According to some international observers, nearly all the Central Asian republics are in danger of igniting an explosive political situation, putting the human needs even more at risk of not being met. Kazakhstan , http: Between and , though, Kazakhstan rose on the HDI to seventy-eighth place, due largely to its steady economic growth that averaged However, as with other developing regions, a growing economy has not necessarily translated to a decrease in poverty or an increase in the standard of living for ordinary people, especially for those living in rural areas. As in Russia, poverty in Kazakhstan tends to be shallow, meaning that the greatest number of the poor are concentrated near the poverty line.
The UNDP's Millennium Development Goals in Kazakhstan, reports a large gap between urban and rural households in the availability of in-house utilities. Sanitation was also lacking in rural households: This situation in particular seems to be worsening over time. Given that the public expenditure on health has been decreasing since , this is a partial explanation for these worsening conditions.
Eliminate Extreme Poverty and Hunger , http: In rural regions, however, the poverty rate averaged This huge gap indicates uneven development and growth throughout the country. Kazakhstan has already exceeded the MDG of universal primary school education: Insight into the Future , http: However, the country has a high inequality ratio because of the great differences between rural and urban areas, especially in secondary education. Achieve Universal Primary Education , http: Hundreds of Kazakhstan's rural communities have no schools, and even in the areas where schools are present children may have to travel long distances to attend them.
As a result, rural children find it increasingly difficult to attain the skills they will need to succeed. Furthermore, the smaller of Kazakhstan's one hundred or more ethnic groups have problems in school because Kazakh and Russian are the dominant languages used in schools. Overall government spending on education has increased, from 3. The increase has not been uniform across oblasts, or provinces, however. In some regions, spending has decreased, including in the heavily impoverished Mangystau oblast, where education spending dropped from 2. Life expectancy in Kazakhstan is fairly low: Healthy life expectancy at birth in was Under-five child mortality in was eighty-three per 1, live births for males and sixty-two for females.
Different agencies within the country report different numbers for maternal mortality, and there are to date no official statistics. The Kazakhstan Ministry of Health reports that there were Both groups report a decrease between and , to This indicates an issue with the quality of obstetric care. One of the biggest health challenges confronting Kazakhstan since the dissolution of the Soviet Union is drug use.
Because of its location on the drug trafficking route between the major drug producers of Southwest Asia to major drug-consuming regions such as Russia and Eastern Europe , Kazakhstan has become a major link on the route. Kazakhstan " , Kazakhstan's customs union with Russia, Belarus, and the Ukraine permits the passage of closed containers without inspection across borders, making it especially attractive to smugglers.
Kazakhstan, however, does not just provide a passage through which illicit drugs can easily pass. The country is also becoming a bigger producer of heroin and cannabis for use within its own borders. As in all countries with a high rate of intravenous drug use, HIV infection is on the rise in Kazakhstan. Suicide is a major cause of death among the HIV-positive population of Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan is a small, almost entirely mountainous, landlocked country of about five million people. Historically, the people of the region were nomadic, but when it was incorporated into the Soviet Union in , Kyrgyzstan was converted to an agricultural-manufacturing lifestyle and economy.
By the time the Central Asian republics were granted independence in , Kyrgyzstan's manufacturing sector relied almost entirely on the Soviet Union's military-industrial complex. With its collapse, Kyrgyzstan's manufacturing sector also fell apart, which left its economy in ruins. As in much of the rest of the world, poverty in Kyrgyzstan is heavily concentrated in rural regions.
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The overall rate of extreme poverty in was For those in rural regions the extreme poverty rate dropped between and , from According to the World Health Organization , http: The healthy life expectancy at birth was In the under-five child mortality was seventy-two per 1, live births for boys and sixty-three per 1, for girls. Like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan has a growing presence in the international drug trade and, consequently, an increasing number of intravenous drug users and HIV cases.
Additionally, Kyrgyzstan has high rates of deaths from circulatory and respiratory diseases, and incidences of tuberculosis, syphilis, and malaria have increased since the s. After independence in , Tajikistan fell into a civil war that lasted from to The conflict seriously deteriorated conditions throughout the country, which has not entirely recovered as of Food insecurity and malnutrition are key poverty-related problems for Tajiks: Families reported cutting down on food consumption and relying on food given as gifts to get by.
