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It is believed that the emotion of disgust has evolved as a response to offensive foods that may cause harm to the organism. Disgust appears to be triggered by objects or people who possess attributes that signify disease.

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The above-mentioned main disgust stimuli are similar to one another in the sense that they can all potentially transmit infections, and are the most common referenced elicitors of disgust cross-culturally. This behavioral immune system has been found to make sweeping generalizations because "it is more costly to perceive a sick person as healthy than to perceive a healthy person as sickly". For those especially sensitive to moral disgust, they would want to be less aggressive because they want to avoid hurting others.

Those especially sensitive to pathogen disgust might be motivated by a desire to avoid the possibility of an open wound on the victim of the aggression; however, for those sensitive to sexual disgust, some sexual object must be present for them to be especially avoidant of aggression. Disgust may produce specific autonomic responses, such as reduced blood pressure, lowered heart-rate and decreased skin conductance along with changes in respiratory behaviour. Research has also found that people who are more sensitive to disgust tend to find their own in-group more attractive and tend to have more negative attitudes toward other groups.

Taking a further look into hygiene, disgust was the strongest predictor of negative attitudes toward obese individuals. A disgust reaction to obese individuals was also connected with views of moral values. Disgust may have an important role in certain forms of morality. Pathogen disgust arises from a desire to survive and, ultimately, a fear of death. He compares it to a "behavioral immune system" that is the 'first line of defense' against potentially deadly agents such as dead bodies, rotting food, and vomit.

Sexual disgust arises from a desire to avoid "biologically costly mates" and a consideration of the consequences of certain reproductive choices. The two primary considerations are intrinsic quality e. Moral disgust "pertains to social transgressions" and may include behaviors such as lying, theft, murder, and rape. Unlike the other two domains, moral disgust "motivates avoidance of social relationships with norm-violating individuals" because those relationships threaten group cohesion.

Women generally report greater disgust than men, especially regarding sexual disgust or general repulsiveness which have been argued to be consistent with women being more selective regarding sex for evolutionary reasons. Sensitivity to disgust rises during pregnancy, along with levels of the hormone progesterone. Scientists have conjectured that pregnancy requires the mother to "dial down" her immune system so that the developing embryo won't be attacked.

To protect the mother, this lowered immune system is then compensated by a heightened sense of disgust. Because disgust is an emotion with physical responses to undesirable or dirty situations, studies have proven there are cardiovascular and respiratory changes while experiencing the emotion of disgust. As mentioned earlier, women experience disgust more prominently than men. This is reflected in a study about dental phobia. A dental phobia comes from experiencing disgust when thinking about the dentist and all that entails.

In a series of significant studies by Paul Ekman in the s, it was discovered that facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures and thus likely to be biological in origin. This characteristic facial expression includes slightly narrowed brows, a curled upper lip, wrinkling of the nose and visible protrusions of the tongue, although different elicitors may produce different forms of this expression. The recognition of disgust is also important among species as it has been found that when an individual sees a conspecific looking disgusted after tasting a particular food, he or she automatically infers that the food is bad and should not be eaten.

Facial feedback has also been implicated in the expression of disgust. That is, the making of the facial expression of disgust leads to an increased feeling of disgust. This can occur if the person just wrinkles one's nose without awareness that they are making a disgust expression. Seeing someone else's facial emotional expressions triggers the neural activity that would relate to our own experience of the same emotion. At a very young age, children are able to identify different, basic facial emotions. If a parent makes a negative face and a positive emotional face toward two different toys, a child as young as five months would avoid the toy associated with a negative face.

Young children tend to associate a face showing disgust with anger instead of being able to identify the difference. Adults, however, are able to make the distinction. The age of understanding seems to be around ten years old. Because disgust is partially a result of social conditioning, there are differences among different cultures in the objects of disgust. Americans "are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that limit a person's rights or degrade a person's dignity" while Japanese people "are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that frustrate their integration into the social world".

