Ruinas (Anotado) (Spanish Edition)

I20 The Mexicans reached Tula.. In the last date, the one of most importance, he is confirmed by the learned Veytia, who differs from him in all the others. This was the subversion of the Tezcucan monarchy by the Tepanecs, already, noticed. When the oppressive conduct of the victors had at length aroused a spirit of resistance, its prince, Nezahualcoyotl, succeeded, after incredible perils and escapes, in mustering such a force as, with the aid of the Mexicans, placed him on a level with his enemies.

In two successive battles, these were defeated with great slaughter, their chief slain, and their territory, by one of those sudden reverses which characterize the wars of petty states, passed into the hands of the conquerors. It was awarded to Mexico, in return for its important services. Then was formed that remarkable league, which, indeed, has no parallel in history. It was agreed between the states of Mexico, Tezcuco, and the neighboring little kingdom of Tlacopan, that they should mutually support each other in their wars, offensive and defensive, and that in the distribution of the spoil onefifth should be assigned to Tlacopan, and the remainder be divided, in what proportions is uncertain, between the other powers.

The Tezcucan writers claim an equal share for their nation with the Aztecs. But this does not seem to be warranted by the immense increase of territory subsequently appropriated by the latter. And we may account for any advantage conceded to them by the treaty, on the supposition that, however inferior they may have been, originally, they were, at the time of making it, in a more prosperous condition than their allies, broken and dispirited by long op. What is more extraordinary than the treaty itself, however, is the fidelity with which it was maintained.

During a century of uninterrupted warfare that ensued, no instance occurred where the parties quarrelled over the division of the spoil, which so often makes shipwreck of similar confederacies among civilized states. Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, gave evidence of the public prosperity.

Its frail tenements were supplanted by solid structures of stone and lime. Its population rapidly increased. Its old feuds were healed. The citizens who had seceded were again brought under a common government with the main body, and the quarter they occupied was 25 The loyal Tezcucan chronicler claims the supreme dignity for his own sovereign, if not the greatest share of the spoil, by this imperial compact.

Torquemada, on the other hand, claims one-half of all the conquered lands for Mexico. All agree in assigning only one-fifth to Tlacopan; and Veytia Hist. II , both very competent critics, acquiesce in an equal division between the two principal states in the confederacy. An ode, still extant, of Nezahualcoyotl, in its Castilian version, bears testimony to the singular union of the three powers: No state was able long to resist the accumulated strength of the confederates.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, just before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Aztec dominion reached across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and, under the bold and bloody Ahuitzotl, its arms had been carried far over the limits already noticed as defining its permanent territory, into the farthest corners of Guatemala and Nicaragua.

This extent of empire, however limited in comparison with that of many other states, is truly wonderful, considering it as the acquisition of a people whose whole population and resources had so recently been comprised within the walls of their own petty city, and considering, moreover, that the conquered territory was thickly settled by various races, bred to arms like the Mexicans, and little inferior to them in social organization.

The history of the Aztecs suggests some strong points of 26 See the plans of the ancient and modern capital, in Bullock's "Mexico," first edition. The original of the ancient map was obtained by that traveller from the collection of the unfortunate Boturini; if, as seems probable, it is the one indicated on page x3 of his Catalogue, I find no warrant for Mr. Bullock's statement that it was the one prepared for Cortes by the order of Montezuma. See his Discorsi sopra T. This, as we have seen above, was the very course pursued by the Mexicans.

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The most important contribution, of late years, to the early history of Mexico is the Historia antigua of the Lic. Don Mariano Veytia, published in the city of Mexico, in I This scholar was born of an ancient and highly respectable family at Puebla, I7I8. After finishing his academic education, he went to Spain, where he was kindly received at court. He afterwards visited several other countries of Europe, made himself acquainted with their languages, and returned home well stored with the fruits of a discriminating observation and diligent study. The rest of his life he devoted to letters; especially to the illustration of the national history and antiquities.

As the executor of the unfortunate Boturini, with whom he had contracted an intimacy in Madrid, he obtained access to his valuable collection of manuscripts in Mexico, and from them, and every other source which his position in society and his eminent character opened to him, he composed various works, none of which, however, except the one before us, has been admitted to the honors of the press. The time of his death is not given by his editor, but it was probably not later than' 78o. Veytia's history covers the whole period from the first occupation of Anahuac to the middle of the fifteenth century, at which point his labors were unfortunately terminated by his death.

In the early portion'he has endeavored to trace the migratory movements and historical annals of the principal races who entered the country. Every page bears testimony to the extent and fidelity of his researches; and, if we. As he descends to later ages, he Is more occupied with the fortunes of the Tezcucan than with those of the Aztec dynasty, which have been amply discussed by others of his countrymen. The premature close of his labors.

