The Future of Newspapers (Journalism Studies)

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Education and Training , 49 4 , The perceptions and experiences of teaching staff. The word journalism applies to the occupation , as well as citizen journalists using methods of gathering information and utilizing literary techniques. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet , and, in the past, newsreels.

Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries. In some nations, the news media is controlled by government intervention, and is not a fully independent body. In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases.

The advent of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape in recent years. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers , magazines , or television news channels.

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News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues. Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists.

The Future of Newspapers - CRC Press Book

The Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts to disclose that they received the products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers. In the US, many credible news organizations are incorporated entities ; have an editorial board; and exhibit separate editorial and advertising departments. Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. For instance, The New York Times code of standards and ethics [4] is considered particularly rigorous.

When writing stories, fairness and bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent the author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points-of-view. In a print newspaper, information is organized into sections and the distinction between opinionated and neutral stories is often clear.

Online, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", while feature stories , breaking news, and hard news stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy. According to Robert McChesney , healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include a range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people.

Many debates center on whether journalists are "supposed" to be "objective" and "neutral"; arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate points of view.

There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Thus, journalism is said to serve the role of a " fourth estate ", acting as a watchdog on the workings of the government. A single publication such as a newspaper contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats.

Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience. The rise of social media has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called citizen journalists. Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists.

Because of these changes, the credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. It is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the U. Conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates.

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One example is a fabricated report of Hillary Clinton's email which was published by a non-existent newspaper called The Denver Guardian. Its news feed algorithm in particular was identified by Vox as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data privacy.

Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining the credibility of the underlying news organization. The phrase was popularized and inaccurately used by Donald Trump during his presidential campaign to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then presidency.

The definition of 'Fake News' above, could also be applied to the general category of 'Propaganda' when it is applied to the field of political reporting. If the definition of propaganda includes misrepresentation of facts, and deliberate distortions of narrative, or applied emphasis not necessarily contained in the original, then Fake News falls squarely inside the parameters of Propaganda also. It could be argued that true objectivity is not really possible to produce, when it comes to presenting analysis of political activity, any individual observer and journalist is going to perceive what they experience through the lens of their own political bias, this of course is the case with entire organizations also.

While publications reporting news to the general public in a standardized fashion only began to appear in the 17th century and later, governments as early as Han dynasty China made use of regularly published news bulletins. As mass-printing technologies like the printing press spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with news. The first references to privately-owned newspaper publishers in China date to the late Ming dynasty in The first successful English daily, the Daily Courant , was published from to Other governments, such as the Russian Empire , were even more distrusting of journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the midth century.

Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centers of trade, such as Amsterdam , London , and Berlin. The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century. Newspapers played a significant role in mobilizing popular support in favor of the liberal revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the American Colonies , newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against the British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as Thomas Paine , [22] [23] while loyalist publications motivated support against the American Revolution.

Napoleon would reintroduce strict censorship laws in , but after his reign print publications would flourish and play an important role in political culture. The Russian Bulletin praised Alexander II of Russia's liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and supported increased political and economic freedoms for peasants as well as the establishment of a parliamentary system in Russia. Journalism in China before primarily served the international community. The overthrow of the old imperial regime in produced a surge in Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nation-wide journalism.

By the late s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in the sort of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries. The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the war; circulation inched up to 6 million a day from 5 million in The major postwar success story was Paris Soir ; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige.

By its circulation was over 1. In addition to its daily paper Paris Soir sponsored a highly successful women's magazine Marie-Claire. Another magazine Match was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine Life. By popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven a success and made its profits through advertising. Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe — , "More than anyone Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: Prime Minister Lord Salisbury quipped it was "written by office boys for office boys".

Though this first effort at Journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development for us as it gave birth to modern journalism in our country. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about a variety of products. Later on, in the s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. It is important to note that during that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating a smooth communication among the people of the country.

This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English came as the ' linguafranca' for everyone from across the country. The late 19th and early 20th century in the United States saw the advent of media empires controlled by the likes of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Realizing that they could expand their audience by abandoning politically polarized content, thus making more money off of advertising , American newspapers began to abandon their partisan politics in favor of less political reporting starting around Newspaper publishing became much more heavily professionalized in this era, and issues of writing quality and workroom discipline saw vast improvement.

The rampant discrimination and segregation against African-Americans led to the founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. While the first Black newspapers in America were established in the early 19th century, [43] in the 20th century these newspapers truly flourished in major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. In the s in the United States, as newspapers dropped their blatant partisanship in search of new subscribers, political analyst Walter Lippmann and philosopher John Dewey debated the role of journalism in a democracy.

Lippmann's views prevailed for decades, helping to bolster the Progressives' confidence in decision-making by experts, with the general public standing by. Lippmann argued that high-powered journalism was wasted on ordinary citizens, but was of genuine value to an elite class of administrators and experts. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. The danger of demagoguery and false news did not trouble Dewey. His faith in popular democracy has been implemented in various degrees, and is now known as " community journalism ". Radio broadcasting increased in popularity starting in the s, becoming widespread in the s.

While most radio programming was oriented toward music, sports, and entertainment, radio also broadcast speeches and occasional news programming. Radio reached the peak of its importance during World War II , as radio and newsreels were the two main sources of up-to-date information on the ongoing war.

These broadcasts would very rarely have any additional editorial content or analysis, setting them apart from modern news reporting. Starting in the s, United States broadcast television channels would air tominute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the s with the assassination of John F. Kennedy , broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels.

Jindal School of Journalism and Communication discusses the future of Indian newspapers

During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in with the establishment of CNN , news channels began providing hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grappling with declining audiences.

Decline of newspapers

For example, between and , CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. The compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition. Using video camera-equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like YouTube which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets. News from a variety of online sources, like blogs and other social media, results in a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, rather than only traditional media organizations.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of — truthfulness , accuracy , objectivity , impartiality, fairness and public accountability — as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. In this view, the essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification.

Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones, [59] also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race , religion , sexual orientation , and physical or mental disabilities. This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy.