There are deep, fertile valleys running north and south of the Main Ridge. The southwestern tip of the island has a coral platform. Although Tobago is volcanic in origin, there are no active volcanoes. There are numerous rivers and streams, but flooding and erosion are less severe than in Trinidad. Nationals of Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro and Serbia may enter visa-free for up to 30 days. Nationals of all other countries not specified above require a visa.
They may also obtain a visa waiver on arrival, provided that:. All visitors require a passport valid for the length of their stay and a return or onward ticket. Direct air service is available from Miami, Ft. American Airlines [3] , direct flights from Miami.
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British Airways [4] , direct flights from London Gatwick. Conviasa [5] , direct flights from Porlamar. Liat Airline [7] , regional island hopper in the eastern Caribbean. United Airlines [9] , direct flights from Houston and Newark. West Jet [10] , direct flights from Toronto. TAB has limited direct service, mostly to London. Please note that Condor is part of the Thomas Cook Group, and these airlines often combine routes to Tobago. From the airport you may use a bus to get into the city.
This is not well at all signposted. To catch the bus, first purchase a ticket from the newsagency inside the terminal. You cannot pay on the bus, so ensure you get this ticket. There will also be a timetable showing departure times. They are approximately every hour. The bus stops on the second traffic island outside of the terminal.
You should see a very small sign. Trinidad is a popular location among yacht owners. Most anchor in the Chaguaramas area on the far northwest side of the island. The Trinidad and Tobago Sailing Association [12] provides services to boaters, who are locally known as "yachties". Taxi cabs are simply normal passenger cars with no special markings. However, their license plates start with the letter "H". They are found at Taxi stands which may be at a street corner or at the side of the road.
Taxi stands in the cities and boroughs are usually marked, but outside of the city they are not. However, one can hail a taxi from the side of the road and ask where they are going and the fare before hiring the taxi. Alternatively, to get your attention, they will beep their horn at you as they approach.
One pays for an individual seat and the taxicabs are shared, but a whole car can be hired if so desired, and if there are not a lot of passengers waiting. Airport taxis are an exception to this in that one almost always has to hire the whole car. Prices can be agreed upon before embarkment. There are larger taxis, called "Maxi Taxis" or simply "Maxis" that go along a specified route.
These are similar to mini buses and are painted white or beige and have a colored band around them. Each maxi usually holds approximately 11 or 25 passengers. The colour of the band indicates the area in which they travel. They have their own taxi stands and terminals. In Port of Spain, the maxis depart and arrive at the City Gate terminal, and in San Fernando they depart and arrive at the bus terminal at King's Wharf.
These Maxi Taxis travel to the east, south and central areas of the island. If so desired, a maxi taxi can be hired for a whole day on a chartered trip. These can be negotiated directly with the maxi taxi drivers in advance. Gypsy cabs are available as well. Locally they are called "PH" because they are private cars illegally used for hire. Use caution as "PH" drivers have been linked to crime including murder, kidnapping and robbery and carry no insurance for hired passengers.
A ticket is required to board the bus. Bus drivers do not accept cash or credit cards. There is now a domestic ferry operating on the island of Trinidad between the two main cities of Port-of-Spain in the north and San Fernando in the south. Car rental is widely available, and driving is on the left side British style.
There are several companies that rent cars including international chains such as Budget and Hertz. There are also local companies such as Auto Rentals, Kalloo's and many others. It is best to reserve a car in advance. However, one can rent a car at the airport upon arrival.
The license plates of rental cars are usually designated with an "R" meaning "Rental" as the first letter. Some private individuals will rent cars with plates designated with the letter "P" meaning "Private" , but this is an illegal practice and it is better to rent a car with an "R" plate. However, it is becoming common practice for criminals to target drivers of rental cars since many locals seem to believe all foreigners are rich. So more and more car rental firms are now outfitting their cars with "P" in hopes that it would disguise the fact that the car is actually a rental.
Beware of drivers who do not follow the laws of the road. They may not stop at red lights, and make unannounced turns whenever, wherever! Europe strongly consider not driving at all. Basically, it is driving based on common sense. Drive to stay alive.
