A comparison with Psalms There are several reasons for the superior position of queen mothers in Israel. It follows that the king can be envisioned as having a metaphorical divine mother as well, and the actual queen mother seems to represent this heavenly being on earth. Goddess traditions of the larger Levantine world may have somewhat similarly influenced the portrayals of other biblical women who are said to serve in leadership positions.
The depictions of the judge and prophet Deborah found in Judges 5: As the first-wave feminist movement faded away in the United States, especially after women received the right to vote in , so too did the study of women in ancient Israel and in the Hebrew Bible. From the midth century, for example, we can cite only the book All the Women of the Bible New York: Not surprisingly, however, the emergence of second-wave feminism in the s inspired a resurgent interest in feminist biblical scholarship.
Two landmark articles were published in the early s: Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. These scholars, moreover, tended to follow the two basic methodologies that had been laid down by Trible and Bird in their and articles. Bird, conversely, put forward a more historically oriented analysis, asking what we can ascertain from Hebrew Bible texts regarding the actual lives and experiences of ancient Israelite women.
This sort of historically based approach tends also to incorporate a significant amount of extra-biblical data: Comparisons are also sometimes made with cultures outside the biblical world, whose political, social, and religious structures might seem analogous to those of the Israelites. As the study of women in the Hebrew Bible and ancient Israel continued into the s and the 21st century, several important anthologies that provide synthetic overviews of the entire Hebrew Bible began to appear: Ringe, and Jacqueline E.
Westminster John Knox, ; Women in Scripture: Houghton Mifflin, ; Feminist Biblical Interpretation: An Encyclopaedia of Exegesis and Cultural History. Sheffield Academic Press , edited by Athalya Brenner and comprised of sixteen volumes of feminist scholarship on various biblical books. In these volumes, and elsewhere, commentators have added new foci to the field of feminist biblical scholarship: Weems, and the authors whose essays are collected in Reading the Bible as Women: Perspectives from Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Especially important are data derived from archaeological excavations of ancient Israelite sites and comparative data that come from the many peoples of the ancient Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean worlds with whom the Israelites interacted and with whom, in many cases, the Israelites shared certain cultural conventions.
Unfortunately, archaeological data are not often compiled with questions about women in mind, although some useful studies exist: An Encyclopaedia of Exegesis and Cultural History ed. Approaches, Methods and Strategies ed. Sheffield Academic Press, , — Primary sources regarding women within the larger biblical world are also somewhat hard to find. A recently published collection of historical and literary texts, focusing primarily on women in Mesopotamia, is Mark Chavalas, ed.
Similar collections for Greek tradition include Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. A Sourcebook in Translation 3d ed. A Sourcebook London and New York: A fair number of primary sources about women are also cited in the essays collected in Barbara S.
Scholars Press, , and in the following essays from Jack M. Brill, , 31— The latest edition was published in Equally of note is William W. In neither work, however, is there a specific focus on gender. Warrior, Dancer, Seductress, Queen: Women in Judges and Biblical Israel.
In This Article
Missing Persons and Mistaken Identities: Women and Gender in Ancient Israel. Feminist Sub versions of Biblical Narratives.
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Trinity Press International, In the Wake of the Goddesses: Reclaiming the History of Women in Ancient Israel. Buchanan, and Margaret R. Women in Ugarit and Israel: Ancient Israelite Women in Context. Oxford University Press, The Religious Culture of Israelite Women.
God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality. Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Woman in Old Testament Worship. Judels and Brinkman, Scholarly attempts to identify women authors of certain biblical texts are catalogued in Susan Ackerman, Warrior, Dancer, Seductress, Queen: Doubleday, , 23 , n. Lesko; BJS ; Atlanta: Scholars Press, , — , n. Houghton Mifflin, , 33— Sheffield Academic Press, , 79— Essays in Honor of Carol L. Susan Ackerman, Charles E. Eisenbrauns, , 13— Scholars Press, , Avalos, Illness and Health Care , — Carol Meyers, Households and Holiness: Fortress, , Sheffield Academic Press, , David Noel Freedman; New York: Doubleday, , b.
