Alain de Pierrepont dit de Roucy, sieur de Neuville. Hugues de Pierrepont le carolingien. A la recherche de Jean Renart. Hugues de Pierrepont et le cycle de Mayence. Hugues de Pierrepont et le roman de style Gothique. La cure proportionnelle d'Amblie. Partie 3 - Verdun. Les sources de cette recherche: B - La recherche de noblesse de l'intendant Chamillart en Versions elles aussi "normandes". He has been Mayor of Marseille since In , he was enrolled in the military service where he served briefly.
Jeanne Mélin
Upon graduation from university, he became a teacher of history and geography for fifteen years at Saint-Joseph high school in Marseille. He was subsequently elected in a local election and became one of the youngest members of the town council of Marseille. He was re-elected again in He beat the outgoing socialist deputy, Charles-Emile Loo , with In June , he won reelection.
In , he was given the responsibility for the executive of Provence the Alps Rivieras. In , after the dissolution of the French National Assembly, he was again re-elected, for the 4th time, deputy of the Rhone delta for 2nd district of Marseille, with In September , he was a candidate for the senatorial elections and won the district.
Was propaganda the causative factor or simply the reflection of the ideological cohesion of France during the conflict? Here, too, the answer is difficult.
Undoubtedly, the censorship of sensitive events or information casualties, the mutinies of , or the strikes of spring helped to preserve, if not the reality, then at least the illusion of a Sacred Union in the eyes of the French. We now know that the reality of French mutinies reached French public opinion only in a very diffuse and tardy way, as it reached the German general staff, which was thus not able to exploit this passing crisis in the French Army.
Similarly, the working class strikes in the spring of were subject to a blackout on the part of a press that was strictly censored by the government. However, those in power had neither the ambition nor the means for a total control of information, which would have required thousands of additional censors.
The historian Olivier Forcade estimates that about a third of the censorship instructions were not even applied. The General Staff, by setting up postal surveillance and by indulging newspapers in the trenches from which some extracts were then spread in the French and foreign press applied that partial strategy.
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Rare are the war letters of soldiers that positively and precisely echo the discourses, images, and media that French propaganda produced in enormous quantities. Was this a sign of repudiation? No doubt the reality is more complex and somewhat paradoxical. Refusing to submit to the brainwashing behind the lines, soldiers at the front became experts in producing legends and rumours.
Reflecting on the false news of the Great War, the historian Marc Bloch helps us understand the relation of the French to propaganda discourses, which can be summarised in a simple formula: In any case, we should consider that throughout the duration of the conflict - and despite the appearance of divisions within the Sacred Union - the French horizon of expectation seemed to be a victorious end to the war. Everything that propaganda was able to provide on this horizon probably had some influence, whether momentary or durable, superficial or profound, as a function of the context or temperament of each French person.
Whether like a caricature, crude or subtle, Manichean, rational or irrational, mobilising varied actors and exploiting the daily horrors of the war, French propaganda produced a profusion of discourses, images and slogans that reveal the parameters of a war culture. The intention of the State was indeed to control information and to produce an acceptable and legitimate vision of the war in order to keep intact the morale of the French, both at the front and behind the lines. In theory the propaganda effort wanted to be coherent and on a par with this total war: Still, propaganda was not able to entirely take the place of reason and the deep logic that together explain the endurance of the French after Propaganda at Home France , in: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed.
This text is licensed under: Propaganda at Home France.
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Unprecedented Control of the Press and of Information 2. Prescriptive and Effective Propaganda? La Psychologie des foules, Le Viol des foules par la propagande politique, Paris ; Chakotin, Serge: The Rape of the Masses: The psychology of totalitarian political propaganda, translated by Ernest W.
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Clavel felt tears come to his eyes. He had nine months in the trenches… For nine months, he had nourished with all his flesh and brain a hatred of war and the grand slogans with which it was justified. These tired and empty words aroused in him some sentimental and lazy assent.
La grande guerre des crayons. Les noirs dessins de la propagande en , Paris La guerre des enfants Essai d'histoire culturelle , Paris La France, la nation, la guerre, , Paris L'imaginaire olfactif en , Paris La censure politique en France pendant la grande guerre , Paris Information, censorship et propaganda , in: