A huge internal population shift among African Americans addressed these shortfalls, particularly during the World Wars, when defense industries required more unskilled labour. Although the Great Migration slowed during the Great Depression , it surged again after World War II , when rates of migration were high for several decades.
With advertisements for housing and employment and firsthand stories of newfound success in the North, the Chicago Defender , for example, became one of the leading promoters of the Great Migration.
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Seeking better civil and economic opportunities, many blacks were not wholly able to escape racism by migrating to the North, where African Americans were segregated into ghettos and urban life introduced new obstacles. We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval.
Great Migration
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In response, landowners employed armed riders to supervise and discipline the farmers working on their land. African Americans , one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. African Americans are mainly of African ancestry, but many have nonblack ancestors as well.
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In the decade between and , the black population of major Northern cities grew by large percentages, including New York 66 percent , Chicago percent , Philadelphia percent and Detroit percent. Many new arrivals found jobs in factories, slaughterhouses and foundries, where working conditions were arduous and sometimes dangerous.
Female migrants had a harder time finding work, spurring heated competition for domestic labor positions. Aside from competition for employment, there was also competition for living space in increasingly crowded cities. While segregation was not legalized in the North as it was in the South , racism and prejudice were nonetheless widespread.
Supreme Court declared racially based housing ordinances unconstitutional in , some residential neighborhoods enacted covenants requiring white property owners to agree not to sell to blacks; these would remain legal until the Court struck them down in Rising rents in segregated areas, plus a resurgence of KKK activity after , worsened black and white relations across the country. The summer of began the greatest period of interracial strife in U. The most serious was the Chicago Race Riot of ; it lasted 13 days and left 38 people dead, injured and 1, black families without homes.
The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration | History | Smithsonian
As a result of housing tensions, many blacks ended up creating their own cities within big cities, fostering the growth of a new urban, African-American culture. The most prominent example was Harlem in New York City , a formerly all-white neighborhood that by the s housed some , African Americans. The black experience during the Great Migration became an important theme in the artistic movement known first as the New Negro Movement and later as the Harlem Renaissance , which would have an enormous impact on the culture of the era.
The Great Migration also began a new era of increasing political activism among African Americans, who after being disenfranchised in the South found a new place for themselves in public life in the cities of the North and West. Black migration slowed considerably in the s, when the country sank into the Great Depression , but picked up again with the coming of World War II.
New Great Migration
By , when the Great Migration ended, its demographic impact was unmistakable: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Segregation is the practice of requiring separate housing, education and other services for people of color.
Segregation was made law several times in 18th and 19th-century America as some believed that black and white people were incapable of coexisting. In the lead-up to the The Scottsboro Boys were nine black teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women aboard a train near Scottsboro, Alabama, in The trials and repeated retrials of the Scottsboro Boys sparked an international uproar and produced two landmark U. During the Tulsa Race Riot, which occurred over 18 hours on May June 1, , a white mob attacked residents, homes and businesses in the predominantly black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma.
The event remains one of the worst incidents of racial violence in U. The history of African-Americans begins with slavery, as white European settlers first brought Africans to the continent to serve as slaves.