The deficiency has been supplied by his judicious editor, Orteaga, from other sources. In the early part of his work, Veytia has explained the chronological system of the Aztecs, but, like most writers preceding the accurate Gama, with indifferent success. As a critic, he certainly ranks much higher than the annalists who preceded him, and, when his own religion is not involved, shows a discriminating judgment.

When it is, he betrays a full' measure of the credulity which still maintains its hold on too many even of the well-informed of his countrymen. The editor of the work has given a very interesting letter from the Abb6 Clavigero to Veytia, written when the former was a poor and humble exile, and in the tone of one addressing a person of high standing and literary eminence. Both were employed on the same subject. The writings of the poor abbe, published again and again, and translated into various languages, have spread his fame throughout Europe; while the name of Veytia, whose works have been locked up in their primitive manuscript, is scarcely known beyond the boundaries of Mexico.

THE form of government differed in the different states of Anahuac. With the Aztecs and Tezcucans it was monarchical and nearly absolute. The two nations resembled each other so much in their political institutions that one of their historians has remarked, in too unqualified a manner indeed, that what is told of one may be always understood as applying to the other.

The government was an elective monarchy. Four of the principal nobles, who had been chosen'by their own body in the preceding reign, filled the office of electors, to whom were added, with merely an honorary rank, however, the two royal allies of Tezcuco and Tlacopan. The sovereign was selected from the brothers of the deceased prince, or, in default of them, from his nephews. Thus the election was always restricted to the same family.

The candidate preferred must have distinguished himself in war, though, as in the case of the last Montezuma, he were a member of the priesthood. This was an exception. The candidates received an education which fitted them for the royal dignity, while the age at which they were chosen not only secured the nation against the evils of minority, but afforded ample means for estimating their qualifications for the office. The result, at all events, was favorable; since the throne, as already noticed, was filled by a succession of able princes, well qualified to rule over a warlike and ambitious people.

The scheme of election, however defective, argues a more refined and calculating policy than was to have been expected from a barbarous nation. Amidst this pomp of human sacrifice he was crowned. The crown, resembling a mitre in its form, and curiously ornamented with gold, gems, and feathers, was placed on his head by the lord of Tezcuco, the most powerful of his. The title of King,, by which the taken from the warrior caste, though obliged afterwards to be instructed in the mysteries of the priesthood: The minute historical investigation of Clavigero may be permitted to outweigh this general assertion.

Their spacious palaces were provided with halls for the different councils who aided the monarch in the transaction of business. The chief of these was a sort of privy council, composed in part, probably, of the four electors chosen by the nobles after the accession, whose places, when made vacant by death, were immediately supplied as before. It was the business of this body, so far as can be gathered from the very loose accounts given of it, to advise the king, in respect to the government of the provinces, the administration of the revenues, and, indeed, on all great matters of public interest.

It is not easy to determine with precision, in these barbarian governments, the limits of the several orders. It is certain there was a distinct class of nobles, with large landed possessions, who held the most important offices near the person of the prince, 4 Sahagun, Hist. His assertions are at variance with facts stated by himself elsewhere, and are not countenanced by any other writer whom I have consulted. Acosta enlarges the council beyond'the number of the electors. No two writers agree. According to some writers of authority, there were thirty great cacifues, who had their residence, at least a part of the year, in the capital, and who could muster a hundred thousand vassals each on their estates.

If it be true that the kings encouraged, or, indeed, exacted, the residence of these nobles in' the capital, and required hostages in their absence, it is evident that their power must have been very formidable. Some of them, earned by their own good swords or received as the recompense of public services, were held without any limitation, except that the possessors 6 Zurita enumerates four orders of chiefs, all of whom were exempted from imposts and enjoyed very considerable privileges. He does not discriminate the several ranks with much precision.

Most of them seem to have been burdened with the obligation of military service. The principal chiefs of Tezcuco, according to its chronicler, were expressly obliged to support their prince with their armed vassals, to attend his court, and aid him in the council. Some, instead of these services, were to provide for the repairs of his buildings, and to keep the royal demesnes in order, with an annual offering, by way of homage, of fruits and flowers.

It was usual, if we are to believe historians, for a new king, on his accession, to confirm the investiture of estates derived from the crown. The obligation of military service, for instance, the most essential principle of a fief, seems to be naturally demanded by 9 MacehuaL,-a word equivalent to the French word rQturier. Nor could fiefs originally be held by plebeians in France. I65 carries back the origin of fiefs in Anahuac to the twelfth century. Carli says, " Le syst.

Paris, , tom. Carli was a writer of a lively imagination. As to minor points of resemblance, they fall far short of that harmonious system of reciprocal service and protection which embraced, in nice gradation, every order of a feudal monarchy. The kingdoms of Anahuac were in their nature despotic, attended, indeed, with many mitigating circumstances unknown to the despotisms of the East; but it is chimerical to look for much in common -beyond a few accidental forms and ceremonieswith those aristocratic institutions of the Middle Ages which made the court of every petty baron the precise image in miniature of that of his sovereign.

