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Overall rating No ratings yet 0. How to write a great review Do Say what you liked best and least Describe the author's style Explain the rating you gave Don't Use rude and profane language Include any personal information Mention spoilers or the book's price Recap the plot. Treatment of civilians by both armies was mostly disciplined, although 74 civilians were killed by Russian troops in the Abschwangen massacre.
The region had to be rebuilt because of damage caused by the war. East Prussia became an exclave , being separated from mainland Germany. The Memelland was also separated from the province.
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Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from He led the district from This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment: When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch arrested them.
After the Nazis took power in Germany, opposition politicians were persecuted and newspapers banned. The Otto-Braun-House was requisitioned to become the headquarters of the SA, which used the house to imprison and torture its opponents. Originally part of the Zichenau region, the Sudauen district in Sudovia was later transferred to the Gumbinnen region.
In East Prussia had 2.
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The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9, in to 3, in , as most fled from Nazi rule. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late show that only 31, out of , people in this territory were ethnic Germans.
East Prussia was only slightly affected by the war until January , when it was devastated during the East Prussian Offensive. Most of its inhabitants became refugees in bitterly cold weather during the Evacuation of East Prussia.
East Prussia
Gauleiter Erich Koch protracted the evacuation of the German civilian population until the Eastern Front approached the East Prussian border in The population had been systematically misinformed by Endsieg Nazi propaganda about the real state of military affairs. As a result, many civilians fleeing westward were overtaken by retreating Wehrmacht units and the rapidly advancing Red Army.
Reports of Soviet atrocities in the Nemmersdorf massacre of October and organized rape spread fear and desperation among the civilians. Thousands lost their lives during the sinkings by Soviet submarine of the refugee ships Wilhelm Gustloff , the Goya , and the General von Steuben. The number of civilians killed is estimated to be at least , However, most of the German inhabitants, which then consisted primarily of women, children and old men, did manage to escape the Red Army as part of the largest exodus of people in human history: Most of the German population of the province had left during the evacuation at the end of the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years —46 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.
Shortly after the end of the war in May , Germans who had fled in early tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of , Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about ,, forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system.
Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May In the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted , inhabitants, In June , German and 41, Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. The last remaining Germans left in November 1, persons and January 7 persons. The Prussian Lithuanians also experienced the same fate.
A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union.
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Only lived along the Curonian Spit in Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in , where the majority of Curonians now live. After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians , Belarusians , and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part.
In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone , which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. Since the fall of Communism in , some German groups have tried to help settle the Volga Germans from eastern parts of European Russia in the Kaliningrad Oblast. This effort was only a small success, however, as most impoverished Volga Germans preferred to emigrate to the richer Federal Republic of Germany , where they could become German citizens through the right of return.
Although the — expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in and the Soviet siege in had left it in nothing but ruins.
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The borders of the present-day Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland correspond closely to those of southern East Prussia. Since , with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts Kreise within each province sometimes within each governorate formed a corporation with common tasks and assets schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc. Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets Provinzial landtage , which were thus indirectly elected.
As of the provincial diets or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces or governorates, respectively. These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations.
The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body government , the provincial committee Provinzialausschuss , and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann "Land Captain"; till the s titled Landdirektor, land director. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.
August Learn how and when to remove this template message. Evacuation of East Prussia. List of cities and towns in East Prussia. Retrieved 8 December