According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute , two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid. In order to achieve an accurate description and explanation of the concept of Smart City it is needed to first analyse the topic through a specific framework. The framework is divided into 4 main dimensions:. Several concepts of the Smart city rely heavily on the use of technology; a technological Smart City is not just one concept but there are different combinations of technological infrastructure that build a concept of smart city.
According to Moser, M. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with government and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives.
However it is important noticed that technological propagation is not an end in itself, but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society.
To sum up, it could possible to assert that any Smart City initiatives necessitate the governance support for their success. The importance of these three different dimensions consist that only a link, correlation among them make possible a development of a real concept of Smart City. According to the definition of Smart City given by Caragliu, A. Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.
It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure. A more formal definition is this: Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities.
What is “design thinking”?
Smart city employs a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures encouraging application innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizens and covering dimensions that include: New Internet technologies promoting cloud-based services , the Internet of Things IoT , [59] real-world user interfaces, use of smart phones [60] and smart meters , networks of sensors and RFIDs , and more accurate communication based on the semantic web , open new ways to collective action and collaborative problem solving.
Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data. In London, a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer, which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout.
The city of Santander in Cantabria , northern Spain , has 20, sensors connecting buildings, infrastructure, transport, networks and utilities, offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions, such as interaction and management protocols, device technologies, and support services such as discovery, identity management and security [64] In Santander, the sensors monitor the levels of pollution , noise , traffic and parking.
Electronic cards known as smart cards are another common platform in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services or e-services without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.
Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.
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A smart grid is the foundational piece in building a smart community. University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities. Smart project [17] is focusing on issues of sustainable energy use , water use and transport infrastructure alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement [72] alongside educating citizens about smart cities. Cisco, launched the Global Intelligent Urbanization initiative [75] to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management, better quality of life for citizens, and economic development.
IBM announced its SmarterCities [76] to stimulate economic growth and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the urban ecosystem.
Types of Wireless Networks
Sensor developers and startup companies are continually developing new smart city applications. Smart city technological companies exist in Israel , with Tel Aviv getting an award in The City of Amsterdam City claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, save energy and improve public safety. A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption. Barcelona has established a number of projects that can be considered 'smart city' applications within its "CityOS" strategy.
In addition, where an emergency is reported in Barcelona, the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system, setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software, allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay. Much of this data is managed by the Sentilo Platform. In the summer of , the City of Columbus , Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative.
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It partnered with American Electric Power Ohio to create a group of new electric vehicle charging stations. Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change, expand electric infrastructure, convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars, and create incentives for people to share rides when commuting. For doing this, the U. One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data.
The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future. Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing "an increased industrial research and legislative push globally", building routes and connections for them is another important part of the Columbus Smart City initiative. Shaikh Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum vice president of UAE and a Ruler of Dubai has initiate the Smart Dubai project that contains more than initiatives in , this project will lead Dubai to be the world smartest city by As his highness says this project is going to facilitate and enhance the quality of life of Dubai's citizens by integrating the private and public sectors and enabling citizens to have an access to these sectors through their smartphones.
One of the initiatives that has been launched is Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy within this strategy Dubai will only have driverless transits. In addition, to save the environment by Dubai will be paper-free; all information and transactions of governments, businesses, and customers will be fully digitized.
As a part of the Smart Dubai project, citizens will have unlimited access to government applications by providing hotspots in different locations of the city by In addition, Dubai has established Smart Nol Card ; a unified rechargeable card that enables citizens to pay for all the transportation services such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. Dubai Municipality has launched an initiative called Digital City in which each building in Dubai city is assigned to unique QR code that contains information about the building, plot, and location. Citizens are able to scan these codes to access and get benefit of the municipality e-services.
Dublin finds itself as an unexpected capital for smart cities. These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure, garbage collection and recycling, and public spaces and green areas, among others. By the 21st century, SmartCity Malta , a planned technology park, is partially operational while the rest is on construction, as a Foreign Direct Investment. Established in July , the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations, including Manchester City Council , and is aligned with the city's on-going devolution commitment.