The legislative power, both in Mexico and Tezcuco, resided wholly with the monarch. This feature of despotism, however, was in some measure counteracted by the constitution of the judicial tribunals, —of more importance, among a rude people, than the legislative, since it is easier to make good laws for such a community than to enforce them, and the best laws, badly administered, are but a mockery. Over each of the principal cities, with its dependent territories, was placed a supreme judge, appointed by the crown, with original and final jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases.

There was no appeal from his sentence to any other tribunal, nor even to the king. He held his office during life; and any one who usurped his ensigns was punished with death. Its typical application may have had reference to justice, or law, as the source of social order. Below this magistrate was a court, established in each province, and consisting of three members. It held concurrent jurisdiction with the supreme judge in civil suits, but in criminal an appeal lay to his tribunal.

Besides these courts, there was a body of inferior magistrates, distributed through the country, chosen by the people themselves in their several districts. Their authority was limited to smaller causes, while the more important were carried up to the higher courts. There was still another class of subordinate officers, appointed also by the people, each of whom was to watch over the conduct of a certain number of families and report any disorder or breach of the laws to the higher authorities.

The Mendoza Collection contains a painting of the courts of justice under Montezuma, who'introduced great changes in them. According to the interpreter, an appeal lay from them, in certain cases, to the king's council. The hard penalty of mutual responsibility was not known to the Mexicans. His observations are chiefly drawn from the Tezcucan courts, which in their forms of procedure, he says, were like the Aztec. This body determined all suits which, from their importance or' difficulty, had been reserved for its consideration by the lower tribunals.

It served, moreover, as a council of state, to assist the monarch in the transaction of public business. These, being usually ecclesiastics, have taken much less interest in this subject than in matters connected with religion. They find some apology, certainly, in the early destruction of most of the Indian paintings, from which their information was, in part, to be gathered.

On the whole, however, it must be inferred that the Aztecs were sufficiently civilized to evince a solicitude for the rights both of property and of persons. The law, authorizing an appeal to the highest judicature in criminal matters only, shows an attention to personal security, rendered the more obligatory by the extreme severity of their penal code, which would naturally have made them more cautious of a wrong 14 Bbturini, Idea, p.

It would seem, however, according to him, to have consisted only of twelve principal judges, besides the king. His meaning is somewhat doubtful. The existence of a number of co-ordinate tribunals, without a central one of supreme authority to control the whole, must have given rise to very discordant interpretations of the law in different districts.

But this is an evil which they shared in common with most of the nations of Europe.

The, provision for making the superior judges wholly independent of the crown was worthy of an enlightened people. It presented the strongest barrier that a mere constitution could afford against tyranny. It is not, indeed, to be supposed that, in a government otherwise so despotic, means could not be found for influencing the magistrate.

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But it was a great step to fence round his authority with the sanction of the law; and no one of the Aztec monarchs, so far as I know, is accused of an attempt to violate it. To receive presents or a bribe, to be guilty of collusion in any way with a suitor, was punished, in a judge, with death. Who, or what tribunal, decided as to his guilt, does not appear. In Tezcuco this was done by the rest of the court.

But the king presided over that body. The Tezcucan prince Nezahualpilli, who rarely tempered justice with mercy, put one judge to death for taking a bribe, and another for determining suits in his own house,-a capital offence, also, by law. They, as well as the supreme judge,'s "If this should be done now, what an excellent thing it would be I" exclaims Sahagun's Mexican editor.

The judges wore an appropriate dress, and attended to business both parts of the day, dining always, for the sake of despatch, in an apartment of the same building where they held their session; a method of proceeding much commended by the Spanish chroniclers, to whom despatch was not very familiar in their own tribunals.

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Officers attended to preserve order, and others summoned the parties and produced them in court. No counsel was employed; the parties stated their own case and supported it by their witnesses. The oath of the accused was also admitted in evidence. The statement of the case, the testimony, and the proceedings of the trial were all set forth by a clerk, in hieroglyphical paintings, and handed over to the court.

The paintings were executed with so much accuracy that in all suits respecting real property they were allowed to be produced as good authority in the Spanish tribunals, very long after the Conquest; and a chair for their study and interpretation was established at Mexico in I, which has long since shared the fate of most other provisions for learning in that unfortunate country.

In Tezcuco, where the king presided in the court, this, according to the national chronicler, was done with t6Zurita, Rapport, pp. What rogue, then, could ever have been convicted? His description, which is of rather a poetical cast, I give in his own words. In the principal one, called the'tribunal of God,' was a throne of pure gold, inlaid with turquoises and other precious stones.

On a stool in front was placed a human skull, crowned with an immense emerald of a pyramidal form, and surmounted by an aigrette of brilliant plumes and precious stones.

