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Objective To investigate the nature and magnitude of relations of systolic and diastolic blood pressures in late adolescence to mortality. Design Nationwide cohort study. Setting General community in Sweden. Main outcome measures Total mortality , cardiovascular mortality , and non-cardiovascular mortality. The relation of systolic blood pressure to total mortality was U shaped, with the lowest risk at a systolic blood pressure of about mm Hg.

This pattern was driven by the relation to non-cardiovascular mortality , whereas the relation to cardiovascular mortality was monotonically increasing higher risk with higher blood pressure. The relation of diastolic blood pressure to mortality risk was monotonically increasing and stronger than that of systolic blood pressure, in terms of both relative risk and population attributable fraction deaths that could be avoided if blood pressure was in the optimal range.

Relations to cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality were similar, with an apparent risk threshold at a diastolic blood pressure of about 90 mm Hg, below which diastolic blood pressure and mortality were unrelated, and above which risk increased steeply with higher diastolic blood pressures. Conclusions In adolescent men, the relation of diastolic blood pressure to mortality was more consistent than that of systolic blood pressure.

Considering current efforts for earlier detection and prevention of risk, these observations emphasise the risk associated with high diastolic blood pressure in young adulthood. The aim of this study was to present a definition of late presentation according to different time periods between initial diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS diagnosis which would reliably identify individuals with high risk of mortality within 1 year of diagnosis, and could be used as a suggested common definition.

Data of individuals diagnosed from to February in Wuhan, China were extracted retrospectively from the national HIV surveillance system. The predictive ability of each definition for identifying an individual who died within 1 year after HIV diagnosis was assessed. A total of patients were included, of whom Longer time periods increased the sensitivity but decreased the specificity.

Given the European consensus definitions and the current results, we suggested that AHD could be defined as "a first-reported CD4 count Late presentation" could be defined as "a first-reported CD4 count Prediction of mortality rates using a model with stochastic parameters. Prediction of future mortality rates is crucial to insurance companies because they face longevity risks while providing retirement benefits to a population whose life expectancy is increasing.

In the past literature, a time series model based on multivariate power-normal distribution has been applied on mortality data from the United States for the years till to forecast the future mortality rates for the years till In this paper, a more dynamic approach based on the multivariate time series will be proposed where the model uses stochastic parameters that vary with time. The resulting prediction intervals obtained using the model with stochastic parameters perform better because apart from having good ability in covering the observed future mortality rates , they also tend to have distinctly shorter interval lengths.

A population-based cohort study of late mortality in adult autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in Australia. We assessed overall and cause-specific mortality and risk factors for late mortality in a nation-wide population-based cohort of adult cancer patients who survived 2 or more years after receiving an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSCT in Australia between and Mortality rates moved closer to rates observed in the age- and sex-matched Australian general population over time but remained significantly increased 11 or more years from HSCT standardized mortality ratio, 5.

Although the proportion of deaths from nonrelapse causes increased over time, relapse remained the most frequent cause of death for all diagnoses, 10 or more years after autologous HSCT. Our findings show that prevention of disease recurrence remains 1 of the greatest challenges for autologous HSCT recipients, while the increasing rates of nonrelapse deaths due to the emergence of second cancers, circulatory diseases, and respiratory diseases highlight the long-term health issues faced by adult survivors of autologous HSCT.

Research on moderate drinking has focused on the average level of drinking. Recently, however, investigators have begun to consider the role of the pattern of drinking, particularly heavy episodic drinking, in mortality. The present study examined the combined roles of average drinking level moderate vs.

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The sample comprised 1, adults ages years. Alcohol consumption was assessed at baseline, and total mortality was indexed across 20 years. We used multiple logistic regression analyses controlling for a broad set of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health status covariates. Among individuals whose high level of drinking placed them at risk, a heavy episodic drinking pattern did not increase mortality odds compared with a regular drinking pattern.

Conversely, among individuals who engage in a moderate level of drinking, prior findings showed that a heavy episodic drinking pattern did increase mortality risk compared with a regular drinking pattern. Correspondingly, a high compared with a moderate drinking level increased mortality risk among individuals maintaining a regular drinking pattern, but not among individuals engaging in a heavy episodic drinking pattern, whose pattern of consumption had already placed them at risk. Findings highlight that low-risk drinking requires that older adults drink low to moderate average levels of alcohol and avoid heavy episodic drinking.

Heavy episodic drinking is frequent among late -middle-aged and older adults and needs to be addressed along with average consumption in understanding the health risks of late -life drinkers. Calf mortality control is vitally important for farmers, not only to improve animal welfare, but also to increase productivity. High calf mortality rates can be related to larger numbers of calves in a herd, employee performance, severe weather, and the neonatal period covering the first 4 weeks of life. Although the basic premise of preventing newborn calf mortality is early detection and treatment of calves at risk for failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins, calf mortality due to infectious diseases such as acute diarrhea increases in the presence of these physical and psychological stressors.