The project has a two-year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities, such as city governance, network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and justifying investment. CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a 'platform of platforms' [] which ties together applications for its four key themes: This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide. However, unlike many European cities, Milan's Smart City strategies focus more on social sustainability rather than environmental sustainability.
Milton Keynes has a commitment to making itself a Smart City. Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK: Smart initiative, [17] a collaboration of local government, businesses, academia and 3rd sector organisations. The focus of the initiative is on making energy use, water use and transport more sustainable whilst promoting economic growth in the city. Central to the project is the creation of a state-of-the-art 'MK Data Hub ' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources.
These will include data about energy and water consumption , transport data, data acquired through satellite technology, social and economic datasets, and crowdsourced data from social media or specialised apps. Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how Smart Cities should operate. The first, Our MK, [72] is a scheme for promoting citizen-led sustainability issues in the city. The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality.
The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a Smart City. The Urban Data school [73] is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a MOOC [74] to inform citizens about what a Smart City is. New York City is developing a number of smart city initiatives.
A notable example is the series of city service kiosks in the LinkNYC network. The city of San Leandro , California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the Internet of Things IoT technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet. The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources.
An alternative use of smart city technology can be found in Santa Cruz, California , where local authorities analyse historical crime data in order to predict police requirements and maximise police presence where it is required. This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilise smart city technology, possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world. Shanghai 's development of the IoT and internet connection speeds have allowed for third party companies to revolutionize the productivity of the city.
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This column aims to support media that produces culture, as opposed to simply consuming it. Ambassadeur is a local, independently produced journal focused on art, literature, fashion and travel, published annually in English and Afrikaans versions. The journal aims to converge various creative spaces in South Africa, including features about artists and writers from the rest of the continent.
Smart city
The objective of every issue is to present a collection of established and emerging creatives, supplemented with content about noteworthy travel destinations — all to produce cultural material. The second edition of the magazine is retrospective in its approach, purposefully placing contemporary perspectives on the backburner; it chooses, rather.
Fashion, literature, art direction and photography amalgamate here, and the cover is a photograph of model, Pierre Rossouw, from the photo-essay, taken by editor, Derick Muller. This issue will be launched on Friday, 28 September Details are available on ambassadeur. Innumerable technological advancements have fundamentally altered the path of the human condition over the past 25 years, so much so that many, including myself, are hailing the dawn of the post-human condition. WIRED has defined the positive, approaching the intricacies of contemporary media optimistically, and the negative, exposing the powers that are destroying media and erasing culture, within the context of the digital revolution.
In turn, each icon has had to nominate an icon or iconic exponent that they see influencing the following 25 years. When WIRED was founded, email was rare, the web was in its infancy, and America had just elected a president who could use his phone only for making phone calls. Things have changed just a bit since then: Given the variety of socio-political, environmental and economic issues globally, one would not be wrong to assume that humanity, and resultantly the planet, is on the edge of the edge.
Contributing to this, the production of culture is far outweighed by the consumption of it. This is a critical point that will not go away until people become more conscious, responsible, critical, observant, creative and accountable. In particular, c focuses on contemporary culture and youth culture, a vibrant and energetic space that a few have criticised for lacking any clear sense of identity or form of representation, and therefore having no culture or history in the making.
An age-old debate indeed, and somewhat tiring. However, empathy is an important conduit for the production of culture something that is sorely lacking today and, arguably, the media and technology of the digital age, albeit pivotal to the improvement of our modern lives, seem to only succeed in fueling greater apathy, distancing and disconnection among people, especially amongst the youth, in turn feeding more consumption.
Odd that media designed to connect people can have such a distancing and disillusioning effect. This may be perceived as a self-serving exercise on behalf of c, but surely if more brands made more attempts like this, the world would be a better place, and not in limbo, or a state of borderline devolution?
The fact is, Fact magazine should have been called The Taboo Times. A quarterly journal published between and , it prided itself on its controversial content, particularly its criticism of power structures, institutions and certain social constructs in society. It was the first major magazine to publish reprehensible subject matters, exemplified by the first issue, which featured a first-person account on the effects of LSD.