Tom Randall Nina Muschallik Kat Koller Mpho Lovinga Gabriel Rest of cast listed alphabetically: Mercenary Radioman Rod Campbell Mercenary Sergeant Itayi Chapendama VanDamm's Mercenary Chido Chimanga Mercenary Corporal Norbert Fero Rebel Soldier 2 Donald Garwe Angolan Villager Tendayi Gurure Mercenary Gunner Wilfred Kalipengule Rebel Soldier 1 Rockie Katsande Edit Storyline Angola is on the brink of revolution. Your next step, could be your last. Hazard type will be dependant on:.
How explosives of different hazard type can affect their surroundings can also depend on the orientation of any packaging, additional confinement or building that they are in. For those explosives being kept as packaged for carriage, and that have been classified, there will generally be a direct correlation between the UN hazard division HD assigned them on classification for transport and the hazard type HT they should be allocated for storage, ie:.
Explosives that have been assigned, on classification, the UN HD 1. Detailed information on the determination of hazard type can be found in the overarching guidance — safety provisions L and relevant sub-sector guidance. Skip to content Skip to navigation.
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Health and Safety Executive. The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide , steam , and nitrogen. Explosives with an oxygen deficit will generate soot or gases like carbon monoxide and hydrogen , which may react with surrounding materials such as atmospheric oxygen.
By comparison, CDP detonation is based on the rapid reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon with the abundant release of energy. Rather than produce typical waste gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and nitric oxides, CDP is different. Instead, the highly energetic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon vaporizes and pressurizes excess dry ice at the wave front, which is the only gas released from the detonation. The velocity of detonation for CDP formulations can therefore be customized by adjusting the weight percentage of reducing agent and dry ice.
CDP detonations produce a large amount of solid materials that can have great commercial value as an abrasive:. The products of detonation in this example are magnesium oxide, carbon in various phases including diamond, and vaporized excess carbon dioxide that was not consumed by the amount of magnesium in the explosive formulation.
Oxygen balance is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized. If an explosive molecule contains just enough oxygen to convert all of its carbon to carbon dioxide, all of its hydrogen to water, and all of its metal to metal oxide with no excess, the molecule is said to have a zero oxygen balance. The molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if it contains less oxygen than is needed.
Oxygen balance applies to traditional explosives mechanics with the assumption that carbon is oxidized to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide during detonation. In what seems like a paradox to an explosives expert, Cold Detonation Physics uses carbon in its most highly oxidized state as the source of oxygen in the form of carbon dioxide.
Oxygen balance, therefore, either does not apply to a CDP formulation or must be calculated without including the carbon in the carbon dioxide.
Explosive - Wikipedia
A chemical explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound, such as nitroglycerin , or a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizer , such as black powder or grain dust and air. Some chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react, possibly to the point of detonation. Each molecule of the compound dissociates into two or more new molecules generally gases with the release of energy. The above compositions may describe most of the explosive material, but a practical explosive will often include small percentages of other substances. For example, dynamite is a mixture of highly sensitive nitroglycerin with sawdust , powdered silica , or most commonly diatomaceous earth , which act as stabilizers.
Plastics and polymers may be added to bind powders of explosive compounds; waxes may be incorporated to make them safer to handle; aluminium powder may be introduced to increase total energy and blast effects. Explosive compounds are also often "alloyed": An oxidizer is a pure substance molecule that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the fuel component of the explosive burns.
On the simplest level, the oxidizer may itself be an oxidizing element , such as gaseous or liquid oxygen. The availability and cost of explosives are determined by the availability of the raw materials and the cost, complexity, and safety of the manufacturing operations. A primary explosive is an explosive that is extremely sensitive to stimuli such as impact , friction , heat , static electricity , or electromagnetic radiation.
Some primary explosives are also known as contact explosives.
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A relatively small amount of energy is required for initiation. As a very general rule, primary explosives are considered to be those compounds that are more sensitive than PETN.
