Hannes Heer and Ruth Wodak describe it as follows: The relationship between literature, in the context of which Alternate History represents a special case, and official memory narratives I understand as a dialectical interaction in which the individual and the collective are inextricably intertwined. This will become clearer in the following sections and chapters. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism London: Both Assmanns divide collective memory into communicative and cultural memory. The former includes memory debates within roughly the first three generations after the remembered event, while the latter denotes the archeological accessing of collective memories which are further removed from the present.
Czernin, , In the German context this is best illustrated by the continually increasing tendency to understand not only the memory of the victims of National Socialism but also that of its participants and their descendents as a trauma narrative. This is the case not only for official commemorative practices such as the ongoing debate about the Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen, fostering a representation of, among others, the deportation of Jews by the Nazis and the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after the war as commensurable events or memory literature from the early 99 Theodor W.
Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, , First published in Theodor W. Neun kritische Modelle Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, , Stuart Taberner and Paul Cooke Rochester: Camden House, , Emphasis in the original. University of California Press, , Beck, , Like Alternate History, collective memory, in this understanding, engages with historical material not primarily from the vantage point of analyzing the past for its own sake, but rather in order to access it as a workable narrative for present discourse, in accordance with a specific agenda.
At the same time, certain central elements of history cannot simply be erased in non-fictional iterations of collective memory.
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In other words, the challenge for memory narratives aimed at re-establishing a viable form of national identity is not to negate the existence or even the importance of pivotal elements of historical knowledge, but to reframe them in such a way that allows their appropriation for their respective agendas. In contrast, the recontextualization of the Holocaust within a narrative of universal commensurability of suffering has been considerably more successful in establishing itself as a general trend within postwar German memory discourse: Peter Lang, , Has Helmut Kohl's Vision been Realized?
In fact, the opposite is true for most national memory discourses today. Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection, ed. Duke University Press, , Kirsten Hastrup London; New York: However, in this case it is highly debatable whether the social and discursive power that this narrative currently possesses did indeed originate from a previously excluded position or whether it was not, in fact, always an influential undercurrent in postwar Germany. After all, the proliferation of the tabooization myth can arguably be said to generate a misleading image in which, effectively, the whole of the German population features as a marginalized group.
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In contrast, the re-evaluation of some of the central tenets of German memory discourse has, especially in recent years, begun to gradually replace previously accepted notions about the past — a movement in which individual and official engagements with history are indeed fundamentally complementing each other. At the same time, these revised approaches nonetheless still purport today to be marginalized within German memory discourse as a whole, maintaining their status as contested counter-memories irrespective of their growing influence.
Therefore, in order to better understand the function of these narratives, among which Alternate Cf. History and Identity in the New Germany, eds. Humanities Press, , It will uproot its traditional foundations and relentlessly disrupt its pretended continuity. But what is really meant by the term counter-memories? Within the context of postmodern sensibilities, the term counter-memory commonly bears a predominantly, if not exclusively, positive connotation as a form of critical historical consciousness that serves to effectively and efficiently question any notion of objective historical truth.
However, such all-but-universal condemnations of the idea of historical truth are commonly based on two central misconceptions: Selected Essays and Interviews Ithaca: Cornell University Press, , Significantly, Davis and Starn also highlight the distinction between private and public commemoration and argue, as I have done in the previous section, that both types of mnemonic contributions can generally produce similar effects.
In fact, the collectivization of individual commemoration is an integral part of the process of replacing one dominant memory narrative with another seemingly marginalized one. Unlike historical narratives that begin with the totality of human existence and then locate specific actions and events within that totality, counter-memory starts with the particular and the specific and then builds outward toward a total story.
Counter-memory looks to the past for the hidden histories of those excluded from dominant narratives. But unlike mythical narratives that seek to detach events and actions from the fabric of any larger history, counter-memory demands revision of existing histories by supplying new perspectives about the past. George Lipsitz affirmatively describes this dynamic as follows: Memory and Counter-Memory Spring, , 2.
Studies in the Politics of Recent American Literature, ed. Popular, , Especially postmemory accounts that function as counter-memories call this position into question. The German situation, on the other hand, is characterized by the opposite development. Due to the untenability of a positive narrative immediately following the war, arguably effected more by international pressures than a truly widespread acknowledgement of responsibility among the general population, the dominant German memory narrative in the early postwar years was centrally defined more by shame than by pride.
