- Essential Fingerpicking Patterns: A Beginners Guide To Fingerstyle Guitar;
- !
- Tom, Dick, and Harriet.
- American By Choice Volume II: Transitions.
The definitive version BWV was recorded by Bach himself in the autograph manuscript of all eight harpsichord concertos BWV —, made around In the second half of the s, Bach had already written versions of all three movements of the concerto for two of his cantatas with obbligato organ as solo instrument: In these cantata versions the orchestra was expanded by the addition of oboes. Like the other harpsichord concertos, BWV has been widely believed to be a transcription of a lost concerto for another instrument. Beginning with Wilhelm Rust and Philipp Spitta , many scholars suggested that the original melody instrument was the violin, because of the many violinistic figurations in the solo part—string-crossing, open string techniques—all highly virtuosic Williams has speculated that the copies of the orchestral parts made in BWV a might have been used for a performance of the concerto with Carl Philipp Emanuel as soloist.
In , in order to resolve playability problems in Fischer's reconstruction, Werner Breig suggested amendments based on the obbligato organ part in the cantatas and BWV a. In the twenty-first century, however, Bach scholarship has moved away from any consensus regarding a violin original. In , for example, two leading Bach scholars, Christoph Wolff and Gregory Butler, both published independently conducted research that led each to conclude that the original form of BWV was an organ concerto composed within the first few years of Bach's tenure in Leipzig. Both relate the work to performances by Bach of concerted movements for organ and orchestra in Dresden and Leipzig.
Wolff also details why the violinistic figuration in the harpsichord part does not demonstrate that it is a transcription from a previous violin part; for one thing, the "extended and extreme passagework" in the solo part "cannot be found in any of Bach's violin concertos"; for another, he points to other relevant Bach keyboard works that "display direct translations of characteristic violin figuration into idiomatic passagework for the keyboard.
As Werner Breig has shown, the first harpsichord concerto Bach entered into the autograph manuscript was BWV , a straightforward adaptation of the A minor violin concerto. He abandoned the next entry BWV after only a few bars to begin setting down BWV with a far more comprehensive approach to recomposing the original than merely adapting the part of the melody instrument. It is one of Bach's greatest concertos: Both start in the manner of Vivaldi with unison writing in the ritornello sections—the last movement begins as follows: Bach then proceeds to juxtapose passages in the key of D minor with passages in A minor: These somewhat abrupt changes in tonality convey the spirit of a more ancient modal type of music.
In both movements the A sections are fairly closely tied to the ritornello material which is interspersed with brief episodes for the harpsichord.
List of compositions by Antonio Vivaldi - Wikipedia
The central B sections of both movements are freely developed and highly virtuosic; they are filled with violinistic figurations including keyboard reworkings of bariolage , a technique that relies on the use of the violin's open strings. The B section in the first movement starts with repeated note bariolage figures: Throughout the first movement the harpsichord part also has several episodes with "perfidia"—the same half bar semiquaver patterns repeated over a prolonged period.
In the first movement the central section is in the keys of D minor and E minor; in the last movement the keys are D minor and A minor. As in the opening sections, the shifts between the two minor tonalities are sudden and pronounced. In the first movement Bach creates another equally dramatic effect by interrupting the relentless minor-key passages with statements of the ritornello theme in major keys. Jones describes these moments of relief as providing "a sudden, unexpected shaft of light.
The highly rhythmic thematic material of the solo harpsichord part in the third movement has similarities with the opening of the third Brandenburg Concerto. In both B sections Bach adds unexpected features: The slow movement, an Adagio in G minor and 3 4 time, is built on a ground bass which is played in unison by the whole orchestra and the harpsichord in the opening ritornello.
It continues throughout the piece providing the foundations over which the solo harpsichord spins a florid and ornamented melodic line in four long episodes. More generally Jones has pointed out that the predominant keys in the outer movements centre around the open strings of the violin. Several hand copies of the concerto—the standard method of transmission—survive from the 18th century; for instance there are hand copies by Johann Friedrich Agricola around , by Christoph Nichelmann and an unknown scribe in the early s.
Its first publication in print was in by the Kistner Publishing House. The performance history in the nineteenth century can be traced back to the circle of Felix Mendelssohn. Several prominent scholars, Siegbert Rampe and Dominik Sackmann, Ulrich Siegele, and Wilfried Fischer have argued that Bach transcribed this concerto from a lost original for oboe or oboe d'amore Rampe and Sackmann argued for a dating in Bach changed his method of arrangement with this work, significantly altering the ripieno parts from the original concerto for the first time, limited much more to the tutti sections.