This suggests that farmers should not ignore the effects of secondary environmental factors. For prevention rather than cure, the quality of the environment should be improved, which will improve not only animal welfare but also productivity. This paper presents a review of the literature on newborn calf mortality and discusses its productivity implications. Limited data are available on the impact of time to ICU admission and outcomes for patients with severe community acquired pneumonia CAP.

Our objective was to examine the association of time to ICU admission and day mortality in patients with severe CAP. A retrospective cohort study of ICU subjects with CAP by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, codes was conducted over a 3-year period at two tertiary teaching hospitals. A multivariable analysis using Cox proportional hazard model was created with the primary outcome of day mortality dependent measure and the American Thoracic Society ATS severity adjustment criteria and time to ICU admission as the independent measures.

Groups were similar with respect to age, gender, comorbidities, clinical parameters, CAP-related process of care measures, and need for mechanical ventilation. Patients with severe CAP with a late ICU admission have increased day mortality after adjustment for illness severity. Further research should evaluate the risk factors associated and their impact on clinical outcomes in patients admitted late to the ICU.

Remarkable rates of lightning strike mortality in Malawi. Livingstone's second mission site on the shore of Lake Malawi suffers very high rates of consequential lightning strikes. These remarkable figures reveal that lightning constitutes a significant stochastic source of mortality with potential life history consequences, but it should not deflect attention away from the more prominent causes of mortality in this rural area.

Temperature-dependent rate models of vascular cambium cell mortality. We use two rate -process models to describe cell mortality at elevated temperatures as a means of understanding vascular cambium cell death during surface fires. In the models, cell death is caused by irreversible damage to cellular molecules that occurs at rates that increase exponentially with temperature.

The models differ in whether cells show cumulative effects of Improving estimates of tree mortality probability using potential growth rate. Tree growth rate is frequently used to estimate mortality probability. Yet, growth metrics can vary in form, and the justification for using one over another is rarely clear. We tested whether a growth index GI that scales the realized diameter growth rate against the potential diameter growth rate PDGR would give better estimates of mortality probability than other measures. We also tested whether PDGR, being a function of tree size, might better correlate with the baseline mortality probability than direct measurements of size such as diameter or basal area.

Using a long-term dataset from the Sierra Nevada, California, U. For the fourth species, the models including GI and PDGR performed roughly as well as a model that included only the diameter growth rate. Our results suggest that using PDGR can improve our ability to estimate tree survival probability. However, in the absence of PDGR estimates, the diameter growth rate was the best empirical predictor of mortality , in contrast to assumptions often made in the literature.

To explore the association between global self- rated health and mortality in older people. A systematic review was performed. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal studies that assessed self- rated health with a single general question and samples of community-dwelling persons aged 60 years or more. Electronic databases were searched and references were reviewed. We selected 18 studies published between and Six out of seven studies that analyzed men and women found a higher risk of dying among persons who rated their health as poor; the most frequent covariables were age, gender, chronic diseases, and functional status.

Half of the studies that analyzed only men or women found a significant association. The effect of self-reported health on mortality was observed among people younger than 75 years. Results were not dependent on the length of follow-up. The results confirm previous findings suggesting that a negative self- rating of general health predicts mortality.

The mechanisms through which this indicator may predict mortality among older people could differ in men and women and need to be elucidated. The role of depression should be investigated, considering that the effect of self- rated health on mortality was not present when depression was included. Published by Elsevier Espana. Educated women are known to take informed reproductive and healthcare decisions. These result in population stabilization and better infant care reflected by lower birth rates and infant mortality rates IMRs , respectively. The data were analyzed using linear regression.

CBR and IMR were taken as the dependent variables; while the overall literacy rates , male, and female literacy rates were the independent variables. Female literacy is relatively highly important for both population stabilization and better infant health. Distribution of cancer mortality rates by province in South Africa. Cancer mortality rates are expected to increase in developing countries. Cancer mortality rates by province remain largely unreported in South Africa.

This study described the age standardised cancer mortality rates by province in South Africa, to provide insight for strategic interventions and advocacy. Adjusted mid-year population estimates were used as a standard population. All rates were calculated per individuals. There is a need to further investigate the factors related to the differences in cancer mortality by province in South Africa. Raising awareness of risk factors and screening for cancer in the population along with improved access and quality of health care are also important. Trends in child mortality , maternal mortality , and fertility in India reveal wide variation across states.

As a whole, India performs worse than many other low- and middle-income countries, although its rates of improvement have recently increased. Differences in health systems and adopted policies may account for some of the variation across Indian states. Variations in mortality rates among Canadian neonatal intensive care units. Background Most previous reports of variations in mortality rates for infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units NICUs have involved small groups of subpopulations, such as infants with very low birth weight.