It is crucial to note, however, that its manifestations are diametrically opposed in Anglo-American and German memory discourses. Photography, Narrative, and Postmemory Cambridge, Mass: As Giesen puts it: Postwar Germany constructed this narrative by primordializing the opposition between oppressors and the people [ On the one hand, their effect can be described as a shift from a macro-historical understanding of National Socialism to a micro-historical focus on the everyday lives of Germans under Nazi rule.
Rosenfeld makes this fundamental difference clear, as well. However, the centrality of these counter-memories for postwar memory culture in Germany and the degree to which they influenced and gradually inscribed themselves as the dominant narrative, in stark contrast to the development in the Allied nations, is not adequately addressed in his account.
Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate, ed. Beacon Press, , Wolfgang Borchert in neuer Sicht, eds. This significant disconnect provides an insight especially into the form and function of later counter-memory interventions, in which the predication that they are, in essence, presenting secret histories, which had been ignored or even deliberately muted in earlier decades, constitutes a central axiom. These victims are suspiciously absent from a considerable number of contemporary works in this category.
Eine Novelle, 4th revised ed. They remember in order to forget. In , the long reign of the liberal-conservative government under chancellor Helmut Kohl came to an end after 16 years. The Shapes of Memory, ed. Blackwell, , They had aggressively and publicly criticized the old order not only for the constant attempts to smooth over the memory of the National Socialist past, but also, more directly, for being the direct successor of that very regime.
This was the first military endeavour involving an active participation of German troops since Ich habe auch gelernt: The very possibility for this position to be viable within the context of German memory debates relied on the specific moral and discursive authority of the former critics of the old order. As Bill Niven states: Remembering the Past in Contemporary Germany, ed.
Palgrave Macmillan, , 9. Gerd Wiegel generally concurs by stating: If, then, counter-memory in this sense cannot universally or automatically be considered a progressive engagement with history, what does this mean for the Alternate Histories discussed in the following? Alternate Histories do indeed, as the name implies, present an alternate account of the past which universally serves to highlight both the contingency of historical events and the narrative processes involved in their historiographic tradition.
PapyRossa, , Anti- memory, instead of repressing or denying negative historical associations, utilizes them in a revised form for the purposes of unifying a contemporary collective and legitimizing its present and future actions. Alternate memory, now, can perform both these tasks, but the discursive means employed differ from those of the previous two categories in a distinct manner. Alternate Histories, in contrast, realize the diversion of memory not by means of creating substitutes for collective identification — through the re-evaluation of actual historical events —, but rather by providing a truly alternative narrative, which evokes a distinct link to the replaced memories but does so without an actual referent in reality.
I therefore propose to call this mode of engaging history: It is a historical fact, for instance, that the so-called Morgenthau plan — a reference to a memorandum by United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. As such, it does not normally provide a viable source for the narrative of German victimization. This unique quality of, on the one hand, eliciting a connection with familiar historical settings but, on the other, infusing them with counterfactual conditions, creates the potential for Alternate Histories to function as interventions into collective memory discourses unburdened by the necessity of legitimizing their position.
In this sense, such alternate memories, in the guise of mere counterfactual speculations, constitute an ideal means of subverting even the most central presuppositions of collective memory. And, arguably, few contexts are better suited to illustrate this process than the case of German normalization. However, an attempt at a generic definition can nonetheless be helpful here.
At the same time, normalization is not or, at least, not immediately, oriented towards the future, but rather represents a nostalgic vision of returning to a less burdened past. This is not to say, of course, that such an idea is any less of an ideological construct. However, one must differentiate between the narrative content and the strategic direction of normalizing trends of memory. In the But while there is a differentiation between the specificities of the respective normalizing trends within the memory cultures of each of these nations, a detailed delineation of the case of German normalization, in the context of which this phenomenon has arguably had the greatest impact, falls short.
In order to better understand the function of alternate memory for the collective memory and the collective identity of postwar Germany, one must therefore seek to understand what constitutes German normalization in particular. He discusses what he labels organic, universalizing, relativizing, and aestheticizing forms of normalization, respectively, as they pertain to the commemorative effects of allohistorical fictions.
