Anyway, what doyou want for dinner? Ma Sandar is a noted Burmese writer of both long and short literary forms. She has written twelve novels and dozens of short stories. Ma Sandar wrote her first novel, Innocence of Youth, while still That's your home village? Malay words that begin with s. Malay words that begin with sa. It syncs automatically with your account and allows you to read online or offline wherever you are. Please follow the detailed Help Centre instructions to transfer the files to supported eReaders. Tom Clancy Oath of Office. Jack Ryan has devoted his life to protecting the United States.
What if this time, he can't? Freedom may have finally arrived in Iran. As protests break out across the country, the media rejoices over the so-called Persian Spring. Western leaders are ecstatic. Members of Congress and the Cabinet clamor to back the rebels. Only President Jack Ryan remains wary.
Meanwhile, he has plenty to handle at home. A deadly strain of flu is ravaging the United States as spring floods decimate the Southeast. An unethical senator wants to bring down the Ryan presidency and is willing to lean on fabricated bot-planted stories to do it. But the scariest story is the most closely guarded one. Two Russian nuclear missiles have been hijacked. The Campus gets their first break when Jack Junior connects with a rogue Russian intelligence officer in Afghanistan--only to be abducted soon after arriving.
John Clark and the rest of the Campus team race to track the missiles and rescue their colleague. As sensationalized stories spin out of control and the stolen missiles remain out of reach, President Ryan's toughest challenge emerges: How do you meet an enemy head on, when he won't even show you his face? A Novel of Suspense. In the aftermath, his widow, Jane Hawk, does what all her grief, fear, and fury demand: People of talent and accomplishment, people admired and happy and sound of mind, have been committing suicide in surprising numbers.
Montfort rallied the barons and forced the king to reissue Magna Carta twice by which the king agreed to have a council of 15 barons above his own advisory council. This council, a rudimentary cabinet but without executive powers, would be accountable to parliament that would meet three times a year, whether the king summoned it or not. Even today, most parliaments, including India's, meet thrice a year. But before the parliament could meet, Henry declared war on it.
Montfort defeated his king in the battle of Lewes , took him prisoner, and then summoned the first 'real' parliament—not just barons but also two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each town. It met in January in a field near Kenilworth Castle, and discussed taxation and other matters of state. But the 'parliament rule' did not last long.
Several barons did not like Montfort's idea of associating the commoners.
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They rallied behind Henry's son Edward, and confronted Montfort in the battle of Eversham. Montfort, a true hero, fell fighting. Though he asserted royal authority, the young Edward had read the writing on the wall. He allowed Montfort's comrades, holed up in Kenilworth Castle, to walk out free, and summoned a new parliament. It restored several of the king's powers, but also upheld several of the baronial property rights enshrined in earlier statutes. Edward I fought bravely and ruled wisely.
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He let the councils meet, and did not interfere with their powers. The council drew up rules for representing communities in parliament. The king had to seek parliament's consent to tax; parliament asked the king to define the limits of forests—forerunners of today's money bills and land acquisition bills. In the battlefield, Edward defeated the army of France and of the legendary Robert Bruce, king of Scotland. But his successor Edward II was a disaster. Bruce learnt his lesson from a spider to try, try and try again and finally defeated the English army at Bannockburn.
The defeats, coupled with stories about Edward's homosexual relations with Piers Gaveston which would later become the theme of a Christopher Marlowe play angered the barons. Edward's wife, Isabella, found a lover wouldn't she? They deposed the king, and killed him by inserting a red-hot poker into his anus. To be sure, even these crude actions had their legal and political sophistry.
The 'deposition' of Edward was through a council process and his execution was after a trial by law! When parliament met in Nottingham in , the young Edward III entered it through a secret passage, seized his mother's lover, and sent him to the gallows—after another 'fair' trial, of course.
Edward III had several victories over France in the early stages of the Hundred Years War Joan of Arc would appear in it later on the side of France , but he had to tax his subjects to raise funds. The parliaments of , , , and criticised him. By then, the Black Death was beginning to haunt England and Europe. People died in thousands; there was a shortage of labour.