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If you foresee the possibility of unpleasantness, especially one that can turn into a road rage incident, avoid it. In fact, the police use timers, not radar, to catch speeders. It is a fun experience, if you can drive well, to enjoy the roads especially late at night or early morning. Avoid speeding on the main highways in rush hour or around the Queen's Park Savannah at any time. Other than that, chances that you will be pulled over are next to nil.
Although you will see many drivers doing it, it is against the law to make a left turn on red equivalent to a right turn on red in Left Hand Drive countries such as the United States. Look for signs indicating where U-Turns are not allowed. Taxis and Maxi Taxis in particular have been linked to a lot of crashes and traffic deaths. They will often stop without warning to pick up or drop off passengers, make risky maneuvers and generally drive recklessly. While these may illegal, the police don't seem to bother them except for occasional spot checks and road blocks.
Police action involving Maxi Taxis and Taxis usually happens when they cause serious traffic problems, in which case, it is not uncommon for the Police and the town or city to relocate the Maxi Taxis. People will also park their vehicles in the middle of the road where there is no shoulder. Wait until the opposite lane clears, then go around the parked car.
In more populated areas, such as the cities of Port of Spain and San Fernando, watch out for pedestrians, as jaywalking is the norm. Pedestrian crossing traffic signals are few and far between. Additionally, they require people to push the button in most cases. Most people don't bother and just wait for traffic to clear, or run across the road. Be cautious as hitting a pedestrian, jaywalking or not, can land you in more trouble than hitting a car. Driving without insurance or with crooked insurers is fairly common.
Sadly, it is not enforced as it is in the US or Europe. Use caution and try to avoid an accident as the other person may not have insurance, or their insurance may not be willing to settle with you. Many road signs are old and not highly visible. Distances are marked in kilometres. Some rural areas off the main highways may have homes whose ground floors are paved with cow dung and dirt, called "leepay. If planning to go to the other side of the island Trinidad , get an early start and allow the entire day with nothing important scheduled for the late afternoon. Although the island is not huge, getting somewhere can take longer than you might think.
With the influx of used cars from Asia locally called "foreign used" cars and the growing economy, more people own cars than ever. Therefore traffic jams are not uncommon, especially when going to Port of Spain. There are twelve flights per day. Flight time is approximately 25 minutes each way. The journey is approximately 2. The Express is the faster of the two ships, but the Spirit is newer and has better facilities. Vehicles can be taken aboard the ferry, but this incurs a different charge which varies by size and weight and you must purchase a separate kind of ticket which includes the ferry fee for the driver to be able to do this.
This includes the cost of the driver. You are unlikely to be able to take a rental car on the ferry since you need to show vehicle registration documents. From 1 November , only tickets for same day travel can be purchased at the ferry terminals in Port of Spain and Scarborough. For advance tickets, you must purchase tickets from some select travel agencies - at peak times tickets sell out quickly, particularly for vehicles.
For ferry schedules and travel agencies, see the Port Authority website [14]. Most of the beaches on the North coast are beautiful, with powdery sand and clear blue water. Los Iros and Quinam are okay, however Quinam's water may be brown, largely due to sediment from the orinoco river in South America. Although Maracas and Tyrico are not too far apart, you cannot walk from one to the other along the beach.
Tobago's beaches are extremely beautiful. Make sure to purchase a return ticket as there're no ticket vendors at the beach.
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This bus leaves every 4. Buccoo Reef is a natural coral reef on the North Coast of Tobago. The reef is not in pristine condition due to years of abuse and neglect. Please refuse any offers of shoes for walking on the coral as this will destroy what is left of the reef. The nylon pool is an area of shallow water on top of the reef. The water is crystal clear and looks like fishing line nylon, hence the name. A glass bottom boat tour will take you there and allow you to bathe.
Located in the Caroni Swamp, this is a must for bird watchers.