The lower string parts were much reduced in scope, allowing the harpsichord bass to be more prominent, and the upper strings were likewise modified to allow the harpsichord to be at the forefront of the texture.
Navigation menu
The surviving violin concerto in E major, BWV was the model for this work, which was transposed down a tone to allow the top note E 6 to be reached as D 6 , the common top limit on harpsichords of the time. The opening movement is one of the rare Bach concerto first movements in da capo A—B—A form.
In Ignaz Moscheles performed the concerto in London. That it was an oboe d'amore was proposed in by Donald Francis Tovey , in by Ulrich Siegele, [34] in by Wilfried Fischer, [38] and in by Pieter Dirksen. Wollny notes that whatever the origins, the final work is the only Bach Harpsichord Concerto for which "a complete original set of parts has survived"; included is a "fully figured continuo part," which scholars agree was for a second harpsichord. G2 by Georg Philipp Telemann ; the soloists play essentially identical notes for the first two-and-a-half measures.
Although the chronology cannot be known for certain, Steven Zohn has presented evidence that the Telemann concerto came first, and that Bach intended his movement as an elaboration of his friend Telemann's original. An arrangement of Brandenburg Concerto No. Besides transposing, recorder parts have few modifications, except in the second movement in which most of their melodic function is transferred to the soloist.
Bach wrote the harpsichord part as a combination of the violin material from the original concerto and a written out continuo. Probably Bach's first attempt at writing out a full harpsichord concerto, this is a transcription of the violin concerto in A minor, BWV , one whole tone lower to fit the harpsichord's range. It seems Bach was dissatisfied with this work, the most likely reason being that he did not alter the ripieno parts very much, so the harpsichord was swamped by the orchestra too much to be an effective solo instrument.
Bach did not continue the intended set, which he had marked with 'J. He wrote only the short fragment BWV Scored for harpsichord, oboe and strings in the autograph manuscript, Bach abandoned this concerto after entering only nine bars. As with the other harpsichord concertos that have corresponding cantata movements BWV , and , this fragment corresponds to the opening sinfonia of the cantata Geist und Seele wird verwirret, BWV 35 , for alto, obbligato organ, oboes, taille and strings.
Rampe summarises the musicological literature discussing the possibility of a lost instrumental concerto on which the fragment and movements of the cantata might have been based. A reconstruction of an oboe concerto was made in by Arnold Mehl with the two sinfonias from BWV 35 as outer movements and the opening sinfonia of BWV as slow movement. While the existing score is in the form of a concerto for harpsichords and strings, Bach scholars believe it to be a transcription of a lost double concerto in D minor; a reconstructed arrangement of this concerto for two violins or violin and oboe is classified as BWV R.
The middle movement is a cantabile for the solo instruments with orchestral accompaniment.
Of all Bach's harpsichord concertos, this is probably the only one that originated as a harpsichord work, though not in an orchestral guise. The work originated as a concerto for two harpsichords unaccompanied BWV a, in the manner of the Italian Concerto, BWV , and the addition of the orchestral parts may not have been by Bach himself. T The two melody parts have had their title pages mixed up in F-Pn copy.
This has been corrected in and Javascript is required for this feature. G6 Trio 3 violin, oboe , TWV A6 Trio 5 violin, recorder , TWV F3 Trio 8 recorder, cembalo , TWV Possibly composed by Johan Helmich Roman. Violin, oboe, obbligato organ, optional chalumeau. Based on variations on La follia Corelli. La costanza trionfante degl'amori e de gl'odii.
12 Trio Sonatas, Op.2 (Loeillet, John)
Arsilda, regina di Ponto. Il vinto trionfante del vincitore. Armida al campo d'Egitto. La Candace, o siano Li veri amici. Francesco Silvani and Domenico Lalli. Il Tamerlano Il Bajazet. Not to be confused with RV , which is a similar motet on the same text but intended for different purposes. Nulla in mundo pax sincera. Introduzione al Dixit RV "Ascende laeta". The preceding work that was to follow this introductory motet, most likely a lost setting of the Gloria in B-flat, RV , is now presumably lost.
Alla caccia, alla caccia. All'ombra d'un bel faggio. All'or che lo sguardo. Aure voi piu non siete. Care selve amici prati.
Che giova il sospirar. Del suo natio rigore. Elvira, Elvira anima mea. Fonti di pianto piangete. Geme l'onda che parte.
Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach
Il povero mio cor. Indarno cerca la tortorella. Ingrata, Lidia, hai vinto. Nel partir da te mio caro. O mie porpore piu belle. Prendea con mandi latte. Qual in pioggia dorata. Si levi dal pensier. Si si luce adorate. Sorge vermiglia in ciel. T'intendo si mio cor.