The skull was laid on a heap of military weapons, shields, quivers, bows, and arrows. The walls were hung with tapestry, made of the hair of different wild animals, of rich and various colors, festooned by gold rings and embroidered with figures of birds and flowers. Above the throne was a canopy of variegated plumage, from the centre of which shot forth resplendent rays of gold and jewels. The other tribunal, called' the King's,' was also surmounted by a gorgeous canopy of feathers, on which were emblazoned the royal arms.

Here the sovereign gave public audience and communicated his despatches. But when he decided important causes, or confirmed a capital'sentence, he passed to the'tribunal of God,' attended by the fourteen great lords of the realm, marshalled according to their rank. Then, putting on his mitred crown, incrusted with precious stones, and holding a golden arrow, by way of sceptre, in his left hand, he laid his right upon the skull, and pronounced judgment.

But it is certain 17 Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Had they been a little further advanced in refinement, one might well doubt their having the bad taste to do so. The laws of the Aztecs were registered, and exhibited to the people, in their hieroglyphical paintings. Much the larger part of them, as in every nation imperfectly civilized, relates rather to the security of persons than of property. The great crimes against society were all made capital. Even the murder of a slave was punished with death. Adulterers, as among the Jews, were stoned to death. Thieving, according to the degree of the offence, was punished by slavery or death.

Yet the Mexicans could have been under no great apprehension of this crime, since the entrances to their dwellings were not secured by bolts or fastenings of any kind. It was a capital offence to remove the boundaries of another's lands; to alter the established measures; and for a guardian not to be able to give a good account of his ward's property. These regulations evince a regard for equity in dealings, and for private rights, which argues a considerable progress in civilization.

Prodigals, who squandered their patrimony, were punished in like manner; a severe sentence, since the crime brought its adequate punishment along with it. Intemperance, which was the burden, moreover, of their religious homilies, was visited with the severest penalties; as if they had foreseen in it the consuming canker of their own as well as of the other Indian races in later times. It was punished in the' young with death, and in older persons with loss of VOL.

Yet a decent conviviality was not meant to be proscribed at their festivals, and they possessed the means of indulging it, in a mild fermented liquor, called pulque, which is still popular, not only with the Indian, but the European population of the country. Divorces could not be obtained until authorized by a sentence of this court, after a patient hearing of the parties. But the most remarkable part of the Aztec code was that relating to slavery. There were several descriptions of slaves: In the last instance, usually occasioned also by poverty, it was z8 Paintings of the Mendoza Collection, P1.

Indeed, Zurita bears testimony that those Spaniards who thought they were greatly erred.

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Ternaux's translation of a passage of the Anonymous Conqueror, "aucun peuple n'est aussi sobre" Recueil de Pieces relatives. Paris, , p. See the Relatione, ap. Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigationi et Viaggi Venetia, The willingness of freemen to incur the penalties of this condition is explained by the mild form in which it existed. The contract of sale was executed in the presence of at least four witnesses.

The services to be exacted were limited with great precision. The slave was allowed to have his own family, to hold property, and even other slaves. His children were free. No one could be born to slavery in Mexico; x9 an honorable distinction, not known, I believe, in any civilized community where slavery has been sanctioned. They were often liberated by them at their death, and sometimes, as there was no natural repugnance founded on difference of blood and race, were married to them. Yet a refractory or vicious slave might be led into the market, with a collar round his neck, which intimated his bad'character, and there be publicly sold, and, on a second sale, reserved for sacrifice.

This, though more liberal than the code of most countries, fell short of the Mexican. Robertson speaks of a class of slaves held so cheap in the eye of the Mexican law that one might kill them with impunity. History of America ed. London, , vol. This, however, was not in Mexico, but in Nicaragua see his own authority, Herrera, Hist. Such are some of the most striking features of the Aztec code, to which the Tezcucan bore great resemblance. The royal revenues were derived from various sources.

The crown lands, which appear to have been extensive, made their returns in kind.

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The places in the neighborhood of the capital were bound to supply workmen and materials for building the king's palaces and keeping them in repair. They were also to furnish fuel, provisions, and whatever was necessary for his ordinary domestic expenditure, which was certainly on no stinted scale. The Tezcucan code, indeed, as digested under the great Nezahualcoyotl, formed the basis of the Mexican, in the latter days of the empire.

The various branches of the royal expenditure were defrayed by specified towns and districts; and the whole arrangements here, and in Mexico, bore a remarkable resemblance to the financial regulations of the Persian empire, as reported by the Greek writers see Herodotus, Clio, sec. The inhabitants paid a stipulated part of the produce to the crown. The vassals of the great chiefs, also, paid a portion of their earnings into the public treasury; an arrangement not at all in the spirit of the feudal institutions. The nature and the variety of the tributes will be best shown by an enumeration of some of the principal articles.