Several indigenous species of bird nest in the bird sanctuary, including one of the national birds - the Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber. Tours generally take place during dusk as the Scarlet Ibis returns to the swamp to roost. The Hindu festival of lights, Divali, is celebrated in most areas in Trinidad and a few areas in Tobago. Every year during one night in October-November small oil lamps called deyas are lit on the inside and outside of homes and in public places. Additionally, there is a celebration and festival called the Divali Nagar, where Indian song, dance, plays and other cultural items are on display.
Many corporate sponsors set up booths and there is even an open air Indian restaurant where one can purchase Indian food including roti. Divali is a public holiday in Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago's only zoo features a wide variety of animal species including birds, fish, lions, primates, snakes and other reptiles. It is in the capital, Port of Spain.
The Botanical Gardens contains many species of plants and is right next to the zoo, close to the President's house. The gardens are a perfectly picturesque picnic spot, despite the sparse amenities. Tobago's Fort George offers a glimpse into Tobago's colonial history and beautiful views of the ocean. Goat racing in Tobago on Easter Tuesday is a tradition dating back to Amazingly, it shares many similarities to horse racing, where there are owners, stables and trainers. During the month of August mainly in second or last weekend of August there is an annual power boat race from Trinidad to Tobago called the Great Race.
There are places to see the boats racing live such as Maracas Bay. The boats typically travel around the North West peninsula, then along the north coast then make a bee line to Tobago. The first finishers typically finish in an hour. This festival of music occurs in Tobago at the end of April and though is a recent addition to the calendar, has fast become a favored event, which means difficulty to book any last minute flights or rooms in Tobago around that time. The La Brea Pitch Lake is the world's largest natural reservoir of asphalt.
However, commercial excavation of asphalt has slowed down considerably, since other more cost effective materials are available for road construction. The pitch lake is now primarily a tourist destination. Many go to bathe in its waters, which contain sulphur, which some say has healing properties. The Leatherback sea turtles Dermochelys coriacea can be seen on Trinidad's Matura beach. Every year around Easter, the turtles return to Trinidad to lay their eggs.
Tours are available from conservation groups. Volunteer opportunities are also available. Since the turtles are an endangered species, it is illegal to kill the turtles or the eggs, therefore care and caution should be exercised so as not to disturb the turtles. The North coast of Trinidad is beautiful and largely unspoiled. There are a lot of scenic beaches and undeveloped areas. At the North East tip of the island is the village of Toco. The North East trade wind blows literally 24 hours per day and lounging on the beach can be quite relaxing.
Every year during the last week in July and first week in August, the Tobago heritage festival takes place. It is a two week long show of Tobagonian dance, music, story telling, culture and food. It is a showpiece into Tobago's long held traditions and a unique glimpse into the island's way of life. The annual festival of Carnival is one of the most famous things about Trinidad and Tobago.
There are many beautiful dances and a lot of celebrating around this time. Every year on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday and the season of Lent, thousands of costumed revellers parade on the streets in an annual street party dubbed "The Greatest Show On Earth. In the build-up to the two day Carnival celebration there are other activities including Calypso tents indoor calypso concerts , the "Panorama" steelband competition, Soca monarch, Chutney Soca monarch, as well as open air parties called fetes.
Carnival Monday and Tuesday are not official public holidays, but many businesses and all schools close for those two days anyway. Carnival derives from the French traditions which were adopted by African slaves. Carnival is both a "See" and "Do" activity.
One can just stand at the side of the road and watch the parade of the bands, or actually participate and "play mas. Booking well in advance is a must as the spaces fill up quickly.
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Getting in shape is also a must as many costumes are very skimpy. In fact some locals' physical fitness goals are centered around Carnival. There are quite a few nightclubs in Trinidad and Tobago, especially in the Chaguaramas area. Also the popular Rising Star on Rushworth street. However, due to the crime situation, caution is advised and it is a good idea to be with a group rather than by yourself. One can play golf at several golf courses throughout Trinidad and Tobago. Some courses are 9 holes and others are 18 holes. Two popular golf courses are the St.
Irvine Golf Course in Tobago. This may not be as spectacular as in other parts of the world, nevertheless this activity is possible in Trinidad at Chaguaramas West of Port of Spain , Trinidad and also at Arouca. Be careful because the lines are not as sturdy as others. English is the official language. Words are spelled with British spellings e. English is spoken with a strong accent in Trinidad and Tobago, so it can take some getting used to understanding the locals. English Creole though it's not referred to by locals by that name is very frequently used for informal communication among locals.