Accordingly, all historical forms of normalizing movements within postwar German memory discourse — from the relativizing traditional counter-memories in the early postwar years to the seemingly inclusive anti-memory developments following reunification — have at their narrative core an element of nostalgia for simpler, more innocent times. As discursive strategies, however, they are, at the same time, directed ahead insofar as they are ultimately aimed at restoring an unfettered national identity.
While the regressive narrative content is fundamentally ideological in nature, the progressive discursive strategy is decidedly more pragmatic. Eleonore Lappin and Bernhard Schneider St. What is of central importance — and this applies to most, if not all, normalizing trends of memory across national boundaries — is that the narrative content undergoes diachronic changes as the national and international discourses, against which these counter-memories are directed, evolve.
For the German context these historical changes have already been addressed in the previous section, and older models will be relevant in the analysis of some of the texts in the following chapters whose production and publication fall into earlier periods of postwar German history. However, as I have outlined above, despite the fact that a tendency for overcoming the legacy of National Socialism already surfaced immediately after the end of the war, attesting to the existence of an ongoing project of German normalization, the discursive strategies employed have changed significantly with the reunification of Germany and, again, with the epistemological shift that accompanied the rise of former critics of this very project to political power in This has paved the way for a new form of positive nationalist identification.
Let us therefore take a closer look at the specific conditions of this new era of German normalization and what it means for the development and the function of alternate memory. Im Jahr habe ich [ In an introductory move, he establishes his reputation and authority not only as a critical, but also as a neutral voice in the context of German memory debates. This particular phrasing suggests that the longing for normalcy, which Walser directly evokes with his last sentence, represents not an ideological construct in itself, but rather a breaking-up of mythical discursive structures.
The reference to the effectively normalized German collective of the present, finally, is once again used to re-introduce the idea of a tabooization: Das Arabische Buch, , Particularly significant is also the person of Martin Walser as such or, rather, the moral locus from which his intervention originated. Traditionally, the call for an end of the alleged preoccupation with the legacy of National Socialism was linked to the political right.
At the same time, they have widely proven incapable of adequately accounting for the involvement of protagonists like Walser and the emergence of the considerably more successful new narratives their reformulations represent. These are not fringe historians of the radical Right; nor are they neo-Nazis or Holocaust deniers. However, the gradual ascension of such voices to the status of the dominant narrative is a central characteristic of the most recent developments in the collective memory discourse of Germany: Rather, it reflects the manifold social and cultural changes the country has undergone in the decades since the end of World War II.
Indeed they welcome these activities as long as they finally liberate the new Berlin Republic from the burdens that shackled its Bonn predecessor. To my mind, the best contemporary summary of the conditions that define this process is provided by Lars Rensmann, who writes: Within the thus established narrative of German normalization, allohistorical fictions represent a special case. The beginnings of German-language postwar Alternate Histories are especially interesting in light of what Ceslaw Karolak posits with regard to the development of German Science Fiction, a genre which is commonly held to be the historical point of origin and still a close relative of Alternate History fictions.
According to him, the majority of SF publications in Germany in the early postwar years, specifically in the s, displayed a number of distinct continuities with Nazi ideology, liberally proliferating ideas of racism and expansionism in particular. In stark contrast, early Alternate Histories in German are Rensmann, Nationalsozialismus in der Gegenwart, Bernhard Spies 54 considerably more akin to the British and American paradigms in that the pursuit and realization of such reactionary ideals feature in them solely as pure nightmare scenarios.
Germany and Austria have become strongholds of grotesque pagan mysticism and, following the death of Adolf Hitler, have descended into a state of perpetual in-fighting between the different factions of the National Socialist movement that is gradually turning into a civil war. The absolute majority of German and Austrian allohistorical fictions focused on the Third Reich thus far has been produced after the reunification of Germany and, therefore, in the context of the era of the accelerated, reformulated German normalization defined above.
This development, I would argue, is no coincidence. Zsolnay, , As a matter of fact, its specific aptitude for relativization can already be identified in Alternate Histories preceding this era, as the discussion of some examples in the following chapters will illustrate, but it only reaches its full potential in cohort with corresponding contemporary developments in the collective memory of the reunified Germany.