Our aim was to examine the incidence and causes of death and the risk-adjusted variation in mortality rates for a large group of infants of all birth weights admitted to Canadian NICUs. We used multivariate analysis to examine the risk factors associated with death and the variations in mortality rates , adjusting for risks in the baseline population, severity of illness on admission and whether the infant was outborn born at a different hospital from the one where the NICU was located.

There was significant variation in the risk-adjusted mortality rates range 1. Preterm birth, outborn status and congenital anomalies were the conditions most frequently associated with death in the NICU. The significant variation in risk-adjusted mortality rates emphasizes the importance of risk adjustment for valid comparison of NICU outcomes. Incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer in Malaysia. This is the first study that estimates the incidence and mortality rate for colorectal cancer CRC patients in Malaysia by sex and ethnicity. Patient survival status was cross-checked with the National Registration Department.

The age-standardised rate ASR was calculated as the proportion of CRC cases incidence and deaths mortality from to , weighted by the age structure of the population, as determined by the Department of Statistics Malaysia and the World Health Organization world standard population distribution. The overall incidence rate for CRC was Those of Chinese ethnicity had the highest CRC incidence The overall ASR of mortality was 9.

The ASR of mortality was 1. CRC incidence and mortality is higher in males than females. The same trends were observed for the age-standardised mortality rate. Late -career unemployment and all-cause mortality , functional disability and depression among the older adults in Taiwan: A year population-based cohort study. To evaluate whether late -career unemployment is associated with increased all-cause mortality , functional disability, and depression among older adults in Taiwan.

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In this long-term prospective cohort study, data were retrieved from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging. This study was conducted from to The complete data from men and women aged years were retrieved. Participants were categorized as normally employed or unemployed depending on their employment status in The cumulative number of unemployment after age 50 was also calculated.

Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effect of the association between late -career unemployment and cumulative number of late -career unemployment on all-cause mortality , functional disability, and depression in The average age of the participants in was A total of participants were in the normally employed group, and participants were in the unemployed group.

Late -career unemployment and cumulative number of late -career unemployment are associated with increased all-cause mortality and functional disability. Older adults should be encouraged to maintain normal employment during the later stage of their career before retirement.

Employers should routinely examine the fitness for work of older employees to prevent future unemployment. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Racial disparities in stage-specific colorectal cancer mortality rates from to Since the early s, colorectal cancer CRC mortality rates for whites and blacks in the United States have been diverging as a result of earlier and larger reductions in death rates for whites.

We examined whether this mortality pattern varies by stage at diagnosis. Our main outcome measures were changes in stage-specific mortality rates by race. From to to to , CRC mortality rates decreased for each stage in both blacks and whites, but for every stage, the decreases were smaller for blacks, particularly for distant-stage disease. For localized stage, mortality rates decreased As a result, the black-white rate ratios increased from 1.

The black-white disparities in CRC mortality increased for each stage of the disease, but the overall disparity in overall mortality was largely driven by trends for late -stage disease. Concerted efforts to prevent or detect CRC at earlier stages in blacks could improve the worsening black- white disparities. Fiscal decentralisation and infant mortality rate: There is a paucity of research analysing the influence of fiscal decentralisation on health outcomes. Colombia is an interesting case study, as health expenditure there has been decentralising since , leading to an improvement in health care insurance.

However, it is unclear whether fiscal decentralisation has improved population health. We assess the effect of fiscal decentralisation of health expenditure on infant mortality rates in Colombia. Infant mortality rates for municipalities over a year period were related to fiscal decentralisation by using an unbalanced fixed-effect regression model with robust errors.

Fiscal decentralisation was measured as the locally controlled health expenditure as a proportion of total health expenditure. We also evaluated the effect of transfers from central government and municipal institutional capacity. In addition, we compared the effect of fiscal decentralisation at different levels of municipal poverty. However, this effect was stronger in non-poor municipalities We conclude that decentralising the fiscal allocation of responsibilities to municipalities decreased infant mortality rates.

However, this improved health outcome effect depended greatly on the socio-economic conditions of the localities.


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The policy instrument used by the Health Minister to evaluate municipal institutional capacity in the health sector needs to be revised. All-cancers mortality rates approaching diseases of the heart mortality rates as leading cause of death in Texas. Diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasms all-cancers are the leading causes of death in the United States.

The gap between the two has been closing in recent years. To assess the gap status in Texas and to establish a baseline to support evaluation efforts for the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas, mortality data from to were analyzed. Overall, for the years , the age-adjusted mortality rates AARs among Texas residents for both diseases of the heart and all-cancers decreased; however, during this time frame, there was greater improvement in diseases of the heart AARs as compared with all-cancers AARs.