Unbalanced diets that cause a number of nutritional deficiencies are the norm in Tajikistan, especially an over-dependence on bread as a primary source of nutrition.
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Children are the demographic group most affected by nutritional deficiencies. The most common nutritional problems, other than simply a lack of food, in Tajikistan are deficiencies of iodine, folic acid, vitamin A, and iron. Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Overall malnutrition and food insecurity increased in Tajikistan between and , according to a March press release from the UNDP's donors agency. Twenty-seven percent of rural Tajik households were either chronically food insecure or at risk of food insecurity. Hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition were not limited to Tajikistan's poorest households. Even steadily employed householders reported a lack of adequate food. Low income was not, however, the only reason for such widespread food insecurity.
All the former Soviet republics have generally high rates of primary school enrollment and literacy because of the former Soviet Union's compulsory education system. Even after the Soviets introduced their program of state-run schools into the country, the subject of education was not always welcomed by the native population; Islamic leaders vocally opposed public education, and antieducation violence resulted in school burnings and the murders of teachers.
Nevertheless, in "Country Sheet: Healthy life expectancy at birth was Under-five child mortality was deaths per 1, live births for males and per 1, live births for females in Data on infant mortality vary by source. Existing birth and death records are not considered reliable in Tajikistan. Tajikistan's health ministry chief believed the numbers could actually be three or four times higher. In fact, if the number of HIV cases continues to increase at its rate, experts say the number could double every thirteen months "Tajikistan: Besides its role in the drug trade, Tajikistan has many citizens who temporarily migrate abroad—mostly to Russia—for work.
Increasingly, these migrant workers become infected abroad and bring the disease back to Tajikistan, where they spread HIV. Turkmenistan is considered the most closed society in the former Soviet bloc. In July the last international radio outlet to broadcast in the country—Russia's Mayak radio station—was cut off by Turkmenistan's authoritarian government, leaving the Turkmen people with no access to outside information.
Although exact figures are difficult to obtain because Turkmenistan does not have an established poverty line and what calculations the government does keep are not widely available, poverty is believed to be high and human development indicators low despite the potential for national wealth because of the country's huge oil and natural gas reserves.
Turkmen president Saparmurat Niyazov has ruled Turkmenistan since independence in , but in he declared himself "president for life" and adopted the title "Turkmenbashi," which means "father of all Turkmen. The Turkmen government controls all media and communications and refuses to report health data to the World Health Organization or development information to the United Nations. In March the Turkmen government imposed a ban on the issuance of exit visas to its citizens, preventing them from leaving the country.
Threats of trade sanctions from the United States caused the Turkmen regime to abandon the exit visa ban in January , although the government maintains a blacklist of people not allowed to travel. Because of this atmosphere, the United Nations has been unable to research and publish a human development report on Turkmenistan since the s.
As of early the country was on uneasy terms with the World Bank because it refused to report its international debt, so all statistics related to poverty are speculative and based on data that are in most cases ten years old. Rechel and McKee note that "there is anecdotal evidence that the economic situation has deteriorated considerably since then. Like all other statistics about the country, information on the health and education status of the Turkmen people is of dubious accuracy; the last time the country reported health data to the World Health Organization was in When they are able to see a doctor, extortion is not uncommon because the medical system is essentially a black market: In Niyazov dismissed 15, health care professionals and replaced them with untrained military conscripts people who have been drafted into the military involuntarily to cut down on government spending.
In he announced that all hospitals outside the capital city of Ashgabat would be closed indefinitely.
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In the World Health Organization , http: The child mortality rate for those under five years old had risen from ninety-seven per 1, live births in to per 1, in , as reported by UNICEF; an estimated 11, Turkmen children under five years old died in http: In late the Turkmen government began cutting benefits to about , of the country's , people, mostly the elderly, who receive government pensions. Pension Cuts Begin to Bite," February 6, , http: This move was expected to push thousands of older people into almost instant poverty. Uzbekistan is the most populous of the Central Asian republics, with Poverty in Uzbekistan is not generally as dire as in some of the other Central Asian republics.
The country is the fourth-largest producer of cotton in the world and the seventh-largest producer of gold; in addition, it has large reserves of gas and oil. However, rising unemployment, a government crackdown on civil liberties, and economic policies that many observers consider disastrous have put Uzbekistan on the brink of total disarray. Uzbekistan," in Uzbekistan ranked out of countries on the Human Development Index, ahead of Kyrgyzstan's and Tajikistan's , but behind Kazakhstan's 80 and Turkmenistan's As in all the other Central Asian republics, life expectancy decreased in Uzbekistan between and , from Yet, Uzbekistan's annual economic growth lagged behind that of all the other Central Asian republics, at around 7.