In comparison to official as well as other forms of literary interventions into the discourse of collective memory, allohistorical fictions benefit from their essentially ludic engagement with historical knowledge. Remaining within the sphere of literature, other types of narratives can, at most, attempt to realize their normalizing potential against central tenets of established historical knowledge; Alternate Histories, on the other hand, perform the same task by positing alternate memories in place of real historical events.
It can universalize the history of National Socialism and the Holocaust by means of presenting the reader with alternative versions of these events and making them appear just as likely, thus calling into question the concrete conditions that effected them in a specific historical context and a specific national setting. It can present counterfactual tales of German heroism in resistance to the Nazi regime, thus creating the image of a historically disproportionate degree of fundamental opposition against the National Socialist order from within the general population of the Third Reich.
Or it can depict the effects of alternate Holocausts perpetrated against the Germans in the aftermath of World War II and the inherent subtle reaffirmation of the narrative of commensurable German victimization. As all of these examples and the close readings in following chapters will illustrate, Alternate Histories are capable to complementing more conventional forms of revisionist counter-memory in unique and uniquely efficient ways.
However, it is highly debatable whether this is actually the case. That is to say, a reader of an allohistorical story, omitting the real Holocaust and instead depicting the brutal victimization of the German population, could know full well that the suffering of Germans after the war and the industrialized mass murder of Jewish and other victims preceding it cannot reasonably be considered commensurable occurrences, but still choose, in adherence to the collective counter- narrative, to tendentiously prioritize stories of German victimization in their own memory. The Alternate Histories discussed here are prone to serving such a purpose and, as such, they are exemplary representations of the potential of literature for facilitating a process of overcoming history.
After all, as Geoffrey Winthrop-Young puts it: The essential function of alternate memory is to contribute to the realization of a new narrative which ensures that this potential future is a prosperous one for the national collective. Individuals and groups in society may seek to normalize the past for a variety of reasons, but they do so usually out of a sense of impatience with its continued abnormality.
They may seek to relativize the past by deliberately minimizing its unique dimensions through comparisons with other more or less comparable historical occurrences. They may also attempt to universalize the past by explaining it as less the result of particularistic trends distinct to the era in question than of broader, timeless, social, political, or economic forces that they hope to call attention to […].
These strategies all reflect a desire to make a given historical legacy no different from any other and can thus be seen as part of a larger attempt to reduce its prominence in current consciousness, if not render it forgotten altogether. In the context of official commemorative discourses, the universalization of the legacy of the National Socialist era as a pervasive occurrence is largely geopolitically and historically restricted.
While narratives that generalize the causes and policies of National Socialism do exist outside of German debates, they typically do not represent mainstream positions within the memory debates of other countries. For several decades following the end of World War II, the same situation applied to discussions and representations of collective memory in Germany. More recently, however, the recourse to the Nazi past in comparative and ultimately relativist terms has experienced a considerable rise in German discussions.
As outlined in the previous chapter, this development coincides with a series of paradigmatic shifts for which the reunification of Germany can be identified as a starting point, but in the context of which the discursive changes that accompanied the rise to power of former critics of historical revisionism in has also played a decisive role. Evidence of this trend can be found, for instance, in the debates surrounding the German participation in the war against Serbia and the strategies of legitimization employed in this context. Emphases in the original.
At the same time, its specific implementation as a narrative strategy — especially in German counterfactual literature — also exhibits distinct differences that constitute a historical progression which can be linked to the turn in non-literary discourses. The following sections of this chapter will discuss a small selection of allohistorical fictions that represent an exemplary variety of manifestations of this universalistic theme in Alternate History, highlight the differences between their specific narrative approaches, both in terms of their national and historical setting, and illustrate the specifically German function of counterfactual universalization in the production of alternate memories.
After long periods of the repression or outright denial of a collective responsibility of Germans for the atrocities of National Socialism, the tendency to acknowledge but, at the same time, universalize it by situating it within an international and trans-historical tradition has since become a staple of the German engagement with the past. In the context of non-literary discourses, this can be considered a representative example of what Hartman has termed anti-memory.