As workers demanded higher wages, parliament by statute froze the wages! Yes, the early labour laws were passed to keep wages low. But they also limited the king's power to tax. A act prohibited the king from taxing wool trade.
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By the close of Edward III's reign, the commons started asserting themselves. They assembled in what came to be called the 'Good Parliament' and elected their own leader, the first speaker of the Commons, Sir Peter de la Mare, and ousted the king's bad ministers. Edward's son John of Gaunt fought back, and arrested the first speaker. Parliamentary power and people's rights expanded under the rest of the Plantagenet rule, which ended in the Wars of the Roses, so called because the rival houses of York and Lancaster carried shields bearing white rose and red rose.
During all these years, there was hardly any invocation of Magna Carta. Its existence as a statute was forgotten. Then came the powerful Tudor kings. Henry VIII, famous for his marriages, divorces and execution of wives, rarely clashed with parliament. Parliament did not dare question him. Yet, during the Tudor reign, there was a sudden revival of Magna Carta as the statutory foundation of liberty. It happened thanks partly to the new technology of printing, and thanks to Sir Thomas More, one of England's greatest statesmen, one who dreamed of a Utopia, the ideal land of law.
In , Richard Pynson printed an edited version of Magna Carta. In , George Ferrers printed an unabridged version and Robert Redman printed the first English version. Henry, who had defended the Catholic faith and papacy against Protestantism, clashed with the pope when the latter refused to permit him to divorce Catherine of Aragon. Henry questioned the authority of the church over temporal laws, declared himself the head of the English Church, divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn.
Upon this, Sir Thomas More, who had advised Henry on matters of law and statecraft, resigned. Henry got More arrested and put him to trial for treason. The trial of More was one of the greatest debating rounds over the concept of law and liberty. Magna Carta was invoked without much effect during the rest of the Tudor reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, the period when England asserted itself as a sea power, defeating the French, the Dutch and finally the Spanish armada. But the real assertion of the rights of the people, of parliament, took place in 17th century against the Stuart kings.
One of the last acts of the last Tudor, Elizabeth, was to give a charter to the East India Company to trade with India. Interestingly, a few English merchants, who resented the monopoly of the company, published an anonymous pamphlet invoking Clause 41 of Magna Carta, which protected free movement of merchants. When the virgin queen died without leaving an heir, her kinsman James Stuart, king of Scotland, succeeded to the throne of England and Scotland. James sent Sir Thomas Roe with several gifts, including paintings of himself, to the court of Jehangir, the great Mughal known for his sense of justice.
Jehangir promptly commissioned a painting showing James standing in attendance in his court.
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The Stuarts, staunch Catholics having come to rule over a largely Protestant people, believed in everything that the champions of Magna Carta did not. They believed that the king had been chosen by God to rule, and that no authority of people or law could override the will of the king. In a land that was witnessing the age of reason and science much earlier than most of Europe, a land that would give birth to the greatest physicist who would define the fundamental laws of the universe, such an assertion had to elicit an equal and opposite reaction.
The Newtonian age of reason also produced some of the great thinkers on jurisprudence.
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One of them, one whose name is writ in gold in the annals of English and Indian law, was Sir Edward Coke. After Langton, Fitzwalter and Montfort, liberty got a new knight to defend it, one who wore no sword or lance, but waged his battles with pure reason. As the Catholic James I resorted to new ways of taxation and tyranny, Coke rose to defend, through great juridical arguments, the liberties enshrined in Magna Carta. He was ultimately removed from judicial office in and imprisoned in After he came out of prison, Coke entered parliament, where he continued his crusade for liberties.
He wrote treatise after legal treatise asserting the supremacy of common law over the king's will. James hardly called the parliament, except for a short and acrimonious session in , which came to be called Addled Parliament. His son and successor Charles I lacked even his father's tact. When five knights refused to accede to Charles's forced loans, and the king put them in prison, Coke used the forum of parliament to question the king.
When parliament refused to approve of his finance bills and forced loan of , Charles dismissed it and resorted to 'personal rule'. When he failed to get Charles reissue Magna Carta, Coke drafted the famous Petition of Rights , which drew on Magna Carta and restated the rights of the subject citizen.