These were cotton dresses, and mantles of feather-work exquisitely made; ornamented armor; vases and plates of gold; gold dust, bands and bracelets; crystal, gilt, and varnished jars and goblets; bells, arms, and utensils of copper; reams of paper; grain, fruits, copal, amber, cochineal, cacao, wild animals and birds, timber, lime, mats, etc. Officers of their own appointment parcelled out these lands among the several families of the ca4lulli; and on the extinction or removal of a family its lands reverted to the common stock, to be again distributed. The individual proprietor had no power to alienate them.

The laws regulating these matters were very precise, and had existed ever since the occupation of the country by the Aztecs. It is a copy made after the Conquest, with a pen, on European paper. See Foreign Quarterly Review, No. An original painting of the same roll was in Boturini's museum. Lorenzana has given us engravings of it, in which the outlines of the Oxford copy are filled up, though somewhat rudely. Clavigero considers the explanations in Lorenzana's edition very inaccurate Stor. It would have much facilitated reference to his plates if they had been numbered.

By a stern law, every defaulter was liable to be taken and sold as a slave. In the capital were spacious granaries and warehouses for the reception of the tributes. A receiver-general was quartered in the palace, who rendered in an exact account of the various contributions, and watched over the conduct of the inferior agents, in whom the least malversation was summarily punished. This functionary was furnished with a map of the whole empire, with a minute specification of the imposts assessed on every part of it.

These imposts, moderate under the reigns of the early princes, became so burdensome under those at the close of the dynasty, being rendered still more oppressive by the manner of collection, that they bred disaffection throughout the land, and prepared the way for its conquest by the Spaniards. Posthouses were established on the great roads, about two leagues distant from each other.

The courier, bearing his despatches in the form of a hieroglyphical painting, ran with them to the first station, where they were taken by another messenger and carried forward to the firmed in their authority, and the conquered places allowed to retain their laws and usages. The conquests were not always partitioned, but sometimes, singularly enough, were held in common by the three powers. These couriers, trained from childhood, travelled with incredible swiftness,-not four or five leagues an hour, as an old chronicler.

In this way intelligence of the movements of the royal armies was rapidly brought to court; and the dress of the courier, denoting by its color the nature of his tidings, spread joy or consternation in the towns through which he passed. Murray, whose imperturbable good humor under real troubles forms a contrast, rather striking, to the sensitiveness of some of his predecessors to imaginary ones, tell us, among other marvels, that an Indian of his party travelled a hundred miles in four-andtwenty hours.

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Travels in North America New York, , vol. The Greek who, according to Plutarch, brought the news of victory to Plataea, a hundred and twenty-five miles, in a day, was a better traveller still. Some interesting facts on the pedestrian capabilities of man in the savage state are collected by Buffon, who concludes, truly enough, " L'homme civilise ne connalit pas ses forces. Couriers are noticed, in the thirteenth century, in China, by Marco Polo. Their stations were only three miles apart, and they accomplished five days' journey in one.

Viaggi di Marco Polo, lib. A similar arrangement for posts subsists there at the present day, and excites the admiration of a modern traveller. In Mexico, as in Egypt, the soldier shared with the priest the highest consideration. The king, as we have seen, must be an experienced warrior. The tutelary deity of the Aztecs was the god of war. A great object of their military expeditions was to gather hecatombs of captives for his altars. The soldier who fell in battle was transported at once to the region of ineffable bliss in the bright mansions of the Sun.

Thus we find the same impulse acting in the most opposite quarters of the globe, and the Asiatic, the European, and the American, each earnestly invoking the holy name of religion in the perpetration of human butchery. The question of war was discussed in a council of the king and his chief nobles. English to Spanish - Standard rate: Nov to Dec Languages: Italian to Spanish page translation of two philosophical works by Giordano Bruno Two masterpieces by Renaissance philosopher Giordano Bruno da Nola: Translation was made comparing the original manuscript in Latin and the Italian translation by Albano Biondi.

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By jim Hutchison The heart is a powerful muscle, weighing between and grams, that ceaselessly pumps blood around the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing carbon dioxide and waste products.

Meaning of "derribo" in the Spanish dictionary

It beats about once a second, drawing a constant source of oxygen-rich blood through a complex network of coronary arteries. Over time, bad habits such as smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise, as well as genetic factors may lead to a buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits, or plaque, inside the artery walls. Known as atherosclerosis or coronary-artery disease, the plaque slowly accumulates, narrowing the arteries. Through a biological mechanism not fully understood, the surface of the plaque can become inflamed and rupture, forming a blood clot.

