and later in her introduction to her edition of Cameron's photographs. Finally it was performed on January 18, at the studio of her sister, Vanessa Bell on Fitzroy Street in Freshwater is a short three act comedy satirizing the Victorian era , that was only performed once in Woolf's lifetime. Both Cameron and Woolf fought against the class and gender dynamics of Victorianism [] and the play shows links to both To the Lighthouse and A Room of One's Own that would follow.
Over her relatively short life, Virginia Woolf wrote a body of autobiographical work and more than five hundred essays and reviews , [] some of which, like A Room of One's Own were of book length. Not all were published in her lifetime. Shortly after her death, Leonard Woolf produced an edited edition of unpublished essays titled The Moment and other Essays , [] published by the Hogarth Press in Many of these were originally lectures that she gave, [] and several more volumes of essays followed, such as The Captain's death bed: Amongst Woolf's non fiction works, one of the best known is A Room of One's Own , [] a book-length essay.
Considered a key work of feminist literary criticism, it was written following two lectures she delivered on "Women and Fiction" at Cambridge University the previous year. In it, she examines the historical disempowerment women have faced in many spheres, including social, educational and financial. One of her most famous dicta is contained within the book "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".
Much of her argument "to show you how I arrived at this opinion about the room and the money" is developed through the "unsolved problems" of women and fiction writing to arrive at her conclusion, although she claimed that was only "an opinion upon one minor point". She contrasted these women who accepted a deferential status, to Jane Austen who wrote entirely as a woman.
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A major influence on Woolf from onward was Russian literature as Woolf adopted many of its aesthetic conventions. Another influence on Woolf was the American writer Henry David Thoreau , with Woolf writing in a essay that her aim as a writer was to follow Thoreau by capturing "the moment, to burn always with this hard, gem-like flame" while praising Thoreau for his statement "The millions are awake enough for physical labor, but only one in hundreds of millions is awake enough to a poetic or divine life.
To be awake is to be alive". In her lifetime, Woolf was outspoken on many topics that were considered controversial, some of which are now considered progressive, others regressive. On the other hand, she has been criticised for views on class and race in her private writings and published works. Like many of her contemporaries, some of her writing is now considered offensive. As a result, she is considered polarising, a revolutionary feminist and socialist hero or a purveyor of hate speech. Works such as A Room of One's Own [] and Three Guineas [] are frequently taught as icons of feminist literature in courses that would be very critical of some of her views expressed elsewhere.
Virginia Woolf was born into an agnostic family, and in a letter to Ethel Smyth , Woolf gives a scathing denunciation of Christianity , seeing it as self-righteous "egotism" and stating "my Jew has more religion in one toenail—more human love, in one hair. Hermione Lee cites a number of extracts from Woolf's writings that many, including herself, would consider offensive, and these criticisms can be traced back as far as those of Wyndham Lewis and Q.
Leavis in the s and s. Some authors, particularly postcolonial feminists dismiss her and modernist authors in general as privileged, elitist , classist , racist , and antisemitic. Woolf's tendentious expressions, including prejudicial feelings against disabled people have often been the topic of academic criticism: The first quotation is from a diary entry of September and runs "[t]he fact is the lower classes are detestable.
Though accused of anti-semitism , [] the treatment of Judaism and Jews by Woolf is complex and far from straightforward. For instance, she described some of the Jewish characters in her work in terms that suggested they were physically repulsive or dirty. On the other hand, she could criticise her own views: Leonard, "a penniless Jew from Putney", lacked the material status of the Stephens and their circle. While travelling on a cruise to Portugal she protested at finding "a great many Portuguese Jews on board, and other repulsive objects, but we keep clear of them".
Yet Woolf and her husband Leonard came to despise and fear the s fascism and antisemitism. Her book Three Guineas [] was an indictment of fascism and what Woolf described as a recurring propensity among patriarchal societies to enforce repressive societal mores by violence. Though at least one biography of Virginia Woolf appeared in her lifetime, the first authoritative study of her life was published in by her nephew Quentin Bell. Hermione Lee 's biography Virginia Woolf [] provides a thorough and authoritative examination of Woolf's life and work, which she discussed in interview in Julia Briggs's Virginia Woolf: An Inner Life focuses on Woolf's writing, including her novels and her commentary on the creative process, to illuminate her life.