Age-adjusted mortality rates among Texas residents from diseases of the heart are showing improvement as compared with the rates for all-cancers. HIV transmission and high rates of late diagnoses among adults aged 50 years and over. Describe the epidemiology and impact of late diagnosis among older adults living with HIV and estimate age at infection.

Comparative national analyses between individuals diagnosed when aged 50 years and over with individuals diagnosed prior to 50 years.

Age at infection was estimated using CD4 cell count at diagnosis. When compared with younger adults at diagnosis, older adults were significantly more likely to be men 74 vs. Older late presenters were 14 times more likely to die within a year of diagnosis compared with older adults who were not diagnosed late 14 vs. Our study provides evidence of HIV transmission, high rates of late presentation and an increased risk of short-term mortality among older adults.

These findings highlight the need for increased targeted prevention efforts and strategies to increase HIV testing among older adults at risk of HIV. Are infant mortality rate declines exponential? The general pattern of 20th century infant mortality rate decline. Background Time trends in infant mortality for the 20th century show a curvilinear pattern that most demographers have assumed to be approximately exponential. Virtually all cross-country comparisons and time series analyses of infant mortality have studied the logarithm of infant mortality to account for the curvilinear time trend.

However, there is no evidence that the log transform is the best fit for infant mortality time trends. Methods We use maximum likelihood methods to determine the best transformation to fit time trends in infant mortality reduction in the 20th century and to assess the importance of the proper transformation in identifying the relationship between infant mortality and gross domestic product GDP per capita. We apply the Box Cox transform to infant mortality rate IMR time series from 18 countries to identify the best fitting value of lambda for each country and for the pooled sample.

We then demonstrate the importance of selecting the proper transformation by comparing regressions of ln IMR on same year GDP per capita against Box Cox transformed models. Results Based on chi-squared test statistics, infant mortality decline is best described as an exponential decline only for the United States. For the remaining 17 countries we study, IMR decline is neither best modelled as logarithmic nor as a linear process.

Conclusion The assumption that IMR declines are exponential is enshrined in the Preston curve and in nearly all cross-country as well as time series analyses of IMR data since Preston's paper, but this assumption is seldom correct. Statistical analyses of IMR trends should assess the robustness of findings to transformations other than the log transform.

Suicide mortality rates in Louisiana, This report is a descriptive study on suicide deaths in Louisiana occurring in the years to Mortality data was collected from death certificates from this year period to describe suicide mortality by year, race, sex, age group, and methods of suicide. Data were also compared to national data. Rates and methods used to commit suicide vary greatly according to sex, race, and age. The highest rates were observed in white males, followed by black males, white females, and black females.

Older white males had the highest suicide rates. The influence of age was modulated by the sex and race categories. Firearm was the most common method used in all four categories. Although no parish-level data were systematically analyzed, a comparison of suicide rates post-Katrina versus pre-Katrina was done for Orleans Parish, the rest of the Greater New Orleans area, and a comparison group.

It appears that rates observed among whites, particularly males, were higher after Katrina. Data based on mortality do not give a comprehensive picture of the burden of suicide, and their interpretation should be done with caution. The aim of the research was to determine within a single study the extent to which demographic factors, self- rated -health and psychosocial factors present the strongest risks or benefits to older adults' mortality in the course of a 5. The initial sample of individuals was drawn randomly from the registry listings…. This study explores how 2 measures of self- rated health SRH change are related to mortality among oldest-old adults.

Data come from the Asset and Health Dynamics survey—the oldest-old portion of the Health and Retirement Study—and follow 6, individuals across 13 years. I use parametric hazard models to examine relationships between death and 2 measures of short-term SRH change—a computed measure comparing SRH at time t—1 and t, and a respondent-provided retrospectively reported change. Respondents who demonstrate or report any SRH change between survey waves died at a greater rate than those with consistent SRH.

After controlling for morbidity, individual characteristics, and SRH, those who changed SRH categories between survey waves and those who retrospectively reported an improvement in health continue to have a greater risk of death, when compared with those with no change. These findings suggest that the well-established associations between SRH status and mortality may understate the risk of death for oldest-old individuals with recent subjective health improvements. Self- rated health changes and oldest-old mortality. Data come from the Asset and Health Dynamics survey--the oldest-old portion of the Health and Retirement Study-and follow 6, individuals across 13 years.

I use parametric hazard models to examine relationships between death and 2 measures of short-term SRH change--a computed measure comparing SRH at time t-1 and t, and a respondent-provided retrospectively reported change. For permissions, please e-mail: Effect of prenatal care on infant mortality rates according to birth-death certificate files.

Infant mortality has decreased nationwide; however, our national rates still log behind those of other industrialized countries, especially the rates for minority groups.

late mortality rate: Topics by theranchhands.com

This study evaluates the effect of prenatal care and risk factors on infant mortality rates in Chicago. Using linked infant birth and death certificates of Chicago residents for , a total of deaths occurring during the first year of life were identified. Birth certificate variables, especially prenatal care, were reviewed. Variables were compared by stratified analysis.