Dick weaves an intricate tale of an allohistorical present-day America in which the effects of the alternate outcome of the Second World War are acutely apparent. In , the attempt on the life of President Franklin D. Roosevelt — which, in real history, killed Anton Cermak, the mayor of Chicago — is successful and it falls to Vice President John Nance Garner to assume the presidency.
As signs arise of impending war in Philip K. Vintage Books, [] Hereafter cited as MHC. Bricker, his successor, in Without the entrance of the American forces into the war, Nazi Germany manages to overrun its European enemies and ends the war in Europe by conquering the Soviet Union in With the United States military wholly unprepared for the fighting reaching American shores, the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor succeeds in destroying the entire US naval fleet.
The virtually defenseless United States are subsequently attacked by both Axis powers on both shores, resulting in the German occupation of the Eastern part of the country and the Japanese seizing the West. The remainder of the completely outmanned and outgunned American armed forces retreats to a small section of the Rocky Mountain States which, by , remains the last enclave in the former United States not occupied by a foreign power. However, the story itself is primarily set in the Pacific States of America PSA , the Japanese occupied zone, as it unfolds in the s.
While horror stories from the German sector, still referred to as the United States of America, are present as a constant specter, the Japanese, despite having instituted a de facto racial class system, have overall proven to be relatively benevolent occupiers. The Grasshopper Lies Heavy.
This book is a metafictional story-within-the-story whose centrality for the narrative is inescapable. Written by recluse author Hawthorne Abendsen — as it turns out, the eponymous man in the High Castle —, Grasshopper represents a parallel allohistorical fiction in which the Germans lose World War II. Contrary to the events in the main narrative, in this alternate account of history, Roosevelt is not assassinated but carries out his two-term presidency and prepares the United States for an imminent war against Germany.
In an act of strategic clairvoyance, Tugwell removes the American fleet from Pearl Harbor in due time and thus prevents it from being destroyed. At the same time, a pact is forged between Britain and the Soviet Union resulting in the defeat of the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern front. Soon after, Italy betrays the Axis and joins forces with the Allies. Following the surrender of the Japanese, the Americans enter the European theater of war and defeat Germany alongside the British.
In the aftermath of the war, See MHC, In the United States, a booming labor market is created as a result of this program and the Americans begin supplying the entire world with cheap satellite televisions as a means of education. Meanwhile, the British Empire pursues a similar project. But in contrast to their former American allies, Britain relies on forced labor and annexed resources from Germany and the Caucasus in order to supply India, Burma, Africa and the Middle East with food and new technologies.
The beginning of the s also marks the beginning of ten years of an uneasy peace between the two remaining superpowers, with the United States controlling China and the entire Pacific, and Britain the Middle East, Africa and parts of continental Asia. As the third, but overall inferior global power, Russia remains divided between the US and Britain and ultimately passive. During this period, Britain begins setting up so-called detention preserves in several South Asian countries for alleged Chinese dissidents, as a response to the overwhelmingly pro-American position adopted by China.
Having instated himself as a de facto dictator, Churchill is still in power at this time. Already anticipating the answer, Juliana proceeds to ask of the I Ching, also frequently referred to as the Oracle, the reason for inspiring Abendsen to write this particular tale: What are we supposed to learn? I know without using the chart, too.
And I know what it means. He had now an almost savage expression. With anger he said, 'Germany and Japan lost the war? Here Rosenfeld refers to what he interprets as the inability of the majority of characters in the main narrative — and, by symbolic extension, the majority of people in general — to recognize the fictitious nature of their world and break through the illusion.
In fact, this secondary allohistorical scenario is, in many ways, just as bleak as that of the MHC, In Grasshopper, Germany not winning the Second World War does not result in the abolition of totalitarian control or politicized racial discrimination and does not produce a more liberal, progressive society. Instead, elements of German fascism are projected onto Britain after the end of the war, resulting in a global proliferation of racist policies and the subjugation of large parts of the world under imperialist rule.