Practices construed as socially acceptable, may also be met with reactions of aversion by other cultures. For example, instead of kissing, mothers from the Manchu minority ethnic group, as only researched in the s in Aigun of Northern Manchuria where the researcher S. Shirokogoroff personally believed the Manchu element were "purer" than those of Southern Manchuria and Peking, [29] used to show affection for their children by performing fellatio on their male babies, placing the penis in their mouths and stimulating it, while the Manchu regarded public kissing with revulsion.

Chinese nursing mothers were suggested to boil the placenta and drink the broth to improve the quality of their milk. Similiarly, Chinese also consume the bull penis soup for health purpose.

Mini-Animalist

Disgust is one of the basic emotions recognizable across multiple cultures and is a response to something revolting typically involving taste or sight. Though different cultures find different things disgusting, the reaction to the grotesque things remains the same throughout each culture; people and their emotional reactions in the realm of disgust remain the same. The scientific attempts to map specific emotions onto underlying neural substrates dates back to the first half of the 20th century. Functional MRI experiments have revealed that the anterior insula in the brain is particularly active when experiencing disgust, when being exposed to offensive tastes, and when viewing facial expressions of disgust.

The insula or insular cortex , is the main neural structure involved in the emotion of disgust. The insula is activated by unpleasant tastes, smells, and the visual recognition of disgust in conspecific organisms.

The anterior insula is an olfactory and gustatory center that controls visceral sensations and the related autonomic responses. The posterior insula is characterized by connections with auditory , somatosensory , and premotor areas, and is not related to the olfactory or gustatory modalities.

The fact that the insula is necessary for our ability to feel and recognize the emotion of disgust is further supported by neuropsychological studies. Both Calder and Adolphs showed that lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficits in the experience of disgust and recognizing facial expressions of disgust in others.

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Furthermore, electrical stimulation of the anterior insula conducted during neurosurgery triggered nausea, the feeling of wanting to throw up and uneasiness in the stomach. Finally, electrically stimulating the anterior insula through implanted electrodes produced sensations in the throat and mouth that were "difficult to stand". Studies have demonstrated that the insula is activated by disgusting stimuli, and that observing someone else's facial expression of disgust seems to automatically retrieve a neural representation of disgust.

One particular neuropsychological study focused on patient NK who was diagnosed with a left hemisphere infarction involving the insula, internal capsule, putamen and globus pallidus. The results of this study support the idea that NK suffered damage to a system involved in recognizing social signals of disgust, due to a damaged insula caused by neurodegeneration. Many patients suffering from Huntington's disease , a genetically transmitted progressive neurodegenerative disease, are unable to recognize expressions of disgust in others and also don't show reactions of disgust to foul odors or tastes.

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Patients suffering from major depression have been found to display greater brain activation to facial expressions of disgust. The emotion of disgust may have an important role in understanding the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD , particularly in those with contamination preoccupations.

OCD subjects showed significantly greater neural responses to disgust-invoking images, specifically in the right insula. OCD subjects and healthy volunteers showed activation patterns in response to disgust pictures that differed significantly at the right insula. In contrast, the two groups were similar in their response to threat-inducing pictures, with no significant group differences at any site.

With respect to studies using rats , prior research of signs of a conditioned disgust response have been experimentally verified by Grill and Norgren who developed a systematic test to assess palatability. The Taste Reactivity TR test has thus become a standard tool in measuring disgust response. These researchers showed that as nausea produced conditioned disgust reactions, by administering the rats with an antinausea treatment they could prevent toxin-induced conditioned disgust reactions. Furthermore, in looking at the different disgust and vomiting reactions between rats and shrews the authors showed that these reactions particularly vomiting play a crucial role in the associative processes that govern food selection across species.

In discussing specific neural locations of disgust, research has shown that forebrain mechanisms are necessary for rats to acquire conditioned disgust for a specific emetic vomit-inducing substance such as lithium chloride. Moreover, lesions of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei depleting forebrain serotonin prevented the establishment of lithium chloride-induced conditioned disgust. Although disgust was first thought to be a motivation for humans to only physical contaminants, it has since been applied to moral and social moral contaminants as well.

