Recognised as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywood's Golden Age. Check out my page and follow me to see more influential woman! She became the last in a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during his conquest of Egypt in B. Well-educated and clever, Cleopatra could speak various languages and served as the dominant ruler in all three of her co-regencies. Her romantic liaisons and military alliances with the Roman leaders Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, as well as her supposed exotic beauty and powers of seduction, earned her an enduring place in history and popular myth.
Le soutien-gorge : une invention bourguignonne
Her story resonates because of what she represented in such a male-dominated society; in an era when Egypt was roiled by internal and external battles, Cleopatra held the country together and proved to be as powerful a leader as any of her male counterparts. Avec la newsletter quotidienne du HuffPost, recevez par email les infos les plus importantes et les meilleurs articles du jour.
Maxime Birken Le HuffPost. Indeed, there exists a considerable amount of medical and surgical treaties written in Anglo-Norman dating mostly back to the first half of the 13 th century onwards Rothwell []. In approximately the same period, medicine emerged as a discipline at the University of Paris Siraisi []. Physicians from all over Europe and especially from England would train in France. Others are still in use in modern English but have become obsolete such as apoplexy 14c. Some of these words have undergone modifications in modern English: For instance, goute 13c.
Likewise, the word jaundyce 14c.
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Two words that still relate to the throat in modern English come from French: Some words have seen their meaning scope reduced: Some words that were originally anatomical have evolved into notions that have become more abstract: Anglo-Norman cors late 13c. In France, only after did apothecaries 5 acquire a status that made them different from grocers 6.
Mais ensuite, pourquoi les féministes brûlent-elles leur soutien-gorge ?
Medieval pharmacopoeia also contained remedies made of poudre early 13c. Surgeons had very limited surgical techniques: Still under the responsibility of the church, these institutions first aimed at the homeless became progressively places where sick people could be taken care of, treated or observed. This shift accompanied the rejection of both the religious conceptions and the medical doctrines that had prevailed so far. Indeed, with the progress made in anatomy and physiology thanks to dissection and microscopy, humourism was almost abandoned to the benefit of mechanism.
Part of this paradigm shift in medicine came from the work by the French Antoine de Lavoisier , who, with his chemical experiments, helped understand basic functions such as respiration, perspiration and digestion. Originally a wound-dresser, he started his career on the battlefields where he gained his reputation by replacing cauterisation by ligatures, when amputating, and applying emplastrums 11 instead of boiling oil on gunshot wounds. Therefore, many words that designate major surgical procedures are inherited from French: Yet, its first known use as a modifier used in medical terminology e.
Due to lack of space and because this paper does not deal with eponyms exclusively, we selected the most prominent French contributors We kept the one — usually the first — by which the person was best known e. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Gilles de la Tourette being the family name , unless the given names were hyphenated e.
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We observed that accent-carrying eponyms that are long-established and those that have recently entered the English language of medicine tend to lose their accent s e. The first is when the person, like Babinski who revolutionised the neurological examination, makes a discovery that turns out to be a major scientific breakthrough. The second reason is when there is a need to distinguish between different variants of a same instrument e. Martin , which designates a type of amputation of the foot at the tarsometatarsal joint.
Cette maman transforme son bébé en hommage aux grandes femmes de l'histoire | Al HuffPost Maghreb
The third reason lies in the complexity of syndromes and diseases that would require long descriptive names to which eponyms used to be and are sometimes still preferred e. We noted that 59 people were neurologists and psychiatrists, which makes neuro-psychiatry the specialty in which the French have contributed the most.
The latter also invented eponymous surgical instruments: But the French ophthalmologist that is best remembered is Jacques Daviel , who was a pioneer in cataract surgery. The largest paediatric hospital in Paris has been named after him.
The language of medicine consists of words most of which were borrowed from Greek and Latin. The English language of medicine is no exception, although, as mentioned in our study, some of these words have entered English via French. Because eponyms are an important part of the medical lexicon, we devoted a whole section to terms named after famous French anatomists, physicians and surgeons, while singling out the specialities in which the French were ahead in Europe.
Our study has shown that French is a major source language for medical English, and should help put the much criticised anglicisation of modern medical French into perspective Faure [].
During an event titled "Blue Met Talks: Blue Metropolis is proud to be a co-presenter: Writers with links to the world of cinema take to the stage of the Violet Hour on Tuesday, Nov. Join us for the screening on Nov. Pour en savoir plus sur ce projet, vistez notre site internet https: During Blue Met , French writer Lola Lafon spoke about the fear of doubt and hesitation… and how it affects readers.
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