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As a practical measure, primary explosives are sufficiently sensitive that they can be reliably initiated with a blow from a hammer; however, PETN can also usually be initiated in this manner, so this is only a very broad guideline. Additionally, several compounds, such as nitrogen triiodide , are so sensitive that they cannot even be handled without detonating.
Nitrogen triiodide is so sensitive that it can be reliably detonated by exposure to alpha radiation ; it is the only explosive for which this is true. Primary explosives are often used in detonators or to trigger larger charges of less sensitive secondary explosives. Primary explosives are commonly used in blasting caps and percussion caps to translate a physical shock signal.
In other situations, different signals such as electrical or physical shock, or, in the case of laser detonation systems, light, are used to initiate an action, i. A small quantity, usually milligrams, is sufficient to initiate a larger charge of explosive that is usually safer to handle. A secondary explosive is less sensitive than a primary explosive and requires substantially more energy to be initiated. Because they are less sensitive, they are usable in a wider variety of applications and are safer to handle and store. Secondary explosives are used in larger quantities in an explosive train and are usually initiated by a smaller quantity of a primary explosive.
Tertiary explosives , also called blasting agents , are so insensitive to shock that they cannot be reliably detonated by practical quantities of primary explosive , and instead require an intermediate explosive booster of secondary explosive. These are often used for safety and the typically lower costs of material and handling. The largest consumers are large-scale mining and construction operations. Most tertiaries include a fuel and an oxidizer. ANFO can be a tertiary explosive if its reaction rate is slow.
Low explosives are compounds where the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than the speed of sound. The decomposition is propagated by a flame front deflagration which travels much more slowly through the explosive material than a shock wave of a high explosive.
Under normal conditions , low explosives undergo deflagration at rates that vary from a few centimetres per second to approximately metres per second. It is possible for them to deflagrate very quickly, producing an effect similar to a detonation. This can happen under higher pressure or temperature , which usually occurs when ignited in a confined space. A low explosive is usually a mixture of a combustible substance and an oxidant that decomposes rapidly deflagration ; however, they burn more slowly than a high explosive , which has an extremely fast burn rate.
Low explosives are normally employed as propellants. Included in this group are petroleum products such as propane and gasoline , gunpowder including smokeless powder , and light pyrotechnics , such as flares and fireworks , but can replace high explosives in certain applications, see gas pressure blasting.
High explosives HE are explosive materials that detonate , meaning that the explosive shock front passes through the material at a supersonic speed. For instance, TNT has a detonation burn rate of approximately 5. They are normally employed in mining, demolition, and military applications. They can be divided into two explosives classes differentiated by sensitivity: The term high explosive is in contrast with the term low explosive , which explodes deflagrates at a lower rate.
Priming compositions are primary explosives mixed with other compositions to control lessen the sensitivity of the mixture to the desired property. For example, primary explosives are so sensitive that they need to be stored and shipped in a wet state to prevent accidental initiation. Explosives are often characterized by the physical form that the explosives are produced or used in. These use forms are commonly categorized as: Shipping labels and tags may include both United Nations and national markings.
Though the two are related, they are separate and distinct. An example of this hybrid marking would be a consumer firework , which is labeled as 1. It is an internationally accepted system that communicates using the minimum amount of markings the primary hazard associated with a substance. Letters are used to designate 13 compatibility groups as follows. The legality of possessing or using explosives varies by jurisdiction.
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Various countries around the world have enacted explosives law and require licenses to manufacture, distribute, store, use, possess explosives or ingredients. In the Netherlands , the civil and commercial use of explosives is covered under the Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik explosives for civil use Act , in accordance with EU directive nr. During World War I , numerous laws were created to regulate war related industries and increase security within the United States.
The legal summary is "An Act to prohibit the manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession in time of war of explosives, providing regulations for the safe manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession of the same, and for other purposes". This was the first federal regulation of licensing explosives purchases. The act was deactivated after World War I ended. In , the act was deactivated by President Truman. The bill became effective in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the English psych band, see The Explosive.