Pearson chi 2 analysis and odd ratios ORs were computed. Infant mortality rate IMR in Chicago decreased from 17 in to Further studies should evaluate whether improving the quality of care improves IMRs. Ecologic study of factors contributing to state IMR. Factors investigated using multivariable linear regression included state racial demographics, ethnicity, state population, median income, education, teen birth rate , proportion of obesity, smoking during pregnancy, diabetes, hypertension, cesarean delivery, prenatal care, health insurance, self-report of mental illness, and number of in-vitro fertilization procedures.

Final risk adjusted IMR's were standardized and states were compared with the United States adjusted rates. Ninety five percent confidence intervals CI were calculated around the regression lines to model the expected IMR. After adjustment, some states maintained a consistent IMR; for instance, Vermont and New Hampshire remained low, while Delaware and Louisiana remained high. Non-modifiable demographic variables, including the percentage of non-Hispanic African-American and Hispanic populations of the state are major factors contributing to individual variation in state IMR.

Other factors including smoking during pregnancy and teen birth rate , which are. Incidence, risk factors, and mortality of neonatal and late -onset dilated cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac neonatal lupus. Dilated cardiomyopathy DCM , a well-known complication of cardiac neonatal lupus, is associated with high mortality rate. Its risk factors remain unclear. Among neonates with CHB, 35 Postnatal DCM could be categorized in two subgroups: Factors associated with neonatal DCM were in utero DCM, hydrops, endocardial fibroelastosis and pericardial effusion, whereas those associated with late -onset DCM were non-European origin, in utero mitral valve insufficiency, and pacemaker implantation.

Probability of survival at 10years was Neonatal and late -onset DCM appear to be two different entities. Long-term follow-up of cardiac function is warranted in all children with CHB. Dietary restriction of rodents decreases aging rate without affecting initial mortality rate -- a meta-analysis. Dietary restriction DR extends lifespan in multiple species from various taxa. This effect can arise via two distinct but not mutually exclusive ways: When DR affects vulnerability, this lowers mortality instantly, whereas a change in aging rate will gradually lower mortality risk over time.

Unraveling how DR extends lifespan is of interest because it may guide toward understanding the mechanism s mediating lifespan extension and also has practical implications for the application of DR. We reanalyzed published survival data from 82 pairs of survival curves from DR experiments in rats and mice by fitting Gompertz and also Gompertz-Makeham models.

The addition of the Makeham parameter has been reported to improve the estimation of Gompertz parameters. Both models separate initial mortality rate vulnerability from an age-dependent increase in mortality aging rate. We subjected the obtained Gompertz parameters to a meta-analysis. We find that DR reduced aging rate without affecting vulnerability. The latter contrasts with the conclusion of a recent analysis of a largely overlapping data set, and we show how the earlier finding is due to a statistical artifact. Our analysis indicates that the biology underlying the life-extending effect of DR in rodents likely involves attenuated accumulation of damage, which contrasts with the acute effect of DR on mortality reported for Drosophila.

Moreover, our findings show that the often-reported correlation between aging rate and vulnerability does not constrain changing aging rate without affecting vulnerability simultaneously. Concerning death- rates were reported following prostate biopsy but the lack of contexts in which event occurred makes it difficult to take any position. Therefore, we aimed to determine the day post-biopsy mortality rate. Between and , men underwent prostate biopsy in the hospice civils de Lyon. We studied retrospectively, the mortality rate after each of the 11, procedures.

Biopsies imputability was assessed by examining all medical records. Dates of death were extracted from our local patient management database, which is updated trimestrially with death notifications from the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies. In our study 42 deaths occurred within days after 11, prostate biopsies 0. Of the 42 records: Only 2 deaths could be linked to biopsy. We reported at most 2 deaths possibly related to prostate biopsy over 11, procedures 0.

We confirmed the fact that prostate biopsies can be lethal but this rare outcome should not be considered as an argument against prostate screening given the circumstances in which it occurs. Reserve Board of the Federal Reserve System. To address whether irradiation-induced changes in the lung environment alter responses to a viral challenge delivered late after exposure but before the appearance of late lung radiation injury.

Innate and adaptive immune cell recruitment was determined using flow cytometry. Cytokine and chemokine production and protein leakage into the lung after infection were assessed. Surviving irradiated animals displayed a persistent increase in total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and edema. Lung irradiation increased susceptibility to death after infection with influenza virus and impaired the ability to complete recovery.

