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From then onwards, tourism began to draw greater attention and to pursue a higher level of professionalization, which led to the grant and creation of the first technical schools in hotel management via Decree no. They claim, furthermore, that the period lacked a political orientation to tourism, in addition to the sector's evident lack of a public, stable administrative structure.

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The academic literature on tourism commonly establishes as the year in which the first planning strategies for the sector took place, thanks to Decree-Law no. According to Article 11, the latter was to be responsible for "incrementing the development of the tourist industry and carrying out, at national level, the guidelines set by the government" BRASIL, a. The PNT was to be designed, supervised, and managed by the CNTur, being defined as "the activity stemming from all initiatives linked to the tourist industry, whether from the private or the public sector, on its own or coordinated with others, insofar as its importance for the nation's economic development is acknowledged" BRASIL, a.

Good examples include the General Tourism Fund Fungetur , "designed to promote and provide resources for financing tourism-related constructions, services, and activities that are considered of interest for the development of national tourism", as well as investment funds for the North-East Finor , for the Amazon region Finam , and for specific sectors Fiset. It is safe to state that these planning strategies brought changes to the country's tourism history, having defined roles via the establishment of organizational, communicative, and financial instruments.

As a result, several other legal instruments were gradually put in place, e. In , in an unprecedented move, the government allocated resources for establishing the PNT. Given the performance and credibility shown by national tourism and the boosts from the entry of foreign tourists, the following years witnessed the creation of several higher education tourism courses, the regulation of professions linked to the sector, the growing number of international cooperation agreements, the creation of investment funds to foster national tourism, and the launch of incentives to encourage foreign tourism.

However, the law was only fully regulated in via Decree no. It does not come as a surprise that the early s - a period known as the "lost decade" - relegated the tourism sector to ostracism, a reflex of Brazil's economic crisis at that time. However, the period also saw the rise of the first actions related to ecology and culture, which remained under the spotlight in the following years despite the lack of guidelines that would support the development of tourism activities throughout the country.

A major breakthrough during this decade was the promulgation of a new Federal Constitution in , whose Article 24 establishes that the Union, the States, and the Federal District have the competence to legislate concurrently on: Article specifically refers to tourism insofar as "the Union, the States, the Federal District, and the Municipalities are to promote and encourage tourism as a factor of social and economic development".

This legal orientation was crucial in transforming tourism's political and economic scenario in Brazil from then on, for it became a guideline that conducted discourses and defined management and planning strategies. During the early s, some actions were devised to develop Brazil's tourism sector, but little was actually achieved given the political context - with transitions occurring within the federal government - and economic instability. According to Cruz , this law, together with regulating Decree no. These legal documents drew attention to "the practice of tourism as a means of promoting appreciation and preservation of the country's natural and cultural heritage" as well as to "the consideration of society as the final beneficiary of touristic development" BRASIL, In other words, to confirm the guidelines expressed in the Constitution, new issues were hence legitimized and included in the government's political agenda.

According to Cruz , up to the State's participation in boosting tourism economy seldom occurred, due to several factors. The Programme was established in , when the government granted the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S. The growing social interest on ecotourism, combined with a lack of criteria, consensus, and incentives on the part of business executives, investors, and even government officials who acted within this sector led to the drafting of the Interministerial Directive Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism and Ministry of Environment and Legal Amazon.

Its driving force was the National Tourism System, made up of public-private partnerships and of defining parameters for planning and carrying out actions at state and municipal levels. From it stemmed not only one of the most widely publicized actions in the government's tourism policy at that time - the National Tourism Municipalization Programme PNMT -, but also a redefinition of the role of all political agents, particularly those at municipal level. It may be viewed, therefore, as the tourism-related programme with the most significant influence on Brazilian states that had so far been launched.

According to Embratur's Normative Deliberation no. It was hoped that these cities, once submitted to the programme's assessment, would be fully prepared to form the so-called Brazilian tourist regions, the foundation for the MTur's and the new government's oncoming programme. Together with the ecotourism policy, the PNMT was one of the few programmes to include all Brazilian states whose products bore no relation with the "sun and beach" trademark, very often associated with the country's tourism.

This was the case of states in the centre-west region. In the year , there were major actions in favour of environmental tourism, such as: But federal-scale tourism management in Brazil undoubtedly reached its peak in with the creation of a Ministry of Tourism through Law no. Notwithstanding the relevance of actions from the s, the regulatory framework for structuring and planning Brazilian tourism, in short, for establishing a specific policy for the sector was, indisputably, the creation of the Ministry of Turism.

On occasion of this institutional restructuring, Embratur transferred its duties to the newly-formed ministry and began to offer logistical support for carrying them out, in accordance with Decree no. At the same time, the norm which supported the making of a tourism policy was the National Tourism Plan. During this period, tourism activities became. Decentralized management remains the operationalization strategy of the current PNT. Following this strategy, municipalities are encouraged to form consortiums which in turn produce integrated itineraries; the latter offered a set of tourist products which went on to comprise the Tourism Regionalization Programme PRT - Brazilian Itineraries in Representatives from municipal tourism agencies and associations from all 27 Brazilian states effectively took part in the early days of the programme, as well as representatives from the private and third sectors and teaching institutions.

