El último abad (Spanish Edition)

Truly, it is a treasure for future generations. He was the only author to be cited twice by Premio Zobel. If anyone owns a copy or knows where one exists, she would welcome it.

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This is a collection of short novels, stories and articles by Guillermo Gomez Windham, whose grandson Guillermo Gomez was present on this occasion. It focuses on the family that instituted Premio Zobel, and its reasons for doing so. In this she was supported by her husband Ricardo Padilla y Satrustegui; their children Georgina and Alejandro; and, from what we gather in the video, her grandchildren and great grandchildren. Reacting to the various highlights of the program was Benito Legarda. The protagonists are recognizable as real people rather than bloodless symbols.

A random enumeration of who were there: Present, too, were Ma. Gaspar Vibal has a good idea on how to market it. We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. By continuing, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. To find out more, please click this link. In general terms, they found that optimism was positively associated with approach coping strategies. Rasmussen, Scheier, and Greenhouse reviewed studies that link optimism with physical health and found a significant global effect size.

For some of the markers, the associations exceeded this effect size, as was the case for cancer outcomes. The authors applied an initial set of 16 items to diverse samples of college students, and obtained two factors through the factor analysis of principal factors with oblique rotation. After several revisions of the tool and applications to diverse samples, the tool was ultimately composed of twelve items: Over time, many authors have questioned the predictive validity of the LOT with respect to constructs such as neuroticism, trait anxiety, self-esteem, and self-mastery.

In the LOT-R, three of the items included in the original LOT were eliminated, including two that measured optimism and one that measured pessimism, and a new item measuring optimism was added. In the exploratory factor analysis EFA with varimax rotation, only one factor was obtained. The authors opted for a one-factor solution, inverting the scores of the pessimism items to provide a score for dispositional optimism.. A recent meta-analytical study on the internal consistency of the LOT-R yielded a mean alpha coefficient of.

The results of the studies were somewhat ambiguous in terms of the factorial structure of the LOT-R. Several of these studies have obtained two-factor structures. The same occurs with the Chilean adaptation, which was executed with students Vera-Villarroel et al. In the Colombian adaptation performed on the general population Zenger et al. Two studies designed to address the issues of the factorial structure of the LOT-R should be mentioned.

Herzberg, Glaesmer and Hoyer utilized CFA to test different structural models of the LOT-R, by controlling age, gender and medical diagnosis in a sample of 46, people who participated in a population health study in Germany. Segerstrom, Evans, and Eisenlohr-Moul administered two versions of the LOT-R, the original version and another version which excluded extreme adverbs , to a sample of college students and to an Internet sample of 2, people.

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Given that the authors did not detect any substantial differences between the one-factor and two-factor models with regards to the various personality constructs utilized as criteria, they concluded by recommending a one-factor model to improve reliability six items are more reliable than three. There is, however, a third option for the factorial structure of the LOT-R: The LOT-R uses a common strategy to reduce response bias method effects on psychometric instruments: However, it is precisely this strategy which may have caused this instrument, designed to measure a single bi-dimensional construct, to display a bivariate structure in so many studies.

The best fits obtained corresponded to the latter three models, which all incorporated a method effect.. However, as suggested by the LOT-R authors in a recent examination of optimism, the dimensionality of the test is still not entirely clear Carver et al. It is thus important at both the theoretical and clinical level to determine whether optimism and pessimism are two sides of the same coin or if both are found on the two sides of every coin.

Therefore, the goal of this work is to test the factorial structure of the LOT-R by comparing the models which already have empirical evidence in their favour: Additionally, in an attempt to take into account the influence of method effects, three additional models are analysed: Data were obtained from participants, aged 18 to Their mean age was In terms of percentages, Both were samples of convenience.

With regards to gender, As for their marital status, In terms of education, This categorisation into a specific social class was self-reported, and hence estimated by study participants.. The Spanish version of the LOT-R see Appendix is a test to measure individual differences in generalized optimism versus pessimism Ferrando et al.

It consists of ten items: To obtain the total score, the items referring to pessimism 3, 7 and 9 are inverted and the scores corresponding to the six items about optimism and pessimism 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10 are added up.. During three academic years , and the students completed the Spanish-language version of the LOT-R in class along with other psychological tests as part of their hands-on training in personality psychology.

During the same period, the candidates for the local police force completed the LOT-R as part of their theoretical training in the social sciences. Each participant filled in the tool only once, and hence the data obtained are cross-sectional.. After inverting the values obtained in items 3, 7 and 9 referring to pessimism, in order to check the psychometric properties of the test, the internal consistency of these items was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, whereby values of.

The average discrimination index was also calculated, with values higher than. Appropriate values in internal consistency and in the average discrimination index are considered necessary prior to testing the factor structure.. We did not estimate a matrix of Pearson correlations since, when using rating scales, the measurement is ordinal, and hence responses cannot be treated as if they were quantitative.

