Also Ivanova et al 1 came to the conclusion that principles of human rights related to vulnerable groups as mentioned above are rarely included in the SRH policies. Given this double finding, we can question what this exactly means when a country does not include vulnerable groups in its SRH policies? That migrants are only welcome when they bring in young healthy people? That young people should be protected from teenage pregnancies but that investing in healthy sexuality and healthy sexual relationships is still very difficult to consider for young people as they too are not considered to be very active yet?

They apply a very instrumental approach to SRH and have difficulties to promote SRH beyond that approach for everybody, let alone for vulnerable people they often consider as an extra threat or an extra burden. Subsequently, the barriers these vulnerable people might encounter to access SRH care are often neglected. Yet, the General Comment no. Another finding of the authors is that vulnerable groups in those four countries are rarely enabled to participate in the SRH policies that will apply to them.

Furthermore it is neither a shortcoming that applies solely to the vulnerable but to most. There are many degrees or modes of participation, 12 but their application currently boils down to categories of providing information over asking contractual and consultative input to collegiate or even auto-regulative decision-making.

Most participation modes do not go further than the consultative approach for those who already have or expressed their voice on the matter. For vulnerable people this is even less. We thus certainly agree with the authors of this paper that vulnerable groups should be included in future SRH policy development but we want to emphasize that quite some tools are already out there to assist policy workers to do so.

We thus strongly encourage all stakeholders to drop the blinds and acknowledge that human beings are sexual beings which should be stimulated rather than curtailed. In search of the third eye, when the two others are shamefacedly shut? Comment on "Are sexual and reproductive health policies designed for all? National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Int J Health Policy Manag.

Published online Feb Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. The Google Toolbar long had a PageRank feature which displayed a visited page's PageRank as a whole number between 0 and The most popular websites displayed a PageRank of The least showed a PageRank of 0.

Google has not disclosed the specific method for determining a Toolbar PageRank value, which is to be considered only a rough indication of the value of a website. In March Google announced it would no longer support this feature, and the underlying API would soon cease to operate. The search engine results page SERP is the actual result returned by a search engine in response to a keyword query.

The SERP consists of a list of links to web pages with associated text snippets. The SERP rank of a web page is a function not only of its PageRank, but of a relatively large and continuously adjusted set of factors over Positioning of a webpage on Google SERPs for a keyword depends on relevance and reputation, also known as authority and popularity.

It is non-keyword specific.


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Google uses a combination of webpage and website authority to determine the overall authority of a webpage competing for a keyword. The Google Directory PageRank was an 8-unit measurement. Unlike the Google Toolbar, which shows a numeric PageRank value upon mouseover of the green bar, the Google Directory only displayed the bar, never the numeric values.

Google Directory was closed on July 20, In the past, the PageRank shown in the Toolbar was easily manipulated.

Ethical issues

Redirection from one page to another, either via a HTTP response or a "Refresh" meta tag , caused the source page to acquire the PageRank of the destination page. Hence, a new page with PR 0 and no incoming links could have acquired PR 10 by redirecting to the Google home page. This spoofing technique was a known vulnerability. Spoofing can generally be detected by performing a Google search for a source URL; if the URL of an entirely different site is displayed in the results, the latter URL may represent the destination of a redirection. For search engine optimization purposes, some companies offer to sell high PageRank links to webmasters.

It can be an effective and viable marketing strategy to buy link advertisements on content pages of quality and relevant sites to drive traffic and increase a webmaster's link popularity. However, Google has publicly warned webmasters that if they are or were discovered to be selling links for the purpose of conferring PageRank and reputation, their links will be devalued ignored in the calculation of other pages' PageRanks. The practice of buying and selling links is intensely debated across the Webmaster community. Google advises webmasters to use the nofollow HTML attribute value on sponsored links.

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According to Matt Cutts , Google is concerned about webmasters who try to game the system , and thereby reduce the quality and relevance of Google search results. A more intelligent surfer that probabilistically hops from page to page depending on the content of the pages and query terms the surfer that it is looking for. This model is based on a query-dependent PageRank score of a page which as the name suggests is also a function of query.

It then selects another term according to the distribution to determine its behavior, and so on. The resulting distribution over visited web pages is QD-PageRank. The PageRank algorithm has major effects on society as it contains a social influence. As opposed to the scientific viewpoint of PageRank as an algorithm the humanities instead view it through a lens examining its social components. In these instances, it is dissected and reviewed not for its technological advancement in the field of search engines, but for its societal influences.

This has led to a development of behavior that is directly linked to PageRank. PageRank is viewed as the definitive rank of products and businesses and thus, can manipulate thinking. The information that is available to individuals is what shapes thinking and ideology and PageRank is the device that displays this information. The results shown are the forum to which information is delivered to the public and these results have a societal impact as they will affect how a person thinks and acts. People go to PageRank for information and are flooded with citations of other authors who also have an opinion on the topic.

This creates a social aspect where everything can be discussed and collected to provoke thinking. There is a social relationship that exists between PageRank and the people who use it as it is constantly adapting and changing to the shifts in modern society. Viewing the relationship between PageRank and the individual through sociometry allows for an in-depth look at the connection that results.