More significant, however, is the relation of this secondary counterfactual story to actual history. Here, the suggestion that the world could have turned out just as badly even if the defeat of Nazi Germany played out more or less as it did, inevitably constitutes a universalizing perspective, an aspect of the novel that, albeit without an explicit acknowledgement of the role of Grasshopper in this regard, has also been noted by Carl Freedman: In a way that strongly resonates with what Horkheimer and Adorno call the dialectic of enlightenment, the novel sees Nazi atrocity as the extreme but perfectly logical extension of something typically and profoundly Western: But the universalist dimension of the narrative exceeds this singular comparison by also projecting elements of National Socialist ideology on the postwar British regime: Wesleyan UP, , This type of projection clearly goes beyond a mere critique of the ubiquity and innate cruelty of Capitalism, but effectively suspends the historical specificity of the political developments in Germany that ultimately led to the singular event of the Holocaust.
This difference becomes more apparent as we turn to the first example of German Alternate Histories. It is revealed in the only published review of the novel that Sissini is, in fact, the pen name of Greek economist Dimitris N. Chorafas, who has made a name for himself not as an author of fiction but as an economics professor and financial advisor, mainly in the United States and Canada since the s. Hereafter cited as SH. Die Vorgeschichte eines bizarren Buches: Samuel Hitler," Die Zeit, November 23, It is interesting to note in this context that the use of pseudonyms, attributing especially right-wing German Alternate Histories to obscure American authors with fictional biographies, is not unheard of.
See especially the so-called Stahlfront series and its aptly named author Torn Chaines. Neumann mentions that the advance manuscript still listed Chorafas as the author, indicating that the decision to use a pseudonym was made last minute in the publication process.
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Broder and has become exemplary evidence of the existence of Jewish anti- Semitism. Der Semit 3, no. What makes his rendition of this theme unusual, however, and, in fact, the only one of its kind, is the cause which effects this greater success. While the overall historical alterations in Samuel Hitler are not unintentionally subtle for the largest part of the novel, the most fundamental change is already represented by the highly suggestive, borderline stereotypical name that is its title: However, this is not portrayed as a moral critique but rather a strategic one.
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While, from a primarily prescriptive perspective, this choice of alteration would first and foremost make Samuel Hitler highly problematic with regard to its historical plausibility, it also makes it an early, prototypical example of the narrative strategies that constitute alternate memory.
While the historical setting is very familiar, place and character names have been altered, effectively alienating the narrative from real history. The names of the known historical protagonists have been changed ever so slightly, while still maintaining their recognizability. Here, however, this does not merely serve to remove them from our reality, but assumedly also to demonstratively ridicule their real historical counterparts: Hitler is one of the few prominent characters who retains his last name, but for him, the changes are, of course, much more radical.
Hellekson, Alternate History, 8. Hitler I through Hitler IV. Both Lazarus and Samuel acknowledge the brutality with which the process of Chinese unification was achieved, but relegate it to the status of a necessary evil in the process of building a great nation SH In the early chapters of the book, anti-Semitism directed at the Jewish Hitler by his immediate peers only surfaces in one short paragraph, which describes the young Samuel as an outsider in school as a result of his heritage. In contrast to the very brief reference to anti-Jewish hostilities immediately surrounding the protagonist, the anti-Semitism of other nations is strongly emphasized: The real alteration here is, of course, not the claim that a virulent anti-Semitic ideology also existed and still exists in countries like England and the United States, in a more or less identical narrative as in the German anti-Jewish tradition; the central change lies in the suggestion that British and American anti-Semitism was, at the same time, directed at Germany for having forged a historical alliance with the Jews.
This depiction sets the scene for the overarching universalizing narrative of the novel: It already makes clear at an early stage that, judging from the globalized hatred of Jews, the Holocaust was basically possible anywhere and, in turn, it implicitly insinuates that the institutionalization of anti- Semitism was neither a necessary nor a particularly alluring factor in the context of the rise and the success of National Socialism in Germany.
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Harrison Karin Tikkanen Opuscula. Prosodic phrasing of Chichewa relative clauses Laura J. Downing Lingua, Journal article Journal article. All Depressors are not alike: Downing , Yiya Chen Prosodic categories: Eva Ahlstedt och Britt-Marie Karlsson red. Introducing the pragmatics of society. Acts of the International Colloquium: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Tidsbetydelse och aspektbetydelse i grekiska och fornkyrkoslaviska Antoaneta Granberg Studia interdisciplinaria, linguistica et litteraria, SILL, Journal article Journal article. Om vetenskaplig teoribildning inom kultur- och litteraturforskning, Magazine article Magazine article.