It's mostly an oral language, and is seldom written and then just by ad-lib. A Trinidadian Dictionary, "Cote Ci Cote La" can be found at one of the many bookstores in the country and is an excellent souvenir to remember your vacation to Trinidad and Tobago. Here's an example of just one of those many words that have radically different meanings from American English:.
It may seem, at times, you are in a country that only speaks a foreign language. However, since virtually everyone knows standard British English, there's no need to ask. Of course, if someone does suddenly start talking in standard English -- take notice. They may very well be talking to you! US dollars are also widely accepted. Visa and Mastercard credit cards are accepted at many stores. Consider changing it to four digits before you travel.
Prices in shops and stores are generally displayed and do not change according to the customer. Outdoor vendors, however, are another story: A few will even suggest or demand payment in US dollars. You can try haggling, or just grin and bear it. The tax is collected at the time of sale. Weights and measures are officially in Metric, however it is not uncommon for imperial English units to still be used. Though the other units are the same, the imperial gallon is not the same as the U.
Due to its varied background, Trinidad and Tobago has excellent and varied food options. In particular, the Indian roots have added to some of the best foods of any country in the world. If you can't tolerate extremely hot and spicy food, be sure to let the cook or waiter know in advance. There are several types of roti available in Trinidad-- sada, which is similar to pita or naan; dhalpouri, which is filled with ground yellow split peas; and buss up shut, a heartier bread, with a silken texture.
But the most popular fast snack is a 'doubles'. Doubles is curried chick peas enclosed in two pieces of fried bread, and served your choice of condiments. There are a few locations around Trinidad, mostly in San Fernando. Phoulourie is another popular roadside snack. Phoulourie are small balls, made of fried ground chick peas and flour. It and other popular snack foods like roast corn, cow heel soup, aloo pies fried potato pies and saheena spinach dipped in batter and fried , are often available from street vendors, especially around the Savannah.
Trinidad and Tobago is also famous for its mouth watering callaloo-- a soup made from green leafy vegetables, similar to spinach or kale, sometimes with crab or pigtail added vegetarians beware! Callalloo is not the most appetizing of foods to look at, but it is certainly worth a try. Most easily obtained along the north coast near Maracas Bay , pieces of Shark are deep fried, served in cut fried bread called "fried bake", and accompanied by various sauces, most popular of which is a puree of chadon pronounced "shadow" beni a herb similar to cilantro.
Another popular food traditionally associated with beach limes is pelau, usually accompanied with coleslaw. Pelau, is not, however, available for purchase at the beach, although you may be able to find it in a creole restaurant. Many of these will be available on the "lookout" on the way to Maracas Beach, and prepackaged in some supermarkets. There are a few local chains such as Royal Castle chicken and chips , Chicken Unlimited.
These local fried chicken chains have a different taste from American or European fried chicken chains. Pizza Boys and Mario's are two popular local Pizza chains. The pizza is quite different from American or Italian pizza. Chinese food is available in many places from Chinese takeout stores. It is Cantonese style but the spices are uniquely Trinidadian. Then there is an excellent range of higher-end Middle-Eastern food at "Joseph's" specializes in Lebanese and then the more everyday dine-in or take-out at Lawrence of Arabia in Shoppes of Maraval.
Barbecued chicken is another popular Trinbagonian dish. It is similar to American barbecue, but with local spices. There are roadside barbecue stands that sell a box of barbecued chicken quarter with fries, salad and garlic bread. One popular place is The Barbecue Hut which is an open air tent where patrons will buy barbecue to sit down and eat or take away.
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Be aware that it is run by Muslims therefore no alcohol is allowed on the compound. The condiments available in Trinbagonian restaurants are ketchup, plain mustard, garlic sauce, shadon-beni sauce a cilantro-like herb , hot pepper and many more depending on location. Soy sauce is available in Chinese restaurants, along with an extremely hot Chinese style pepper sauce.