With attention economy, value is placed on products that receive a greater amount of human attention and the results at the top of the PageRank garner a larger amount of focus then those on subsequent pages. The outcomes with the higher PageRank will therefore enter the human consciousness to a larger extent. These ideas can influence decision-making and the actions of the viewer have a direct relation to the PageRank. With this location they can receive more traffic and their online marketplace will have more purchases. The PageRank of these sites allow them to be trusted and they are able to parlay this trust into increased business.

The mathematics of PageRank are entirely general and apply to any graph or network in any domain. Thus, PageRank is now regularly used in bibliometrics, social and information network analysis, and for link prediction and recommendation. It's even used for systems analysis of road networks, as well as biology, chemistry, neuroscience, and physics. In neuroscience , the PageRank of a neuron in a neural network has been found to correlate with its relative firing rate.

Personalized PageRank is used by Twitter to present users with other accounts they may wish to follow. Instead of merely counting total citation to a journal, the "importance" of each citation is determined in a PageRank fashion. A similar new use of PageRank is to rank academic doctoral programs based on their records of placing their graduates in faculty positions.

In PageRank terms, academic departments link to each other by hiring their faculty from each other and from themselves. PageRank has been used to rank spaces or streets to predict how many people pedestrians or vehicles come to the individual spaces or streets. A Web crawler may use PageRank as one of a number of importance metrics it uses to determine which URL to visit during a crawl of the web. One of the early working papers [56] that were used in the creation of Google is Efficient crawling through URL ordering , [57] which discusses the use of a number of different importance metrics to determine how deeply, and how much of a site Google will crawl.

PageRank is presented as one of a number of these importance metrics, though there are others listed such as the number of inbound and outbound links for a URL, and the distance from the root directory on a site to the URL. The PageRank may also be used as a methodology to measure the apparent impact of a community like the Blogosphere on the overall Web itself. This approach uses therefore the PageRank to measure the distribution of attention in reflection of the Scale-free network paradigm. In any ecosystem, a modified version of PageRank may be used to determine species that are essential to the continuing health of the environment.

For the analysis of protein networks in biology PageRank is also a useful tool. In , in a pilot study in Pakistan, Structural Deep Democracy, SD2 [61] [62] was used for leadership selection in a sustainable agriculture group called Contact Youth. SD2 uses PageRank for the processing of the transitive proxy votes, with the additional constraints of mandating at least two initial proxies per voter, and all voters are proxy candidates. More complex variants can be built on top of SD2, such as adding specialist proxies and direct votes for specific issues, but SD2 as the underlying umbrella system, mandates that generalist proxies should always be used.

Pagerank has recently been used to quantify the scientific impact of researchers. The underlying citation and collaboration networks are used in conjunction with pagerank algorithm in order to come up with a ranking system for individual publications which propagates to individual authors. The new index known as pagerank-index Pi is demonstrated to be fairer compared to h-index in the context of many drawbacks exhibited by h-index. In early , Google implemented a new value, " nofollow ", [64] for the rel attribute of HTML link and anchor elements, so that website developers and bloggers can make links that Google will not consider for the purposes of PageRank—they are links that no longer constitute a "vote" in the PageRank system.

The nofollow relationship was added in an attempt to help combat spamdexing. As an example, people could previously create many message-board posts with links to their website to artificially inflate their PageRank. This method of avoidance, however, also has various drawbacks, such as reducing the link value of legitimate comments. Spam in blogs nofollow. In an effort to manually control the flow of PageRank among pages within a website, many webmasters practice what is known as PageRank Sculpting [65] —which is the act of strategically placing the nofollow attribute on certain internal links of a website in order to funnel PageRank towards those pages the webmaster deemed most important.

This tactic has been used since the inception of the nofollow attribute, but may no longer be effective since Google announced that blocking PageRank transfer with nofollow does not redirect that PageRank to other links. PageRank was once available for the verified site maintainers through the Google Webmaster Tools interface.

However, on October 15, , a Google employee confirmed that the company had removed PageRank from its Webmaster Tools section, saying that "We've been telling people for a long time that they shouldn't focus on PageRank so much. Many site owners seem to think it's the most important metric for them to track, which is simply not true. The visible page rank is updated very infrequently. It was last updated in November In October Matt Cutts announced that another visible pagerank update would not be coming. Even though "Toolbar" PageRank is less important for SEO purposes, the existence of back-links from more popular websites continues to push a webpage higher up in search rankings.

Google had declared their intention to remove the PageRank score from the Google toolbar several months earlier.

In Search of the Third Eye, When the Two Others Are Shamefacedly Shut?

Portugal , Angola , Cape Verde , Mozambique. Russia , Turkey , Ukraine , Belarus , Kazakhstan. Canada , United States. Major desktop search program.

List of search engines - Wikipedia

The full trial version downgrades after the trial period automatically to the free version, which is anno limited to indexing a maximum of Proprietary 30 day trial. Open source desktop search tool for Windows and Linux, based on Apache Lucene.


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Integrates with the main Google search engine page. As of September 14, , Google has discontinued this product. Desktop search product with Outlook plugin and limited support for other formats via IFilters, uses Lucene search engine. Proprietary day trial [5]. Open Source semantic desktop search tool for Linux.

Linux , Unix , Windows , macOS. Semantic Search Engine no longer available. Part of Ubuntu Desktop.