Introduction to Emmanuel Levinas: Style, Rhetoric, Allegory Zlatan Filipovic Studia interdisciplinaria, linguistica et litteraria 3, ed. Eva Ahlstedt, Magazine article Magazine article. Lawrence Review, Journal article Journal article. The Political Psyche in British Modernism: Vid pennan och vad man skriver! Dansk-norsk tidsskrift for religionhistoriske studier, Journal article Journal article.
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Rodopi, Journal article Journal article. Na puti k Nobelevskoj nagrade. Janko Lavrin i "slavjanskaja ideja": The Son's Liberation from the Father: Malmstad, Wien, Peter Lang. Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Chapter in book Chapter in book. The Man who lived Dostoevsky. Loseva", Magazine article Magazine article.
Essays om America og andre fremmede fenomener [Bergen: Mikael Johansson Libanios, le premier humaniste.
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Hope in Dark Times: Educating Desire, Choosing Justice? Polemics of the Future 7. The Future is Pale: Biotechnologies of the Self: Humanity in a Posthuman Age The Soul of the Clone: Parables for the Postmodern, Post Anderson s Feed, and Mary E. In The Rise of the Vampire, Erik Butler seeks to explain our enduring fascination with the creatures of the night. Exploring why a being of humble origins has achieved success of such monstrous proportions, Butler considers the vampire in myth, literature, film, journalism, political cartoons, music, television, and video games.
He describes how and why they have come to give expression to the darker side of human life—though vampires evoke age-old mystery, they also embody many of the uncertainties of the modern world. Butler also ponders the role global markets and digital technology have played in making vampires a worldwide phenomenon.
The author finds that although books and reading often play a prominent role in fantasy for children, the majority of young protagonists gain self-sufficiency not by reading but specifically by moving beyond books and reading. Dans cet univers, "le dingue d informatique et le rocker se rejoignent".
Mitchell -"Duppy know who fi frighten": Verlag, , pages. This book shows how important these stories are to the history of British culture, taking the reader on a lively tour from prehistory to the present. From the Middle Ages to the twenty-first century, Marion Gibson explores the ways in which British pagan gods and goddesses have been represented in poetry, novels, plays, chronicles, scientific and scholarly writing. The result is a comprehensive picture of the ways in which writers have peopled the British pagan pantheons throughout history. Das Buch dokumentiert u. Three recent and commercially successful series of novels employ and adapt the resources of popular fantasy fiction to create visions of religious identity: Popular fantasy fiction turns out to involve acts of world-creation that are inherently religious and inherently paradoxical.
- Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy.
- Department of Languages & Literatures.
- Good from Grief!
- Sensuality Singles: Wilshire (Sensuality Volume Two)!
In neun Essays, die literarische Beispiele vom Tigchelaar -- These ghosts will be lovers: Adney -- The spectral queerness of white supremacy: King -- In the spirit of reconciliation: Sandlin -Aesthetics of haunting as diasporic sensibility: Breaking with traditional analyses of Gothic literature that limit its influence to a reactive critique of current events, Social Reform in Gothic Writing argues for a new political reading of Gothic writing from England, America, and colonial Jamaica - one that recognizes the transformative power of this popular literature.
Drawing on recent feminist and queer theory, the study discusses the tropes of invisibility and age-shifting as narrative devices representing gendered experiences. Exploring Science Through Science Fiction addresses these and other interesting questions, using science fiction as a springboard for discussing fundamental science concepts and cutting-edge science research.
The book is designed as a primary text for a college-level course which should appeal to students in the fine arts and humanities as well as to science and engineering students.
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It includes references to original research papers, landmark scientific publications and technical documents, as well as a broad range of science literature at a more popular level. With over references to specific scenes in sci-fi movies and TV episodes, spanning over years of cinematic history, it should be an enjoyable read for anyone with an interest in science and science fiction. The books receiving ecocritical treatment in Green Speculations include George R. Otto reads these and other important science fiction novels as educative in their representations of environmental issues and the environmental philosophies that have emerged in response to them.
