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Find used Semet books on ABEbooks. DeadFred photos that match Semet. Find Semet photos on eBay. Semet Mailing List at RootsWeb. Free Semet queries at CousinConnect. Total chlorophyll and total carotenoids were extracted dissolving 0. The solution was filtered through a double layer of cheese cloths and the absorbance of the extract was measured with a Varian Cary spectrophotometer at , , and nm Lichtenthaler and Wellburn, The stability against oxidation, expressed as the oxidation induction time hours , was estimated with a Rancimat apparatus Metrohm Co.
The volatile compounds were collected in a conductivity cell filled with distilled water. The time needed for the appearance of a sudden water conductivity rise caused by the adsorption of volatiles derived from the oil oxidation was registered as the induction time in hours. The assumption of normality and homoscedasticity of the data was verified by graphical analysis of residuals, and transformed where necessary. Furthermore, in the T trees under drought stress showed a higher fresh weight fruit yield than the NT ones.
Fruit yield tree -1 expressed both as fresh and dry weights, color, pulp firmness, detachment force and oil content of olive cv Leccino orchard fertilized T and unfertilized NT with Se under well-watered NDS and drought stress DS conditions. Furthermore, while in NT samples the chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio increased with irrigation, the opposite was observed in EVOO obtained from T trees. The weather conditions during the two growing seasons were quite different. In , according to Proietti et al. In fact, because of its stimulating effect on root water uptake, Se increased the tolerance of plants to drought stress by regulating the water status Djanaguiraman et al.
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The lower pigmentation and higher detachment force and pulp firmness of olive drupes from the NDS trees as compared to those from the DS ones might be due to the higher fruit yield crop load induced by irrigation. This fact might have caused a slowing down in fruit ripening due to a reduced availability of assimilates per drupe Proietti et al. The absence of any differences in could be attributed to the more abundant rainfall and to a lower crop load an off year which possibly masked the DS effect.
Conversely, Se treatment did not influence the fruit ripening process. These results are consistent with previous studies which, after foliar Se treatments, found enhanced Se concentrations in several agricultural crops such as rice Li et al.
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The higher quantities of total Se in EVOO obtained from DS plants than from irrigated ones, might well be attributed to the ability of Se to increase the drought stress tolerance of plants Proietti et al. The ability of Se to improve photosynthesis and protect PSII in fruit crops peach and pear was reported also by Feng et al. Since Se has this positive effect on plants that are exposed to stress conditions, there might be the risk of the plants tending to accumulate Se. The findings of this study are in accordance to those of Nawaz et al. The higher carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in the T treatments than in the NT ones might indicate the stimulatory effect of Se on the biosynthesis of the photosynthetic pigments Malik et al.
This aspect is interesting in relation to the EVOO stability against oxidation and to its nutritional value.
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Indeed, while in EVOO carotenoids and chlorophylls play an important role in oxidative processes due to their antioxidant nature in the dark, and their pro-oxidant activity in the light Tovar et al. In fact, it is well known that plants tend to accumulate carotenoids when exposed to some stress factors such as drought Reddy et al. For the T treatments, the lack of differences in carotenoid concentration between NDS and DS plants might be due the role of Se in alleviating the drought stress conditions Nawaz et al.
Since changes of the chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio can indicate water deficient conditions Jaleel et al. In fact, Se has protective effects on chloroplast enzymes with a consequent increase in photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis Pennanen et al. However, the higher chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio could be also partly attributed to the delay in the ripening process, due to a higher yield per tree Nasini et al. The lower phenol content in EVOO from irrigated rather than non-irrigated trees could be attributed to the different water availability. Indeed, it is well-known that the level of phenols is higher in oil from drought-stressed plants than from irrigated ones Jose Motilva et al.