The sociologist Pierre Bourdieu also uses Woolf's literature to understand and analyse gender domination. The intense scrutiny of Virginia Woolf's literary output see Bibliography has inevitably led to speculation as to her mother's influence, including psychoanalytic studies of mother and daughter. Her memories of her mother are memories of an obsession, [] [] starting with her first major breakdown on her mother's death in , the loss having a profound lifelong effect.
Woolf described her mother as an "invisible presence" in her life, and Ellen Rosenman argues that the mother-daughter relationships is a constant in Woolf's writing. To Woolf, "Saint Julia" was both a martyr whose perfectionism was intimidating and a source of deprivation, by her absences real and virtual and premature death. A number of Virginia Woolf's works have been adapted for the screen, and her play Freshwater [] is the basis for a chamber opera , Freshwater , by Andy Vores.
Virginia Woolf is known for her contributions to twentieth century literature and her essays, as well as the influence she has had on literary, particularly feminist criticism. In addition trusts such as the Asham Trust have been set up to encourage writers, in her honour. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the British modernist author. For the American children's author, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. For the British rock band, see Virginia Wolf. For other people, see Woolf surname. Virginia Stephen Woolf in Photo: BBC radio broadcast 29 April [1].
It had, running down the hill, little lawns, surrounded by thick escallonia bushes You entered Talland House by a large wooden gate From the Lookout place one had Virginia and Adrian Stephen playing cricket Virginia and Vanessa [70]. Virginia 3rd from left with her mother and the Stephen children at their lessons, Talland House c. The Stephens and their Bloomsbury Friends. Little Talland House, Firle. Monk's House , Rodmell. A Room of One's Own. Bibliography of Virginia Woolf. Ancestors of Virginia Woolf James Stephen — [] 8. James Stephen — [] Sibella Milner died [] 4.
Sir James Stephen — [] 9. Anna Stent — [] 2. Leslie Stephen — [] Henry Venn — [] John Venn — [] Eling Bishop — [] 5. William King — [] Katherine King — [] Virginia Woolf — [] William Jackson [] [] George Jackson — [] Susannah Dean [] [] 6. Dr John Jackson — [14] William Howard — [] Mary Howard — [] Elizabeth Mitford born [] 3.
Julia Prinsep Jackson — [] Thomas Pattle — [] [] James Peter Pattle — [14] Sarah Haselby [] [] 7. Maria Theodosia Pattle — [14] Chevalier Ambrose Pierre Antoine de l'Etang — [] [] Adeline Marie de l'Etang — [14] Therese Josephe Blin de Grincourt — [] [] []. Ives Nursing Association had hired "a trained nurse It was convinced that girls must be changed into married women. It had no doubts, no mercy; no understanding of any other wish; of any other gift. In women were allowed to prepare for degrees. The orphaned daughter of a wealthy stockbroker , Ka attended Newnham College , Cambridge and was the second treasurer of the Cambridge Fabian Society , one of Rupert Brooke's lovers, she became both friend and nurse to Virginia Woolf.
One walks, eats, sees things, deals with what has to be done; the broken vacuum cleaner; However she and Vanessa decorated the interior, "staining the floors the colours of the Atlantic in a storm" Letters, no. In particular, 18 pages of new material was inserted between pp. Page of that edition resumes as page in the second edition, so that page references to the first edition in the literature, after p. This added 22 new pages, and changed the pagination for the Memoir Club essays that followed by an extra 22 pages.
Pagination also varies between printings of the 2nd. I always find that the novel I'm finishing, even if it's turned out fairly well, is not the novel I had in my mind. But I did learn something that was to be very useful to me in my future writing—the technique of the interior monologue. I later found this in Virginia Woolf, and I like the way she uses it better than Joyce. I read a lot of Faulkner then. You might not know this, but in the '50s, American literature was new.
English literature was English. So there were these avant-garde professors making American literature a big deal. That tickles me now. Florence Henrietta Fisher — who married Frederic William Maitland — in , who wrote the biography of Leslie Stephen [] and 2. June 22, ; p. Retrieved 2 November Books and theses [ edit ] Batchelor, John, ed. The Art of Literary Biography. Beauvoir, Simone de [].