This altered response does not seem to be due to a radiation effect on the immune response, but it may possibly be an effect on epithelial repair. We conducted serial signal-averaged electrocardiography SAECG measurements in 63 patients on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day pre-discharge, and 30 days after STEMI in patients admitted in We followed the patients for 10 years and correlated the presence of VLP with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The mean age was Incidence trends and mortality rates of gastric cancer in Israel.

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignancy worldwide. The incidence trends and mortality rates of gastric cancer in Israel have not been studied in depth. The aim of our study was to try and investigate the aforementioned issues in Israel in different ethnic groups. Published data from these two institutes were collected, summarized, and analyzed in this study. Around new cases of gastric cancer are diagnosed yearly in Israel. While we noticed a decline during the period in the incidence in the Jewish population Age-adjusted mortality rates per 10, cases of gastric cancer decreased significantly, from 7.

The 5-year relative survival showed a slight increase for both men and women. There is a difference in the incidence and outcome of gastric cancer between the Jewish and Arab populations in Israel. The grim prognosis of gastric cancer patients in Israel is probably due to the advanced stage at which gastric cancer is diagnosed in Israel.

Covariates included state-level structural, healthcare, and socio-demographic factors including income inequality, healthcare access, and population density. We stratified analysis by transmission group male-to-male, heterosexual, and injection drug use IDU. States with higher levels of social trust had lower late HIV diagnosis rates: Adjusted Rate Ratio [aRR] were consistent across risk groups 0. We performed generalized structural equation modelling to assess main and interaction associations between trust among one's neighbours in i.

Tree mortality from fire and bark beetles following early and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Over the last century, fire exclusion in the forests of the Sierra Nevada has allowed surface fuels to accumulate and has led to increased tree density. Stand composition has also been altered as shade tolerant tree species crowd out shade intolerant species.

To restore forest structure and reduce the risk of large, intense fires, managers have increasingly used prescription burning. Most fires prior to EuroAmerican settlement occurred during the late summer and early fall and most prescribed burning has taken place during the latter part of this period. Poor air quality and lack of suitable burn windows during the fall, however, have resulted in a need to conduct more prescription burning earlier in the season. This study examines the effects of fire on tree mortality and bark beetle attacks under prescription burning during early and late season.

Replicated early season burn, late season burn and unburned control plots were established in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada that had not experienced a fire in over years. Although prescribed burns resulted in significant mortality of particularly the smallest tree size classes, no difference between early and late season burns was detected.

Direct mortality due to fire was associated with fire intensity.

Keeping Up with the Neighbors: book publishing in Bradenton's Village of the Arts

Secondary mortality due to bark beetles was not significantly correlated with fire intensity. The probability of bark beetle attack on pines did not differ between early and late season burns, while the probability of bark beetle attack on firs was greater following early season burns. Overall tree mortality appeared to be primarily the result of fire intensity rather than tree phenology at the time of the burns.

Early season burns are generally conducted under higher fuel moisture conditions, leading to less fuel. Economic development improves long-run health outcomes through access to medical treatment, sanitation, and higher income. Short run impacts, however, may be ambiguous given disease exposure from market integration. Using a panel dataset of Japanese vital statistics and multiple estimation methods, I find that railroad network expansion is associated with a six percent increase in gross mortality rates among newly integrated regions.

Communicable diseases accounted for most of the rail-associated mortality , which indicate railways behaved as transmission vectors. At the same time, market integration facilitated by railways corresponded with an eighteen percent increase in total capital investment nationwide over ten years. Colorectal cancer among Koreans living in South Korea versus California: This study compared trends in colorectal cancer CRC incidence and mortality rates among Koreans in South Korea and Korean Americans and non-Hispanic whites in California between and , and examined CRC screening rates and socio-demographic correlates of CRC screening in the two Korean populations.

Age-standardized CRC incidence and mortality rates of Koreans in South Korea and Korean Americans and non-Hispanic whites in California for the years were obtained from annual reports of cancer statistics and modeled using joinpoint regression. We used multiple logistic regression to examine socio-demographic correlates of completion of CRC screening according to the guidelines among the two Korean populations. CRC incidence and mortality rates among South Koreans increased during but more slowly during the late s.

Among South Koreans, married status, higher income, and private health insurance were associated with CRC screening, adjusting for other factors. Thus, efforts to promote primary and secondary prevention of CRC in both Korean populations are critically important in both countries. Cohort-specific trends in stroke mortality in seven European countries were related to infant mortality rates. To assess, in a population-based study, whether secular trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in seven European countries were correlated with past trends in infant mortality rate IMR in these countries.

We used Poisson regression to describe trends in mortality according to birth cohort, for the cohorts born between and IHD mortality increased for successive cohorts up to , and then started to decline. Stroke mortality levels were virtually stable among birth cohorts up to , but declined rapidly among later cohorts. A strong positive association was found between cohort-specific IMR levels and stroke mortality rates. These results support other studies in suggesting that living conditions in early childhood may influence population levels of stroke mortality. Future studies should determine the contribution of specific early life factors to the mortality decline in IHD and especially stroke.