Since the high phenol content in EVOO could be considered a positive aspect because the higher the phenol content, the greater the oxidative stability, the increase of phenol content obtained from the DS and T treatments resulted in an increase of EVOO oxidative stability Tovar et al. The higher stability in the T than in the NT EVOO could be also due to the greater content of both chlorophyll and SeMet which are involved in the anti-oxidative processes that take place in the olive oil Zalejska-Fiolka, ; Vacca et al.
The enhanced amount of Se in the form of SeMet could be interesting for both human health and olive oil quality. Our findings are in contrast to Torres et al. Ultimately, Se-biofortification may well be of interest to areas with poor cultivars or cold, rainy weather patterns, which would normally lead to the production of EVOO with an unfavorable phenol content. The present study demonstrated that Se fertilization through foliar application can be adopted in olive groves to improve some qualitative and nutritional properties of EVOO.
Indeed, our findings suggested how Se application, besides to enhance the Se content, increased the concentration of the oil antioxidant compounds. The greater amounts of these molecules, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenols, and SeMet, brings advantages for the EVOO itself because enable to increase the EVOO oxidative stability and, as consequence, its shelf-life.
Furthermore, in a drought scenario, this work confirmed the important role of Se to alleviate the negative effect of water deficiency on fruit production and olive oil stability against oxidation. As a consequence, this study highlighted how Se fertilization could be a suitable technique in areas characterized by low Se contents and subjected to frequent drought events to obtain high quality EVOOs. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Plant Sci v. Published online Aug Hasuoka , 2 Luca Regni , 1 Pablo H. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received May 15; Accepted Jul The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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Associated Data Supplementary Materials. Abstract Foliar fertilization with selenium Se may well be beneficial in increasing the nutritional and qualitative values of food in Se-deficient regions such as the Mediterranean Basin, and may contribute to an increase in drought resistance in plants. Materials and Methods Reagents and Standards Sodium selenate cod.
Experimental Setup A 2-year field study and was conducted on a year-old olive orchard O. Table 1 Environmental parameters of the study site in and Open in a separate window. EVOO Analysis To achieve seleno-amino acid determination, the pellet obtained was treated for protein hydrolysis assisted by microwave Reiz and Li, , to this end 0. Table 2 Fruit yield tree -1 expressed both as fresh and dry weights, color, pulp firmness, detachment force and oil content of olive cv Leccino orchard fertilized T and unfertilized NT with Se under well-watered NDS and drought stress DS conditions.
Discussion The weather conditions during the two growing seasons were quite different. Conclusion Olive tree O. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Selenium Se improves drought tolerance in crop plants - a myth or fact? Quality and oxidative stability of Australian olive oil according to harvest date and irrigation.
Food Lipids 14 — Environmental impacts in the life cycle of olive oil: Influence of fruit ripening process on the natural antioxidant content of Hojiblanca virgin olive oils. Se-enrichment of cucumber Cucumis sativus L. Karst through fortification in pre-transplanting. Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: Increase in the selenium content of extra virgin olive oil: Does it increase the content of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil VOO? Selenium - An antioxidative protectant in soybean during senescence.
Plant Soil 77— Effect of selenium foliar application on its content in winter wheat grain. The roles of selenium in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Selenium improves photosynthesis and protects photosystem II in pear Pyrus bretschneideri , grape Vitis vinifera , and peach Prunus persica. Increased intakes of selenium-enriched foods may benefit human health.
Selenium speciation profiles in biofortified sangiovese wine. Summer deficit irrigation in a hedgerow olive orchard cv. Influence of different irrigation strategies in a traditional Cornicabra cv. Grasas Aceites 64 41— Selenium in higher plants: Protective role of selenium in canola Brassica napus L.
Synthesis of selenocysteine and selenomethionine derivatives from sulfur-containing amino acids. Drought stress in plants?: Influence of regulated deficit irrigation strategies applied to olive trees Arbequina cultivar on oil yield and oil composition during the fruit ripening period. Effect of foliar application of selenium on its uptake and speciation in carrot.