If taking hot pepper as a condiment, be warned! It is extremely hot! You may see locals putting a lot of pepper on their food, but remember they have been eating it for years so they are accustomed to it. It is best to try a little and if you feel comfortable add more. If in doubt, avoid it.
Salt and black pepper are generally not available as in American restaurants. Local bakeries sell pastries such as beef and chicken pies and currant rolls. They also sell hops bread which are rolls made with white or whole wheat flour. Hops bread is best eaten hot and can be enjoyed with cheese or butter for a quick snack. Grocery stores sell a wide variety of packaged goods and produce. While petroleum and natural gas continue to make the most substantial contributions to the national economy, services are a growth area, especially in the tourist sector.
The beaches and the annual Carnival celebration are tourist draws. Yachting is expanding rapidly, with several marinas and related service activities, especially in the Chaguaramas area. Income and other taxes make up about one-third of government revenues. The islands are served by a fairly well-developed network of highways and main and local roads, but there is heavy congestion in urban areas. State-owned shipping lines and airline services connect Tobago to Trinidad. There are extensive port facilities at Point Lisas. The first constitution of independent Trinidad and Tobago, promulgated as a British Order in Council , provided for a governor-general appointed by the British monarch, a cabinet, and a bicameral Parliament, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
Under the constitution adopted in , Trinidad and Tobago is a republic. The head of state is the president, who is elected by the Parliament; the prime minister is the head of government. The president appoints the prime minister from the House of Representatives—almost always the leader of the majority party. Senators serve until the dissolution of Parliament or upon the request of the president that they vacate office.
The voting age is Since Tobago has had a separate House of Assembly consisting of 12 members elected by district at a primary election , four appointed councillors, and a presiding officer, who may or may not be a member of the assembly. In January Tobago was granted full internal self-government, insofar as such self-government does not conflict with the unitary state as provided by the constitution.
The legislation provides for a measure of devolution of executive powers in areas such as revenue raising and collection, agriculture, industry, tourism, environmental conservation, and social services. Trinidad is divided into 14 local government authorities: Demand for housing in the urban areas is high, but construction has been hampered by population movement, high construction costs, shortage of land, and inadequate long-term financing. A national health insurance program has been established. There is a network of public clinics and hospitals where treatment is free or low-cost, but concerns about the quality of the care they offer have led to a proliferation of private, fee-paying hospitals and clinics.
Education is free at the primary and secondary levels and compulsory between the ages of 6 and The government offers generous tuition grants to students at higher-education institutions. A campus of the University of the West Indies, offering courses in engineering, business administration, law, medicine, social science , natural science, education, agriculture, and humanities, is located in St. Augustine, about 10 miles 16 km east of Port of Spain.
The University of Trinidad and Tobago established , with campuses throughout the islands, provides technical and professional training in the sciences, technology, education, and other fields. The University of the Southern Caribbean ; Seventh-day Adventist is a private degree-granting institution near St. There are also technical and vocational institutes and several nonuniversity tertiary-level institutions, both public and private.
Naipaul , as well as the noted cultural historian and cricket writer C. The islands are known for steel-band and calypso music and for the dance known as the limbo. Derived from African music and dance forms, these are important features of the annual Carnival celebration, which to many represents the ultimate creative expression of the islands.
Cricket and football soccer are the most popular sports. When Christopher Columbus reached Trinidad in on his third voyage, the island was inhabited by Arawakan-speaking tribal groups originally from the Orinoco River delta region and a smaller number of Cariban speakers. In the 16th century many of these Trinidadian Indians were captured by Spanish slave traders and sent to work in other Spanish possessions, but there was no effective Spanish presence on the island until Even after the development of the island proceeded slowly. Few Spaniards immigrated to Trinidad; only a handful of African slaves were imported; and there was little production or export.
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, tobacco and, later, cacao were cultivated, using Trinidadian Indian labour, but after a disastrous failure of the cacao crop in the s, the industry declined. The island remained undeveloped until the late 18th century. From the Spanish government encouraged Roman Catholics from the other Caribbean islands to settle in Trinidad with their slaves.