Tree rings reveal a major episode of forest mortality in the late 18th century on the Tibetan Plateau. There is a growing research interest on studying forest mortality in relation to ongoing climate warming, but little is known about such events in past history. The study of past forest mortality provides valuable information for determining baselines that establish the normal parameters of functioning in forest ecosystems.

Here we report a major episode of previously undocumented forest mortality in the late 18th century on the northern Tibetan Plateau, China. The event was not spatially uniform, in which a more severe mortality happened in dryer sites. We used dendrochronology to compare radial growth trajectories of individual trees from 11 sites in the region, and found that many trees showed positive growth trend, or growth release, during CE.

Growth releases are a proxy indicator of stand thinning caused by tree mortality. The growth release was preceded by an almost two-decade long growth reduction. Our findings suggest that, besides the effect of drought in the late 18th century, large-scale forest mortality may be an additional factor that further deteriorated the environment and increased the intensity of dust storms.

Perinatal mortality in twin pregnancy: It is based on a survey which was carried out in 22 Hospital Centers in Spain in , and covered 1, twins born and , singletons born. The FMR in twins was The ENMR in twins was The PMR in twins was When birthweight-specific PMR in twin and singletons births are compared, there were no differences between the rates for groups g and g.

For birthweight groups of g The PMR for g and over birthweight was about twice higher in twins than in singletons After we adjusted for birthweight there was a difference in the FMR Researchers examined data on more than 7, AIDS patients treated in California hospitals to come to that conclusion. Another study discovered that pregnant HIV-infected women were more likely to receive treatment if they were at medical centers which performed HIV clinical trials or at State-funded sites with HIV services for people on Medicaid. Public hospitals had a higher mortality rate than for-profit and nonprofit hospitals.

Part of the disparity can be linked to capitation arrangements by insurers that forces physicians to limit the time with HIV patients. In addition, private practice physicians rarely have time to keep up with medical advances related to HIV. Gestational age-specific perinatal mortality rates for assisted reproductive technology ART and other births. Is perinatal mortality rate higher among births born following assisted reproductive technology ART compared to non-ART births? Overall perinatal mortality rates in ART births was higher compared to non-ART births, but gestational age-specific perinatal mortality rate of ART births was lower for very preterm and moderate to late preterm births.

This population-based retrospective cohort study included babies non-ART and 15 ART singletons and 10 twins or high order multiples. Primary outcome measures were rates of stillbirth, neonatal and perinatal deaths.

However, gestational age-specific perinatal mortality rate of ART births including both singletons and multiples was lower for very preterm late preterm births weeks' gestation AOR 0. Congenital abnormality and spontaneous preterm were the most common causes of neonatal deaths in both ART and non-ART group. Due to different cut-off limit for perinatal period in Australia, the results of this study should be interpreted with cautions for other countries. Strategies to reduce infant mortality rate in India. As a systems approach is needed to develop strategies to reduce the infant mortality rate IMR , it is appropriate to analyze the present situation in India, reasons for low IMR in some Indian states vis-a-vis others, the status in some neighboring countries, and the cost effectiveness of various available technological interventions and their organizational constraints.

Favorable factors for low IMR appear to be a high female literacy rate , good medical and educational facilities close to the place of residence, and an excellent transportation and communication system. To significantly reduce IMR in a short period of time, it is necessary to adopt certain immediate measures. The problem is difficult, but a solution can be found by reaching a broad consensus among professionals and administrators. The major recommendations of a seminar on the Strategies for Reducing infant Mortality in India, held during January , were: Gold, credit, and mortality: This article uses national and local records of debt and evidence from coins, prices, and wages to discuss the economic effects of the gold coinage that was introduced into England in It distinguishes between the deflationary effects of gold and those of the falling population on prices and credit, and shows that a coinage dominated by gold reduced the volume of credit and transactions far more than the mortality rate and the total circulation of coin would indicate was likely.

It relates these findings to the economic and social changes of the fifteenth century. Geographic distribution of dementia mortality: We hypothesized that patterns of elevated stroke mortality among those born in the United States Stroke Belt SB states also prevailed for mortality related to all-cause dementia or Alzheimer Disease.

Cause-specific mortality contributing cause of death, including underlying cause cases rates in for United States-born African Americans and whites aged 65 to 89 years were calculated by linking national mortality records with population data based on race, sex, age, and birth state or state of residence in These patterns prevailed among individuals who no longer lived in the SB at death.

Patterns were similar for Alzheimer Disease-related mortality. Some non-SB states were also associated with significant elevations in dementia-related mortality. Dementia mortality rates follow geographic patterns similar to stroke mortality , with elevated rates among those born in the SB. This suggests important roles for geographically patterned childhood exposures in establishing cognitive reserve. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for mortality of early- and late -onset invasive candidiasis in intensive care units in China.