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Theory and Practice of Women's Autobiographical Writings. The Social Scene of Early Modernism. Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood. Literature, Science, and Autobiography. University of Michigan Press. Jaillant, Lise 17 April Mandler, Peter ; Pedersen, Susan , eds. University of Toronto Press. Modernism and the Ordinary. A Sense of Shock: Vanessa and Her Sister. Culture Wars in British Literature: Multiculturalism and National Identity. Victorian Translations of Tragedy.
Ramazanoglu, Caroline; Holland, Janet Richardson, Dorothy []. Ross, Stephen; Thomson, Tara, eds. Modernism and the Architecture of Private Life. South Kensington Museums Area. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen , ed. Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature 2nd ed. Steele, Elizabeth; Gillespie, Dianne F, eds. Stories for Children, Essays for Adults. Broughton, Panthea Reid English Literature in Transition, Review. Stuart, Christopher; Todd, Stephanie, eds. New Essays on Life Writing and the Body. Virginia Woolf [ edit ] Acheson, James, ed.
Virginia Stephen to Virginia Woolf to A Virginia Woolf Chronology. Bond, Alma Halbert Who Killed Virginia Woolf?: Insight Books Human Sciences. A Study of the Short Fiction, and: Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo, eds. Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography: University of Iowa Press. The Ambiguity of Feeling. University of Wisconsin Press. Czarnecki, Kristin; Rohman, Carrie, eds. Virginia Woolf and the Natural World. Dalsimer, Katherine []. Dally, Peter John The Marriage of Heaven and Hell.
Elisabeth 23 July New York Times Review. A Very Close Conspiracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-Garde: The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf. The Early Suitors of Virginia Woolf. Hadley, Tessa 21 October Holtby, Winifred []. The Hidden Life of Virginia Woolf. Lee, Hermione []. Retrieved 12 March Virginia Woolf and the Great War. Living in Squares, Loving in Triangles: Sweeney, Aoibheann 17 December Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Group in Twickenham. Borough of Twickenham Local History Society.
Poole, Roger [].
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The Unknown Virginia Woolf. A Life of Virginia Woolf. Rosenman, Ellen Bayuk Virginia Woolf and the Mother-daughter Relationship. Louisiana State University Press. Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship". University of Chicago Press. Palgrave Advances in Virginia Woolf Studies. Art, Life and Vision Exhibition catalogue. National Portrait Gallery, London. Squier, Susan Merrill Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City. University of North Carolina Press. Wilson, Jean Moorcroft Virginia Woolf Life and London. A Biography of Place. Mental health [ edit ] Bennett, Maxwell Virginia Woolf and Neuropsychiatry.
The Flight of the Mind: University of California Press. Jamison, Kay Redfield Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior. Falling into the Fire. Virginia Woolf and the "Lust of Creation": My Madness Saved Me: The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf. Trombley, Stephen October All that Summer She was Mad: Virginia Woolf and Her Doctors.
Other [ edit ] Bell, Vanessa The Selected Letters of Vanessa Bell. Who was Dr Jackson?: Two Calcutta Families, British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia. Bicknell, John W, ed. Selected Letters of Leslie Stephen: Ohio State University Press. Bloom, Abigail Burnham; Maynard, John, eds. Brooke, Rupert ; Strachey, James The Eighteen Nineties Society. The Life of Rupert Brooke.
Garnett, Angelica []. A Life of Anny Thackeray Ritchie. Lee, Hermione 10 January Messud, Claire 10 December Retrieved 14 February Jones, Nigel [ Metro Books]. Life, Death and Myth. Parker, Peter 23 October The Daily Telegraph Review.
Virginia Woolf - Wikipedia
Retrieved 10 April A Life of David Garnett. Wade, Francesca 26 June The Louisa Parlby Album: Maitland, Frederic William The life and letters of Leslie Stephen. Retrieved 2 January Moggridge, Donald Edward Friends, Family and Affections. Hyde Park Gate News: The Stephen Family Newspaper. Retrieved 9 January Venn, John [ Macmillan, London].