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To justify the use of the matrix of polychoric correlations, it was necessary to test the assumption of bivariate normal distribution by: Since polychoric correlations were being used, the chosen method of estimation was the weighted least squares WLS , a particular case of the generalized least squares GLS method, because in large samples with fewer than 20 indicators, it is recommended because it provides: In these cases, the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix is considered a weighting element in the estimation.. In order to resolve the problem of identification of the models and with the purpose of establishing the measurement scale of the latent variables, in most cases, the lambda parameter corresponding to the relationship of the first item with each factor was fixed at Standardized factor loadings were calculated.

In the last five indices mentioned, values higher than.

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The internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was. Bivariate normality was tested. These results support the use of the matrix of polychoric correlations as the basis for the factor analyses.. The fit indices presented in Table 1 show the most adequate results in models 3 and 4, both of which obtained the same values. The other fit indices present optimal results. The remaining models 2, 5 and 6 did not fit in accordance with at least 5 fit indices..

Fit indexes of all tested models.. The values in boldface correspond to adequate fit indexes. Value for the saturated model: In fact, all the models were statistically different when compared in pairs except for models 3 and 4, which yielded exactly the same results. Standardized factor loadings for each model are presented in Figures 1— Standardised factor loadings in model 1: Standardised factor loadings in model 2: Standardised factor loadings in model 3: Standardised factor loadings in model 4: Considering the factor loadings of the four models that present the best fit indices 1, 3, 4 and 7 , the models that present the best results are clearly 3 and 4 with the same values.

It can also be of interest to comment that the other models without such good fit indices present low path coefficients close to zero or negative ones e. Furthermore, in model 7, the same factor weights are suggested for all the items with respect to the construct method because it was desired to study if better fit was given by including an external factor called method that would affect all the items equally and that could explain part of the variability of the model..

Both two correlated factors model model 3 and a second-order factor model 4 are statistically exactly the same and obtained the best fit. Obtaining the same results makes it very difficult to decide which model to prefer without additional data and analyses. The facts that acceptable fit indices were obtained in various models, and the best fit was found in two models, would explain why results obtained in many different studies on the factorial structure of LOT-R presented so many different and contradictory solutions Herzberg et al.

Despite the difficulty found, based on the results obtained in this study, to roundly defend one model against the others, we would prefer to conclude that LOT-R is a second-order factor composed of two factors, optimism and pessimism model 4 because the high correlation between the factors optimism and pessimism found in model 3 -. In contrast to the findings of some other studies Alessandri et al. Furthermore, it could be considered a methodological artefact, taking into account that the influence studied could be attributed to method effects or to any other construct, such as social desirability or personality traits..

In short, based on the theoretical background and the results obtained from model fit indices, we defend the second-order factor model model 4 as the factorial structure of the LOT-R. In this regard, our results are similar to those of Segerstrom et al. Thus, we recommend the option chosen by the authors of the original test Scheier et al. Some limitations could be inferred from this study: In relation to first of the possible limitations, we would emphasise that from our point of view it is rather a strength of the study.

The scientific method does not suggest absolute and immovable conclusions, but contributes indications of validity about the knowledge. In this sense, this study opens the possibility of delving more deeply into the theme, which leads us to comment on the other two suggested possible limitations.. In this sense, we recommend obtaining measurements of all the factors which are going to be included in the model at the same time because most of those constructs, though considered traits, do not necessarily stay the same over time; they could change drastically for a single participant due to life circumstances, for example..

Finally, to resolve the last commented limitation about the capacity of generalisation of the results, the accomplishment of studies of factor invariance is foreseen with the purpose of verifying that the finally proposed factor structure remains stable in different subsamples e. May he rest in peace.. See more Follow us: Previous article Next article.

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May - August Pages This item has received. Under a Creative Commons license. Show more Show less. Thus, we recommend using a single global score that could be referred to as life orientation but which ultimately represents the level of dispositional optimism. The authors opted for a one-factor solution, inverting the scores of the pessimism items to provide a score for dispositional optimism. The best fits obtained corresponded to the latter three models, which all incorporated a method effect.

Method Participants Data were obtained from participants, aged 18 to This categorisation into a specific social class was self-reported, and hence estimated by study participants. Instruments The Spanish version of the LOT-R see Appendix is a test to measure individual differences in generalized optimism versus pessimism Ferrando et al. To obtain the total score, the items referring to pessimism 3, 7 and 9 are inverted and the scores corresponding to the six items about optimism and pessimism 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10 are added up.

Procedure During three academic years , and the students completed the Spanish-language version of the LOT-R in class along with other psychological tests as part of their hands-on training in personality psychology. Each participant filled in the tool only once, and hence the data obtained are cross-sectional.



Appropriate values in internal consistency and in the average discrimination index are considered necessary prior to testing the factor structure. In these cases, the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix is considered a weighting element in the estimation. In order to resolve the problem of identification of the models and with the purpose of establishing the measurement scale of the latent variables, in most cases, the lambda parameter corresponding to the relationship of the first item with each factor was fixed at 1.

Results The internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was. These results support the use of the matrix of polychoric correlations as the basis for the factor analyses. The remaining models 2, 5 and 6 did not fit in accordance with at least 5 fit indices. Fit indexes of all tested models. May he rest in peace.