If this coronary thrombosis completely obstructs the artery, the area of heart muscle it feeds is suddenly starved of blood, triggering a heart attack. Within minutes cardiac muscle cells begin to die. Most heart attacks are not fatal, and their severity depends on many factors, including which part of the heart is affected, and for how long and how large an area of cardiac muscle is left ischemic without blood supply. Symptoms can vary from mild - a quarter of all heart attacks are "silent," without symptoms, occurring most commonly in diabetics - to severe, but usually the heart sends out such distress signals as chest pain, which sometimes radiates out to the shoulders, arms and jaw; shortness of breath; and nausea indigestion or vomiting and sweating.

An ischemic heart muscle, especially if it is a large area, may be unable to conduct the electrical impulses that originate in the sinus node and orchestrate the heart's rhythmic pumping action. The resulting arrhythmia irregular heartbeat can set the scene for a deadly chain of events.

Instead of beating and contracting uniformly, the heart may fall into a quivering, chaotic state that results in cardiac arrest. With the heart no longer beating, blood pressure plummets, and the victim collapses. Breathing and blood circulation cease, and without swift intervention - CPR to maintain some pumping action and to keep oxygen and blood flowing to the heart and brain, and electric shock from a defibrillator to restore rhythmic pumping action -tissue and vital organs are deprived of oxygen and begin to die within minutes. For every minute of delay in defibrillation, the survival rate decreases by seven to ten percent.

More than 80 percent of heart-attack victims who reach hospital survive. Half of those who die from a heart attack do so within an hour of the first symptoms, and before reaching the hospital. When an artery becomes severely clogged with plaque the flow of oxygen-and nutrient-rich blood to the heart can be blocked. La consiguiente arritmia a veces resulta letal. Coronaria gravemente obstruida Coronaria sana Miocardio infartado English to Spanish: A person is considered clinically dead when his or her heart stops, but they may be resuscitated.

This may be achieved through cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR , which consists of two basic life-support skills: Artificial respiration provides oxygen to the lungs while chest compressions keep blood circulating through the body. The first thing you should do if you suspect a heart attack is to send or go for medical help.

Open the airway by tilting the head and lifting the jaw. Check for normal breathing for up to ten seconds. Place your ear just above the person's nose and mouth, listen and feel for breath, and watch for chest movement. Release the person's nose and mouth to allow air to escape. Each breath should take one second. Use enough air to make the chest rise. Position your shoulders directly over your hands with elbows locked.

Position your hands mid-chest. Push hard with the heels of your hands 30 times, then give two more breaths. Verifica durante 10 segundos si respira: Suelta entonces nariz y boca y deja escapar el aire. Here, perhaps, was a chance to bask in a moment of hard-earned glory after decades of solid backroom work. So he put his characteristic humility to one side. And instead of filling in "medical researcher" under profession on his landing card, he carefully wrote out "Australian of the Year.

Such is the modest public profile of a man now standing on the brink of medical history. Frazer's cervical cancer vaccine was approved in June last year for use in Australia and the US. Other countries have followed suit and, as a result, the next generation of women around the world may well dismiss the human papillomavirus HPV as a scourge from a bygone age, just as we take for granted the end of polio. Until now, this common sexually transmitted virus — which can go on to cause cervical cancer — has killed some , women a year.

Cervical cancer is the only human cancer yet proven to be caused entirely by a virus. And Frazer's vaccine, developed with his late research partner, Dr Jian Zhou, makes it possible for us to wipe it out. Professor Peter Doherty, an Australian Nobel laureate who made one of last century's most significant medical discoveries in physiology and immunology, says that in a world of daily headline claims and hype, Frazer's work truly can be called a breakthrough — one that surprised even the scientific community, because it works so well. Growing up in the cold, smoggy cities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen, Scotland, in the late s, Ian Frazer plus a chemistry set equalled an explosive combination.

His father was a professor of medicine; his mother had a PhD in science. Little wonder that by early primary school, Frazer had decided he wanted to be a physicist. Then, when he was about nine, he remembers lining up with schoolmates for their polio vaccinations. That got me interested in how the body fights infection. From there, the young Scot with a brilliant eye for detail could have walked into a research job at Cambridge University.

Instead, he had figured that much of the best work in immunology was coming out of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne. He'd spent several months as an intern there in and liked the laid-back Aussie lifestyle, so he emigrated. But he also had a deliberate plan. A strange new illness was brewing. Frazer began working on liver diseases linked to hepatitis B in gay men. Frazer also noticed his patients were commonly afflicted with genital warts caused by the human papillomavirus.

HPV wasn't just a nuisance; the warts seemed to be associated with abnormal cells that were on their way to becoming cancer. To link a virus to cancer was contentious. But Frazer was convinced this needed further investigation. Research grants were easier to find in Queensland, and with his wife Caroline, whom he had met while at university in Scotland, and their two children with a third on the way , he moved to Brisbane and was soon running his own lab at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, the University of Queensland's teaching hospital.