Meyers, Households and Holiness , 38— For these population estimates, see William G. Dever, Did God Have a Wife? Eerdmans, , 18 ; and Philip J. King and Lawrence E. Carol Meyers, Rediscovering Eve: Oxford University Press, , Eisenbrauns, , , citing George P. Meyers, Rediscovering Eve , Carol Meyers, Discovering Eve: Studies in Honor of Eric M. American Schools of Oriental Research, , University of Pennsylvania Press, , Table 4. Crete, the southwestern Peloponnese, the Magreb, and early 20th-century Ramallah.
Cambridge University Press, , , citing Prudence M. University of Chicago Press, , — ; see also Douglas L. Regarding Cyprus, see preeminently Gloria A. Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, , — ; and Gloria A. For discussion, with references, see Bernard M. Oxford University Press, , 4 , n. The Hebrew Scriptures ed. Richard Elliott Friedman and H. Scholars Press, , ; and Meyers, Discovering Eve , — Scholars Press, , 53— Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives ed. Mohr, , 1—7 ; John A. Essays in Honor of Joachim Smet, O.
Paul Chandler and Keith J. Francesca Stavrakopoulou and John Barton; London: Ackerman, Warrior, Dancer, Seductress, Queen , — Miller, Religion , Published online at The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. Women name their children in about 60 percent of the naming episodes recounted in the Hebrew Bible. Eerdmans, , — ; and Theodore J. Brill; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, , — Meyers, Discovering Eve , Female Prophets in Ezekiel Gray, I and II Kings: SCM, , Arno, , 5. Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions ed. Rosemary Radford Ruether; New York: Anderson, Women, Ideology, and Violence: Ringe; Semeia 78, Personal use only; commercial use is strictly prohibited.
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Publications Pages Publications Pages. Oxford Research Encyclopedias Religion. Women in Ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible. Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. Sign in with your library card. Magicians Women Religious Functionaries: Prophets Women Religious Functionaries: Show Summary Details View PDF Women in Ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible Summary and Keywords The Hebrew Bible is a book that was primarily written by men, for men, and about men, and thus the biblical text is not particularly forthcoming when it comes to the lives and experiences of women.
The purpose of this earth life is to learn to choose the right in the face of that opposition, thereby gaining essential experience and wisdom. The level of intelligence we attain in this life will rise in the Resurrection Doctrine and Covenants Bodies will then be immortal like those of the Father and the Son Philippians 3: Those who are worthy to return to God's presence can continue to progress towards a fullness of God's glory, which Mormons refer to as eternal life, or exaltation Doctrine and Covenants In early , the LDS church published an essay on the official church website specifically addressing the foundations, history, and official beliefs regarding apotheosis.
In art the matter is practical: So it is that the apotheosis genre exists in Christian art as in other art.
Women in Ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
The features of the apotheosis genre may be seen in subjects that emphasize Christ's divinity Transfiguration , Ascension , Christ Pantocrator and that depict holy persons "in glory"—that is, in their roles as "God revealed" Assumption, Ascension, etc. Later artists have used the concept for motives ranging from genuine respect for the deceased Constantino Brumidi 's fresco The Apotheosis of Washington on the dome of the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.
Many modern leaders have exploited the artistic imagery if not the theology of apotheosis. Niehaus -designed Apotheosis of St. Apotheosis in music refers to the appearance of a theme in grand or exalted form. It represents the musical equivalent of the apotheosis genre in visual art, especially where the theme is connected in some way with historical persons or dramatic characters.
When crowning the end of a large-scale work the apotheosis functions as a peroration , following an analogy with the art of rhetoric. Apotheosis moments abound in music, and the word itself appears in some cases. Igor Stravinsky 's composed Orpheus ballet and Apollo ballet for choreographer George Balanchine which both contain episodes entitled "Apotheose". Aram Khachaturian entitled a segment of his ballet Spartacus "Sunrise and Apotheosis. American technical death metal band The Faceless explored the idea of Apotheosis in the first three tracks of their album Autotheism.
The first three tracks are one song broken into three parts called "The Autotheism Movement". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the series by Douglas Hill, see Apotheosis series. For the album by The Faceless, see Autotheism album. For the album by Keak da Sneak, see Deified album. For discussion on the theory that a deity was once an actual living person, see Euhemerism.
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