Charles grudgingly gave his assent to it, which, in Clause 39, recognised that citizens could refuse illegal demands from the king. Coke died in , before he could publish his second series of legal commentaries, which Charles tried to confiscate.
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But Coke had stirred the minds of the people. When Charles extended the demand for 'ship money' to inland areas in , men like John Hampden flatly refused to pay. In , when he needed money to fight his war with Scotland, Charles summoned parliament. The first session, called Short Parliament, was a disaster. When it was called again, it decided that it would not just go away, and became 'Long Parliament'.
By then the champions of liberty had managed to print Coke's second volume of Institutes of the Lawes of England, which is considered the greatest commentary on Magna Carta till date. Inspired by the ideas of Coke, parliament asserted itself. It called Charles's ministers to trial and even executed the earl of Stafford. Then it passed an act requiring the king to call parliament every three years. Next, it moved to enact laws bringing the army under its control, and even moved to impeach the queen. Charles decided he had had enough.
On January 4, , the king entered parliament with his armed guards to seize 'Five Members', who had been his worst critics. To that, Lenthall made the famous reply, which till today continues to define the role of the speaker in the house.
Falling to his knees, Lenthall replied: Charles marched out peeved, and prepared for war. Parliament raised its own army under Thomas Fairfax. It was civil war—between a king and 'his' parliament. Magna Carta was now taken from the great debating halls to the battlefield. Parliamentary troops even carried its representation on their ensigns! The king's side, too, swore by Magna Carta against the excesses of parliamentary forces.
The king had early successes, defeating the parliamentary forces in a series of battles, when there emerged on the parliamentary side a great soldier and statesman—Oliver Cromwell, one whom England still does not know whether to admire as a champion of freedom or to hate as a Puritan fanatic. Cromwell's New Model Army of cavalry defeated the royalists in battle after battle. Whatever virtues his critics may deny him, no one can question Cromwell's military genius.
His army was more disciplined than the king's, more agile, and extremely mobile. In just an eleven-day siege, he took the formidable Sherborne Old Castle from the Digby family and razed its mighty walls. The Digbys still hold the New Sherborne Castle. At the end of a lightning campaign, Cromwell scored decisive victories, first at Naseby and then at Preston.
The king was soon his prisoner. As a faction in parliament moved to negotiate with the king, Cromwell executed the famous Pride's Purge, by which he removed all 'compromising' members. The trial of Charles, the 'sovereign' of England, for treason, saw the greatest jousts in legal logic. If the king represented the country, how could the king be tried for treason? That would mean, he was being tried for waging war against himself.
Charles appealed to logic. But parliament had superior logic, which led to the formulation of one of the most remarkable expositions in law. The crown, not the king in person, represents the realm. The king had sought the help of the enemies of England. So the king of England had waged war against the crown of England! England had no sovereign! Following the execution of Charles, Cromwell ventured on a republican experiment, calling himself Lord Protector of the Realm—the only time England became a republic.
In effect, it was a military regime of religious fundamentalists called Puritans, much like the Taliban regimes of today. Even dancing around the maypole was banned as un-Christian. In , parliament legislated to make adultery punishable with death. People began to long for monarchy again. Cromwell was succeeded on his death by his son in a monarchical manner, and soon parliament itself fell out with the Puritan army. The Long Parliament, which existed before Pride's Purge, was restored, and in , it voted to restore monarchy.
Unlike what is generally believed, Charles's son Charles II was restored to monarchy not just by the force of arms, but by the force of a parliamentary resolution. Charles II ruled in peace, and with an army of mistresses and concubines, but things came to boil when he was to be succeeded by his fanatic brother James II. A group led by Anthony, the earl of Shaftesbury, moved a resolution in parliament to exclude James from coming to throne. They later came to be called Whigs. The loyalists of the crown questioned parliament's power to decide on succession of the crown.
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They came to be called Tories. The first political parties were born. One of the early Whig politicians, Henry Care, published English Liberties, which drew on Magna Carta to defend personal liberty of freeborn people. It defended trial by jury and reinforced Magna Carta as the basis of legal freedoms.