The relaxed, friendly environment was some compensation for the long hours Frazer spent on his medical research. Then, in , he was offered the chance to go and spend some time in Cambridge on a sabbatical. It was an academic's dream, and once more Frazer and his family were unpacking suitcases in a new location.

It wasn't long, however, before the Frazers realised their Australian dollar savings converted to too few British pounds. In just such a precarious financial situation were a Chinese couple, Dr Jian Zhou and his wife and assistant Dr Xiao-Yi Sun, toiling long hours in the lab next door. And as they talked, they connected — a Scottish immigrant and a young Chinese molecular biologist who'd survived the proletariat farm and factory labour of the Cultural Revolution.

I could see what he was trying to do, and what I was trying to do was very similar," says Frazer of their common interest in the papillomavirus. But for Zhou, a talented virologist, the interest was in the behaviour and characteristics of the virus itself. As an immunologist, Frazer was working on how the human body responded to it. It was a perfect scientific match. Zhou and Sun explained to Frazer how they weren't keen to go back to China. In the end, it took nine months for Frazer to get the papers necessary to get the two researchers to Brisbane.

In March , six months after they began working together in Brisbane, the team was stunned by the results of an experiment. Unlike most other viruses, the papillomavirus cannot be grown in a test tube; it grows only on intact, living skin. But to create a vaccine, they needed something that so closely resembled the real virus that the body would be tricked into recognising it and — as with all vaccines — trigger a mild immune response that it could quickly draw on if it ever had to deal with a serious attack.

When the group examined the electron microscope photographs of their tests to combine two proteins, they spotted virus-like particles and they realised they'd managed to mimic the "coat" of the real virus; it was the building block they needed to create their revolutionary vaccine. I don't think any of us doubted for a moment that we had done it.

We got very excited, but then we weren't sure we should tell other people," says Frazer. It wasn't, as he explains, "exactly a champagne moment. As it turned out, it was two more years before the vaccine was turned over to the Melbourne-based biopharmaceutical company CSL Limited, and another 13 years before the general public would see the benefit of the team's work. The biggest regret Frazer has now is that Zhou's sudden death in , from a complication to a routine medical problem during a trip to China, means he can't share the success with his partner of so many years.

But the work is continuing. With a carbon copy of the papillomavirus in a test tube, Frazer has been able to conduct previously impossible tests on how it works. And now his lab is chasing down the next vaccine: What advice does Frazer have to other medical researchers to keep believing in what they're doing? But now Frazer's discovery is the stuff of history, not mere celebrity.

And that's far more durable than a brief glance of recognition at the immigration counter. Making Cervical Cancer History How will the vaccine change our lives? By the time you finish reading this article, a woman somewhere in Asia will have died of cervical cancer. Over half of the , cases of cervical cancer diagnosed worldwide each year occur in the region. But in the not-too-distant future, girls are likely to be vaccinated against cervical cancer as infants, and the HPV vaccine will be just another of the cocktails protecting our children.

Here's what you need to know now: About 30 per cent of women will get a high-risk HPV during their lifetime, usually between the ages of 18 and In most women, their immune system kicks in to fight it and it disappears. About one in 50 women remain chronically infected and that may progress to cancer. A similar campaign in Malaysia also spreads the word about the dangers of HPV tellsomeone. However, the cell multiplication can go wrong, says Professor Ian Frazer, causing a cancerous growth that overwhelms the virus, killing its host. Across Asia, some , women die each year from the disease.

According to the Department of Public Health in Thailand, over cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. And in the Philippines, two in three women diagnosed with cervical cancer are already in the advanced stage, and half of them die within five years. Although parents might balk at immunizing young girls against a sexually transmitted disease, Professor Margaret Stanley, director of research at the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, points out that the objective of all vaccines is to protect before exposure to a virus.

Gardasil by Merck protects against four strains of HPV — type 16 and 18, which causes 70 per cent of cervical cancer, and type six and 11, which causes approximately 90 per cent of genital warts. Experts at the WHO say there are some 32 million cases of genital warts worldwide. Gynaecologists recommend the Pap smear test within three years of having sexual intercourse for the first time or by the time a woman is 25 years of age.

Regular testing can prevent cervical cancer in up to 90 per cent of cases. If you are HPV positive, you may be able to receive the vaccine two years after the infection has been properly treated and eradicated. This will protect you against other strains of HPV. While there is no cure for HPV, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, practising safe sex and being in a monogamous relationship will definitely help prevent further infection. Su padre era profesor de medicina; su madre, doctora en ciencias.

Pero no era irreflexiva. El ambiente relajado y amigable compensaba un poco las largas jornadas que Frazer dedicaba a su trabajo. Esto es lo que debes saber ahora: Oz I've started running, but my knees are killing me. I used to run for miles, but now I can't. It's great to strengthen your heart, but why derail nature's transportation system in the process? With each step, you pound your joints with about four times your weight.