Annals of a Clerical Family: Julia Margaret Cameron's Women. Art Institute of Chicago. An Autobiography of the Years to The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf. Barrett, Eileen; Cramer, Patricia, eds. Lesbian readings of Woolf's novels: Bloom, Harold , ed. Critical essays on Virginia Woolf. A Companion to Virginia Woolf. George Eliot and Virginia Woolf. Virginia Woolf's views of consciousness in relation to art and life MLitt thesis.
Department of English Studies, Durham University. Virginia Woolf and the Visible World. Virginia Woolf and the Victorians. The Feminist Aesthetics of Virginia Woolf: Modernism, Post-Impressionism, and the Politics of the Visual. Gruber, Ruth []. The Will to Create as a Woman. From the Lighthouse to Monk's House: Edinburgh Companion to Virginia Woolf and the Arts. Virginia Woolf and war: A Bibliography of Virginia Woolf. Koutsantoni, Dr Katerina Virginia Woolf's Common Reader. Ashgate Publishing , Ltd.
Modernism and the Novel. Hite, Molly 11 March Modernism and the Novel". The novels of Virginia Woolf. Madden, Mary C March 31, Virginia Woolf and the persistent question of class: The protean nature of class and self PhD thesis. Department of English, University of South Florida. Majumdar, Robin; McLaurin, Allen []. Martin, Ann; Holland, Kathryn, eds. Ruth 24 November The Frames of Art and Life.
The Victorian heritage of Virginia Woolf: Randall, Bryony; Goldman, Jane, eds. Virginia Woolf in Context. University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Ryan, Derek; Bolaki, Stella, eds.
The Cambridge Companion to Virginia Woolf. The Patterns of Ordinary Experience. A Guide for the Perplexed. Virginia Woolf and the Politics of Style. Virginia Woolf's Rooms and the Spaces of Modernity. Virginia Woolf and the Real World. Virginia Woolf and the Real World". Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. Pearce, Richard Autumn A Forum on Fiction Review. The Bloomsbury Group Memoir Club. Hughes, Kathryn 23 January How a writing group — and some shocking recollections — influenced classic novels". Retrieved 21 March The Cambridge Companion to the Bloomsbury Group.
Pryor, William , ed. A Different Sort of Friendship. Chapters and contributions [ edit ] Alexander, Christine Moments of Being PDF. Natural History and Ecology in Mrs. The sense of the past in Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. The elusive Julia Stephen. Virginia Woolf, Performing Race. Virginia Woolf and Offence. Virginia Woolf and entertaining. The Journal of Narrative Technique. A Review of English Literature. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. Bond, AH October The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. Church, Johanna January Dalsimer, Katherine May American Journal of Psychiatry.
Haule, James Winter A Novel in the Making by Louise A. Jones, Christine Kenyon; Snaith, Anna Woolf at King's College London". Journal of Modern Literature. Koutsantoni, Katerina June Koutsantoni; Oakley, Madeleine 2 April Lewis, Alison M Autumn Retrieved 12 February From a Moral to a Political Reading". McNicol, Jean 20 October London Review of Books. Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. Majumdar, Raja Fall The Thoreau Society Bulletin Metzgar, Lisa Spring Virginia Woolf and the aesthetic experience in "The Duchess and the Jeweller " ".
Journal of English Studies. Swenson, Kristine 26 October Art and Agency in Freshwater". Clues to early sexual abuse in literature". The Psychoanalytic study of the child. Doshisha Studies in English. Dictionaries and encyclopaedias Bell, Alan 24 May Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed. Subscription or UK public library membership required. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Garnett, Jane 23 September Reid, Panthea 25 January Newspapers and magazines Anonymous 25 January The Times of India.
Retrieved 25 January Virginia Stephen Woolf to Leonard Woolf". Retrieved 22 March Bas, Marcel 23 January Snubbing or uplifting the masses? Bollen, Christopher 1 May Retrieved 23 February Brockes, Emma 7 February A life in writing". Brown, Mark 9 July Fallon, Claire 25 January Retrieved 9 February Gross, John 1 December Kronenberger, Louis 10 November Matar, Hisham 10 November The Silence of Virginia Woolf". Monks, Aoife 23 May Wills, Mathew 13 May Young, Kevin 27 October Websites and documents [ edit ] Brown, Kimmy Sophia 8 April Retrieved 17 February Carter, Jason 14 September