Abstract To identify the epidemiology, treatments, outcomes, and risk factors for patients with early- or late -onset invasive candidiasis EOIC or LOIC in intensive care units in China. Susceptibility to the first-line agent was associated with a lower risk of mortality in the LOIC group.

Susceptibility to the first-line agent was an important predictor of mortality in the LOIC group. A population-based analysis of increasing rates of suicide mortality in Japan and South Korea, In the past two decades, rates of suicide mortality have declined among most OECD member states. Population and suicide mortality data were collected through national statistics organizations in Japan and South Korea for the period to Age, period of observation, and birth cohort membership were divided into five-year increments.

We fitted a series of intrinsic estimator age-period-cohort models to estimate the effects of age-related processes, secular changes, and birth cohort dynamics on the rising rates of suicide mortality in the two neighboring countries. In Japan, elevated suicide rates are primarily driven by period effects, initiated during the Asian financial crisis of the late s.

In South Korea, multiple factors appear to be responsible for the stark increase in suicide mortality , including recent secular changes, elevated suicide risks at older ages in the context of an aging society, and strong cohort effects for those born between the Great Depression and the aftermath of the Korean War. In spite of cultural, demographic and geographic similarities in Japan and South Korea, the underlying causes of increased suicide mortality differ across these societies-suggesting that public health responses should be tailored to fit each country's unique situation.

This study was undertaken in an attempt to identify the level of birth and infant death in the KHDI demonstration areas. The objectives of this study were to collect available information on birth and infant death in the KHDI demonstration areas, and estimate actual levels of birth and infant mortality in these areas. Within these areas, events of birth and death are continuously recorded by the field health workers, such as the Family Folder, maternal health service card, and the infant-child health service card.

However, 2 myons in the Okgu area were excluded from the study areas since there was no community health practitioner assigned there. The data were collected by 24 community health practitioners and 80 community health aides in the 3 demonstration areas, according to the survey format.

These health workers examined and searched existing records. After filling out the survey questionnaires, these health workers made contact with village health workers, "Li" chiefs, mother's club chiefs, or Saemaul leaders at the village level in order that they might gather additional information on possible items which were omitted. Afterwards, health workers made home visits to selected households which were known to have had births or deaths during the 1 year period between January-December A review of the activities of the health workers during this study indicated that professional survey workers were needed.

In addition, 8 surveyors were employed and trained by KHDI to strengthen field survey efforts; they were dispatched to Hongchon and Okgu for 17 days. A total number of live births and infant deaths were recorded during All data collected were tabulated by manual counting in the KHDI office. Infant mortality was estimated to be Changing mobility patterns and road mortality among pre-license teens in a late licensing country: Background Whereas the safety of teens in early licensing countries has been extensively studied, little is known about the safety of pre-license teens in late licensing countries, where these teens also may be at risk.

Results The study of travel data showed that teens migrate from being car occupants to being users of riskier modes of transport, specifically bicycles and mopeds. This migration resulted in a strong rise in road fatalities, illustrating the importance of mobility patterns for understanding changes in road fatalities in this age group.

The data further suggested a protective role of early cycle experience for young adolescent cyclists, particularly for young males. But further study into the underlying mechanism is needed to confirm this relationship. Moped risk was extremely high, especially among young males, and even higher than that of young male car drivers. Conclusions The study confirmed the importance of changes in mobility patterns for understanding the rising road mortality when youngsters enter into their teens.

Whereas the safety of teens in early licensing countries has been extensively studied, little is known about the safety of pre-license teens in late licensing countries, where these teens also may be at risk. This risk exists because of the combination of a increasing use of travel modes with a high injury risk, such as bicycles and mopeds, b inexperience, and c teens' developmental stage, known to be associated with risk taking and novelty seeking, especially among males. The study of travel data showed that teens migrate from being car occupants to being users of riskier modes of transport, specifically bicycles and mopeds.

The study confirmed the importance of changes in mobility patterns for understanding the rising road mortality when youngsters enter into their teens. The focus on fatalities has led to an underestimation of the. Purpose To compare morbidity and mortality rates in obstructive sleep apnea OSA versus dentofacial deformity DFD patients undergoing equivalent maxillofacial surgical procedures.

They were compared with regards to demographic variables, medical comorbidities, perioperative management, intraoperative, early and late postoperative complications and mortality. The patients with OSA were older They also had a greater number of medical comorbidities 2. Conclusions OSA patients were older, had more comorbidities and ultimately had a greater number of early, late , minor and major complications than those in the DFD group. The incidence of mortality in both groups was zero. MMA appears to be a safe procedure with regards to mortality but OSA patients should be counseled preoperatively regarding the relative increased risk of complications.