However, unlike the rest of Central Asia, the cause of the burgeoning epidemic in Uzbekistan is not so much intravenous drug use as a huge increase in prostitution since independence in Of further concern to the international community is the potential for widespread unrest in the region if Uzbekistan should become even more unstable.
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A government crackdown on civil liberties began after armed protesters stormed a prison in the city of Andijon in May to free twenty-three men accused of membership in an extreme Islamic group. Government troops were sent to stop the insurgency, but eyewitness accounts say they fired indiscriminately into crowds of people, killing as many as 1, Uzbek citizens; since then, the International Crisis Group has called leadership in Uzbekistan one of the most repressive regimes in the world.
With political refugees from Uzbekistan fleeing to other Central Asian republics, especially the already-fragile Kyrgyzstan, the entire region could, according to some observers, fall into total disarray. The United States and the European Union both condemned the May government massacre and have since cut off nearly all ties to Uzbekistan.
Developing Countries
With aid groups forced to close facilities and leave the country, the Uzbek people have become even more vulnerable to the effects of poverty. In for the Long Haul" February 16, , http: Although the country is the world's second biggest exporter of cotton which is used mostly to produce blue jeans for the U. A growing number of Uzbeks are leaving the country for Russia and Kazakhstan to work as illegal, and therefore unprotected, temporary laborers.
At that point the United States began occupying the southern half and the Soviet Union took over the northern half. The two countries' inability to agree on unification led to the formation of two separate governments in the north and south. War broke out between them in and ended in , with a permanent demilitarized zone separating the two countries; this area has been called the most dangerous place on earth.
Human rights abuses abound in the country as well. In fact, North Korea is known for having one of the worst records in the world for the treatment of its own citizens. It is also one of the most secretive societies in the world. Even photographs from inside the country are rare. Because everything is so tightly controlled by the authorities, valid statistics are generally nonexistent, although some nongovernmental organizations do manage to obtain data, and the government of South Korea keeps statistics as well.
According to the South Korean Ministry of Unification , http: Because poverty numbers and other human development information provided by the government of North Korea are known to be inaccurate, the country is not ranked by the UNDP Human Development Index. In the early s authorities were believed to be inflating the numbers to receive more foreign aid.
By the late s they were downplaying the severity of the problem. As of December the government was denying the presence of starvation in the country and planning to expel all nongovernmental aid organizations Jehangir Pocha, "Cult of Ideology: For his article "A Gulag with Nukes: Inside North Korea" July 17, , http: Becker refers to these refugees as "escapees from the last slave society left in the world. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea concurs.
In The Hidden Gulag: The prisoners are people who may or may not have committed crimes but are perceived as criminals by authorities. Relatives of the prisoners are abducted and imprisoned as well. Detainment for alleged criminals is frequently lifelong, and there is no legal recourse.
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In fact, the accused are never actually arrested or charged with anything. They are simply snatched off the street and taken to interrogation facilities, where they may be tortured into confessing. Family mem-bers—usually parents, children, and grandparents—are kept in separate camps for "reeducation"; eventually, they may be released.
This notion of "guilt by association" dates back to , when Kim Il-Sung proclaimed that the blood lines of prisoners should be wiped out for three generations. Prisoners detained in the camps are fed a starvation diet, meaning they are given the least possible amount of food to keep them alive and allow them to perform brutally difficult labor at least twelve hours a day, seven days a week.
The below-subsistence diet causes long-term physical deformities, and the dangerous working environment results in high numbers of amputations and disabilities. Additionally, feeding prisoners the absolute bare minimum creates an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion among them, making them fight each other for extra scraps of food and the clothing of those who have died.
They are also known to turn each other in to the guards for indiscretions. Punishment is either confinement in a boxlike structure whose size makes both standing and lying down impossible, causing circulation to be cut off and slow death, or prisoners are killed by hanging or by a firing squad in front of other prisoners. According to the Korea Institute for National Unification's annual White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea, , North Korea operates a rations system, under which all citizens receive food, clothing, medical care, housing, education, and pensions directly from the government.
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