Start by walking 30 minutes a day and doing strength training a few days a week. Build up the muscles around your knees with exercises such as lunges or squats. Plus, weight training can help you lose weight, so you put less strain on your knees. Go to a specialty sneaker store to have your gait analyzed so you can find shoes with proper support. Add calcium, magnesium and vitamins C and D to your diet to help prevent osteoarthritis. And keep in mind that running on a treadmill or track can be easier on aching knees.

Oz 1 Cloudy, unclarified apple juice has up to four times the cancer-fighting polyphenols as clear juice. They may slow the growth of colon and oral cancers. Oz One Common Problem Four Expert Solutions The Osteopathic Physician After making sure you have no serious medical problems, we might try osteopathic manipulation, a technique similar to chiropractic that can help relieve stress and the pain that often accompanies it.

In the muscle-energy technique, the doctor guides you through contracting and relaxing different muscles to ease tension. In cranial osteopathy, the doctor manipulates the skull structures to relax the body. When you're sleep-deprived, stress is magnified and you feel it more. Aim for six to eight hours a night. Find time to exercise, as the endorphins you release during a workout can counter your stress hormones. Foods with tryptophan turkey, dairy, soy products can be calming too. Lisa Derosimo, MD, Owner, The Weight and Wellness Center, Jupiter, Florida The Massage Therapist Just being touched reduces tension, but massage also increases levels of the hormone oxytocin, which helps lower blood pressure and slow your breathing, easing stress.

Swedish massage is the most calming, but you can get some of the same results with a hand or foot massage or a back rub from a loved one. You can get stress relief with just ten deep breaths. To do it, sit down in a quiet place, close your eyes and breathe in slowly. Picture the air coming in through your nose and circling to the back of your throat. Exhale through your nose. This practice slows down and relaxes your nervous system. Slowly progress up to 20 minutes a day, if you can.

Oz The keys to managing stress are understanding the cause and adjusting your physical response. Keep a diary of daily events that frustrate you. Analyze the common thread and challenge the underlying beliefs that cause your responses. Instead of exploding at a co-worker, find a physical outlet for stress, such as walking, stretching, deep breathing.

Cada zancada supone un impacto cuatro veces mayor que tu peso para las articulaciones. Comienza poco a poco: Aumenta el consumo de calcio, magnesio y vitaminas C y D para prevenir la osteoartritis, y recuerda que para las rodillas sensibles es preferible correr en una caminadora o una pista blanda.

Espira por la nariz. Lleva un diario de los hechos cotidianos que te frustran. Now the net is closing By tim bouquetAs the wedge shape of the Eurostar to Paris flashes through the Kent countryside, a well-built man leans his close-cropped head on to the backrest behind him and shuts his eyes. After 20 years hunting major criminals, Adrian Hodgetts, a detective sergeant in the Specialist Crime Directorate, is not easily excited. But today he has a meeting with drug investigators at the Ministry of the Interior in Paris. Hodgetts eases himself back into the upholstered seat and tries to relax as the train speeds quietly into the Channel Tunnel.

What he hears is breathtaking in its scale. Sixteen couriers have been picked up carrying up to ten kilos of cocaine each, altogether some kilos. But police estimate that three times that has escaped detection: Most of the mules are female, in their late teens or early twenties. Up to three travel on a flight, but their paymasters need only one to get through to make a fortune. The others are left to their fate. The drugs are hidden in books and suitcases.

Liquid cocaine is in sealed gift-boxed rum bottles. Hodgetts knows he must find the spider at the centre of the web without giving any warning that police are on to him—or he will simply vanish. The girl, called Tasha, travels with her on the express train into Paris. Tasha checks Chantal into a hotel, they have lunch and for a while they catch the sights of the city. Chantal, with four gift-boxed bottles of rum still safely in her luggage, boards an overnight coach to London. He hears the voice of a French colleague: Chantal steps down from the Paris coach and stops to claim her suitcase from the hold.

As the Xsara slips into the traffic, Detective Constable Nicholas Potts and other cars with police officers follow. At nearby Belgravia police station Hodgetts is in touch by radio. Traffic is very light as they move towards east London. Synonyms and antonyms of derribo in the Spanish dictionary of synonyms. The new library was built in a single phase, with stock and facilities housed in temporary accommodation during demolition and construction. This article uses a content analysis of Ronald Reagan's comments concerning the downing of Korean Airlines to illustrate potential problems arising from a lack of established guidelines.

However, the president revealed his true colors when he ordered the shoot-down of an unarmed aircraft over international waters. Examples of use in the Spanish literature, quotes and news about derribo. Para ello nos acercamos al ternero que vamos a "volcar" y lo apoyamos contra nuestras rodillas. Seguidamente le volteamos la cabeza hacia nosotros hasta que caiga- Otra No hables de tu vida verdadera a Para que tengan erecto