The similarities between these types of disgust can especially be seen in the way people react to the contaminants. Likewise, when a group experiences someone who cheats, rapes, or murders another member of the group, its reaction is to shun or expel that person from the group. Flea Circus Monica Carretero. Review quote "A wonderful translation! About Carmen Gil Carmen Gil is an award-winning author of more then 80 books. She lives and works in Spain, and been incuded in the White Raven list in After several years studying and working as a designer in her hometown Munich and Brussels, Sonja Wimmer decided to devote herself to illustration and traveled to Barcelona to continue her artistic training at the Llotja School of Design Art.

Since then, she lives between brushes and stories, working as an illustrator and freelance for publishers and other customers worldwide. Book ratings by Goodreads. Roly polies have seven pairs of legs. Tape them to the back of the first and last triangles in the pile. Use two more strips of construction paper for the antennae.

Glue on wiggle eyes. A-Z Schoolers used this Roly Poly Craft to teach her children not to "roll up in a ball", but to face their problems. She wrote things they can do to face their problems on each section of the roly poly and then discussed it with her children. This blog has lots of other bug-related crafts and activity ideas to help children deal with self-esteem. If you are a home schooler or run a preschool, you will find this blog very helpful. To make the firefly's head fold a 6-inch paper plate in half and then unfold it. Punch holes on the fold line for the antennae.

Insert a Chenille stem into one hole and then up through the other. Bend down the ends. Open up the folded plate a little and push folded sides into the center of the paper plate. Glue the sides together. A pattern for this craft is available to members.

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Cut a slit in the back of the head. Overlap the paper plate in the back and glue it together to make a dart. This will make the mouth open slightly. Crease the front, bottom of the paper plate to make the mouth. Cut wing shapes from tissue paper or a white plastic bag. Scrunch up the end that connects to the body and glue them under the head. Cut Chenille stems in half, fold them into leg shapes and then glue them to the body as shown in the picture. You can punch holes in the body paper plate and insert the legs into the holes and tape them to the inside of the body.

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The Pirate and the Firefly: Use the firefly craft above. Instruct your children to write the Bible verse or what they have learned from the story on a small sheet of paper and then tape it to the fireflies mouth. The Knight and the Firefly: Low Temp Mini Glue Gun. To make the bee and ladybug cut the scoop end off the spoons using a sharp scissors. Cut the red and clear spoon in half lengthwise to make the swings. Use a lighter to melt any sharp edges. Bugs have to live somewhere.


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Why not make them their own house to live in. These are great for children who are interested in studying bugs. After leaving them outside for a season, they can take them apart to see how many bugs have taken up residence in their houses. Some items we used: Collect the materials you think bugs might like to live in. Bugs like to hide in holes so find things that have lots of holes or can be arranged so that they create cozy spaces.

If you would like to make a roof for your house, cut the lid of the box in half and glue it together to make the roof of the house.

You don't have to make a roof. You can glue several boxes together to make a condo or apartment building. If you live in a wet area, you may want to paint the box and then cover it with a clear acrylic paint so that it won't fall apart when it rains. Or you can place it in a dry place where it won't get wet. Arrange the materials you have collected in the box. Group similar objects and shapes. For a more pleasing arrangement try not to place everything in the same direction, vary the sizes and shapes or your objects, and group similar objects together.

Use different colors of objects if you have them. After your house has sat out side for a season, carefully take it apart and see how many different inhabitants there are, or watch to see how many insects or spiders exit and enter it. Black Craft Pom Poms. Sharpie Markers or Black Acrylic Paint. Have them stick the pipe cleaners into the bottom of the foam egg and bend them up for the legs, and then glue the black pompom on one end of the egg for the head, and glue beads on for eyes.

Grasshopper Clothespin Craft for Kids. Fold three pipe cleaners in half. Place a pipe cleaner on the stick at the fold. Wind the pipe cleaners around the stick by bringing the ends of the pipe cleaners around each other and twisting. Bend the legs so that one joint comes up over the stick.