Peter the Hermit A Tale of Enthusiasm

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Then on June 26 Peter's army was able to cross the Save river.

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Then the army marched into Belgrade and lit the town on fire and proceeded to pillage it [12]. The army then made its way into and through Nish after an eight-day delay. After riding though Nish the Crusaders made their way towards Sofia when they were attacked on the road. The army took heavy losses.

After a while, they arrived at a castle called Xerigordon and captured it. They captured the castle by taking possession of the castle's spring and well. After setting off to Civetot they had set up camp near a village called Dracon. This is where the Turks ambushed Peter and his forces. This was the final battle of the People's Crusade that Peter lead.

Most of the paupers failed to make their way out of Roman Catholic jurisdiction. The majority were incapable of being provided for by the various lordships and dioceses along the way and either starved, returned home or were put into servitude, while a substantial number were captured and sold into slavery by the various Slavic robber barons in the Balkans , kindling the view of the Balkan Slavs as unredeemed robbers and villains.

Peter joined the only other section which had succeeded in reaching Constantinople, [7] that of Walter Sans Avoir , into a single group and encamped the still numerous pilgrims around Constantinople while he negotiated the shipping of the People's Crusade to the Holy Land.

The Emperor meanwhile had failed to provide for the pilgrims adequately and the camp made itself a growing nuisance, as the increasingly hungry paupers turned to pilfering the imperial stores.

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Alexios, worried at the growing disorder and fearful of his standing before the coming armed Crusader armies, quickly concluded negotiations and shipped them across the Bosporus to the Asiatic shore at the beginning of August, with promises of guards and passage through the Turkish lines. He warned the People's Crusade to await his orders, but in spite of his warnings, the paupers entered Turkish territory. The Turks began skirmishing with the largely unarmed host.

Peter returned in desperation to Constantinople, seeking the Emperor's help. In Peter's absence, the pilgrims were ambushed and cut to pieces in detail by the Turks, who were more disciplined, at the Battle of Civetot. Despite Peter's pronunciations of divine protection, the vast majority of the pilgrims were slaughtered by the swords and arrows of the Turks or were enslaved.

Left in Constantinople with the small number of surviving followers, during the winter of —, with little hope of securing Byzantine support, the People's Crusade awaited the coming of the armed crusaders as their sole source of protection to complete the pilgrimage.

When the princes arrived, Peter joined their ranks as a member of the council in May , and with the little following which remained they marched together through Asia Minor to Jerusalem. While his "paupers" never regained the numbers previous to the Battle of Civetot , his ranks were increasingly replenished with disarmed, injured, or bankrupted crusaders.

Nonetheless, aside from a few rousing speeches to motivate the Crusaders, he played a subordinate part in the remaining history of the First Crusade which at this point clearly settled on a military campaign as the means to secure the pilgrimage routes and holy sites in Palestine.

Peter appears, at the beginning of , as attempting to escape from the privations of the siege of Antioch —showing himself, as Guibert of Nogent says, a "fallen star. Thus, having recovered his stature, in the middle of the year he was sent by the princes to invite Kerbogha to settle all differences via a duel, [7] which the Emir subsequently declined. In Peter appears as the treasurer of the alms at the siege of Arqa March , and as leader of the supplicatory processions around the walls of Jerusalem before it fell , and later within Jerusalem which preceded the Crusaders' surprising victory at the Battle of Ascalon August.

At the end of , Peter went to Latakia , and sailed thence for the West.

From this time he disappears from the historical record. Albert of Aix records that he died in , as prior of a church of the Holy Sepulchre which he had founded in France. Although later Catholic historians and many other scholars disagree, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris wrote that Peter the Hermit was the true author and originator of the First Crusade, a view also recounted in the anonymous Gesta Francorum — written c. Such historical sources recount that during an early visit to Jerusalem sometime before , Jesus appeared to Peter the Hermit in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , and bade him preach the crusade.

This story also appears in the pages of William of Tyre , which indicates that even a few generations after the crusade, the descendants of the crusaders already believed Peter was its originator. The origin of such a legend is a matter of some interest. Von Sybel , in his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges , published in , suggested that in the camp of the paupers which existed side by side with that of the knights, and grew increasingly large as the crusade took a more and more heavy toll on the purses of the crusaders some idolization of Peter the Hermit had already begun, parallel to the similar glorification of Godfrey by the Lorrainers.

There is very little concrete record for his life after returning to Europe and much of what we do know is speculation or legend. However, Albert of Aix records that he died in , as prior of a church of the Holy Sepulchre which he had founded in France [17] [18] [7] or Flanders.

It is thought that during the Siege of Antioch during the days of famine and cold weather [8] , Peter attempted to flee only to be captured by the Norman Tancred and placed back on the battlefield in [1]. Peter also held services of intercession for Latin and native recruits.

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Peter advised Greeks and Latins to form processions as well. It is generally quoted that he founded an Augustinian monastery in France named for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. However, it was actually in Flanders [17] [18] at Neufmoustier near Huy , [19] or Huy itself which may have been his home town.