Most of the settlers were French, and French influence became dominant. Many slaves were brought in from the other colonies and from Africa. Plantations were established, production of cotton and sugar began, and trade increased markedly. By , when Britain seized the island from Spain, Trinidad had begun its development as a plantation economy and a slave society.
Trinidad was formally ceded to Britain in Slavery was abolished in two stages between and , and the sugarcane planters were unable to secure the steady, tractable, and cheap labour they wanted. In the immigration of indentured workers from the Indian subcontinent began; it continued until As early as , about one-fourth of the total population consisted of Indo-Trinidadians. The original Trinidadian Indian inhabitants had by then virtually disappeared.
Other immigrants came to Trinidad after from the smaller British Caribbean colonies, Africa as free settlers rescued from foreign slave ships , Madeira, China, Syria , Lebanon , Venezuela, and the United Kingdom. Tobago, also sighted by Columbus in , did not have any permanent European settlement until the 18th century. Its development as a sugar colony began when it was ceded to Britain in and continued throughout the period from to , during which time Tobago changed hands between Britain and France several times.
Tobago was ceded to Britain for the last time in , but by then its importance as a sugar-exporting colony had already begun to wane. Tobago had its own bicameral legislature until In this way the united colony of Trinidad and Tobago was created. In Tobago became a ward administrative district of Trinidad and Tobago.
Unlike most of the other British West Indian colonies, including Tobago, Trinidad was never granted a bicameral legislature with an elected assembly. Instead, it was governed as a crown colony, with a governor and from a legislative council consisting of top officials and so-called unofficial members nominated by the governor. The constitution of the crown colony underwent no significant modification until During the British colonial period, many activists sought to change the constitution to allow the inclusion of some elected members on the Trinidad and Tobago Legislative Council.
In a constitutional reform did that, adding seven elected members. Further agitation—especially an islandwide series of strikes and riots in under Grenadan-born labour leader Uriah Butler—led to the grant of universal suffrage in and other constitutional reforms that provided for a measure of self-government. Trinidad and Tobago attained independence in and became a republic within the Commonwealth in The PNM won six consecutive elections and held power from to This continuity and stability in government were accompanied by economic problems and social unrest, which broke out in widespread disturbances in — The oil boom in —81 brought sudden prosperity to most sections of the population, and Trinidad and Tobago entered a period of rapid development and industrialization.
A substantial state sector and fairly comprehensive social welfare programs were created from the petroleum profits, while the private sector expanded rapidly. Robinson, won the majority of seats on a program calling for divestment of most state-owned companies, reorganization of the civil service , and structural readjustment of the economy in the light of shrinking oil revenues. Although the NAR government succeeded somewhat in stimulating economic growth while keeping inflation low, its policies were widely resented, and the party was damaged by splits and defections.
In July a small radical Muslim group attempted a coup, in which several ministers, including Robinson, the prime minister, were held hostage for six days. In the prime minister called an early general election. Panday was the first Indo-Trinidadian prime minister, and his government was the first in Trinidad and Tobago to be controlled by a party whose electoral base was the Indo-Trinidadian population. After leaving office, Panday was charged in with having failed to declare assets to the parliamentary Integrity Commission.
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There was considerable new investment, especially in tourism, petrochemicals, and natural gas. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Trinidad and Tobago has continued its rapid pace of industrial development, which included building liquefied natural gas plants and steel smelters. The state-owned sugar producer and refiner, Caroni Ltd. Others turned to the cultivation of alternative crops such as cassava and fruits, and a compensation plan was offered to former sugar-industry workers. We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles.
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Dec 16, See Article History. Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: On flatland of some 30, acres 12, hectares , the cane is grown on heavy clay soil in a climate with 50 inches 1, millimetres of rain during the seven-month wet season and 10 inches during the five-month dry season. After stopping at Trinidad named for the Holy Trinity, whose protection he had invoked for the voyage , Columbus entered the Gulf of Paria and planted the Spanish flag on the Paria Peninsula in Venezuela. The barrel bottoms are hammered inward, different areas being shaped to yield distinct pitches.
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