La fantascienza ha ispirato il cinema, soprattutto nell epoca degli effetti speciali. Ma questo affascinante genere ha le sue origini nobili nella letteratura. Questo libro ci guida alle radici della fantascienza, nei romanzi soprattutto di lingua anglosassone. Dick e William Burroughs. Ist die Wirklichkeit wirklich wirklich? Tolkien or Celtic Twilight? The Inheritance of the Mabinogion: Alice and Mowgli Revisited: Literatecs, Nursery Crimes, and Dragonslayers: A Game of Thrones, Indeed: Sie sind unter uns: Gender and Male Domesticity in G.
This book offers new, often unexpected, but always intriguing portraits of the writers of classic fairy tales. For years these authors, who wrote from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, have been either little known or known through skewed, frequently sentimentalized biographical information. Important figures about whom little is known, such as Giovan Francesco Straparola and Giambattista Basile, are rendered more completely than ever before. Deutschsprachige Science-Fiction-Literatur existiert im literaturwissenschaftlichen Diskurs so gut wie nicht. Sie gilt als trivial; zuweilen wird sogar ihre Existenz bezweifelt.
Die Autoren denken Entwicklungen weiter und fungieren als sensible Seismografen ihrer Gegenwart. Anmerkungen zur phantastichen Literatur: Hier konnten die Wunsch- und Schreckensbilder der eigenen Gegenwart in ferne und exotische Welten projiziert werden. Er gibt damit auch grundlegende Einblicke in die Funktionsmechanismen und Aporien sowjetischer Kulturpolitik.
This project examines the representation of anxiety about technology that humans feel when encountering artificial intelligences in four science fiction novels: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? A Space Odyssey, and Cloud Atlas. By exploring this anxiety, something profound can be revealed about what it means to be a person living in a technologically saturated society. This book will provide the first study of how the Gothic engages with ecocritical ideas. Ecocriticism has frequently explored images of environmental catastrophe, the wilderness, the idea of home, constructions of nature , and images of the post-apocalypse — images which are also central to a certain type of Gothic literature.
By exploring the relationship between the ecocritical aspects of the Gothic and the Gothic elements of the ecocritical, this book provides a new way of looking at both the Gothic and ecocriticism. The volume thus explores writing and film across various national contexts including Britain, America and Canada, as well as giving due consideration to how such issues might be discussed within a global context. Der Blick an den Himmel. Die wissenschaftliche Eroberung des Kosmos — Peter Enders: Welt, Weltall, Weltenraum — Lutz Clausnitzer: Weltall im real existierenden Sozialismus.
Expansion in den Kosmos — Heilserwartungen aus dem Kosmos. Bruno Madernas Serenata per un satellite — Elmar Schenkel: Oder das kosmische Grinsen der. Zwei Schriftsteller durchqueren den Weltraum. Angela Wright explores the development of Gothic literature in Britain in the context of the fraught relationship between Britain and France, offering fresh perspectives on the works of Walpole, Radcliffe, Monk Lewis and their contemporaries. A Paradigm of the Tropical: Cognitive Estrangement is Us: Tradizione e modernita nel Signore degli Anelli, Milano, Bietti, , pages.
Ironic Subversion in C. Through a series of juxtaposed readings of Carter s fictions alongside the canonical texts to which she alludes, and a discussion of the critical debates surrounding these texts, Angela Carter and Decadence offers a re-examination of Carter s writing practice.
Individual chapters examine her intertextual allusions to Hoffmann, Proust, Poe, Baudelaire and Villiers de L Isle-Adam, with sections on the representation of Woman as doll, Muse and femme fatale. In Lovecraft and Influence: His Predecessors and Successors, Robert H. Waugh has assembled essays that are vast in scope, ranging from the Bible through the Edwardian period and well into the present.
Bram Stoker, Dracula and the Victorian Gothic Stage addresses this lacuna, examining how Stoker s fictions respond to and engage with Victorian theatre s melodramatic climate and, in particular, to supernatural plays, Gothic melodramas and Shakespearean productions that Henry Irving and Ellen Terry performed at the Lyceum. It reconsiders his literary relationships with key actors, and challenges the biographical assumption that Henry Irving provided the model for the figure of Count Dracula. The decisions are up to them": Pagnoni Berns and Amy M.