A total of 3, municipalities formed tourist regions which make up Brazil's Tourism Regionalization Map. The strategy proved quite valid, given that the major political challenge "consisted in implementing a new model for public management - a decentralized and participatory model -, which would ultimately affect the municipality, i.

The PRT described in the National Tourism Plan clearly expresses concern for the regions' social and economic standing.

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It regards as relevant the act of. For this to be achieved, it is necessary to view tourism as an economic activity capable of generating jobs, wealth, better income distribution, and social inclusion.

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The plans issued by the federal government reveal that tourism began to be viewed as a strategy which leads to local development and social inclusion, more so in this century. The General Tourism Law, or Law no. As is stated by the legal text, the law complies with the constitutional principles of free enterprise, decentralization, regionalization, and fair and sustainable socio-economic development BRASIL, It also offers a legal standing on the PNT; it creates the National Tourism System and the Interministerial Tourism Facilitation Committee; it legislates on supporting tourism activities with Fungetur acting as a financial sponsor, as well as on registering, ranking, and inspecting tourism businesses; it establishes the general norms for applying administrative sanctions Article 1.

The survey produced 1, norms directly or indirectly linked to tourism. The following stage involved selecting those which had closer ties with tourism or which had influenced the country's tourism activities to some degree; this amounted to 86 texts, here referred to as greater relevance norms, and to texts, here referred to as lower relevance norms. The former group, despite being the smallest of the two, comprises texts with considerable political impact in the field, which enabled tourism to become official and to be acknowledged as part of the federal government's agenda.

Ranking among these texts are the ones that established official bodies, commissions, and sector funds; that formalized policies, plans, and programmes; that created the Ministry of Tourism MTur , etc. The second group, in turn, is greater in number and comprises texts produced throughout the entire period analyzed.

Although dealing with very specific issues, they helped to systematize and organize the sector by promoting regularization and inspection of tourism services and businesses, by establishing cooperation agreements and rules for the entry of foreign nationals, among other measures. To reinforce the theoretical-methodological framework, the analysis of these texts was combined with an examination of plans and programmes launched by the federal government to develop and regulate tourism in Brazil, as well as with bibliographical research on the institutionalization of tourism in this country.

The purpose was to establish a comparison with the documentary data in order to confirm it. Such an approach broadens the possibility of understanding the development of tourism in Brazil in terms of its political and institutional scope, having state planning as its backdrop.

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Preference was given to a chronological analysis of particular periods, spanning from the early days of institutional concerns about tourism activities in Brazil to the first strategies of tourism planning and PNT systematization. This analysis is followed by an overview of the future of the PNT. The first legal manifestations on tourism in Brazil date back to around and refer to very specific actions, e. Using federal legislation available in the lower house of Congress website, as well as official tourism plans available in the MTur and Embratur websites, the present research produced an inventory of normative public actions spanning the period from to Figure 1.

Careful examination of these legal instruments does not only fulfill a normative role which supports all tourism planning processes. It also broadens our understanding of tourism construction as an institutional and legal fact and as part of a national-level organic structure that affects subnational levels where tourism activities are actually performed. As has been pointed out by Solha , up to the s tourism was still not a priority for the federal government, and the first public action on record was the creation of the Permanent Commission on Fairs and Exhibitions by Decree no.

Another legal document from this period was Decree-Law no. These actions led to the first attempt to regulate tourism businesses, such as travel agencies, via Decree-Law no. Nevertheless, the DT remained the official tourism board and its attributions echoed those formerly held by the DIP. The following years failed to produce relevant actions for the development of the sector until, in , Resolution no.

The commission should, by the end of six months, be able to diagnose such issues and propose crucial legislative measures for tourism development. It becomes clear that, by that time, Brazil was already facing several problems as a result of a long period of negligence, of ongoing transformations that changed an agrarian society into an urban-industrial society, and of the growing rise of tourism flows at national and international levels. Yet another major act was put in place by Decree no. The commission was a consulting body responsible for coordinating activities devised to help develop domestic and foreign tourism, as well as for assessing and supervising measures pertaining to tourist movements and to the simplification and standardization of requirements and methods of information, registration, and inspection of travellers and their possessions, personal resources, transportation, and accommodation BRASIL, In , with the ministerial restructuring launched by Decree of Ministry Council no.

These legal documents drew attention to "the practice of tourism as a means of promoting appreciation and preservation of the country's natural and cultural heritage" as well as to "the consideration of society as the final beneficiary of touristic development" BRASIL, In other words, to confirm the guidelines expressed in the Constitution, new issues were hence legitimized and included in the government's political agenda. According to Cruz , up to the State's participation in boosting tourism economy seldom occurred, due to several factors. The Programme was established in , when the government granted the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S.

The growing social interest on ecotourism, combined with a lack of criteria, consensus, and incentives on the part of business executives, investors, and even government officials who acted within this sector led to the drafting of the Interministerial Directive Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism and Ministry of Environment and Legal Amazon. One of them is related to the constant rotation of local monitors and representatives of municipalities in the workshops organized by PNMT, thereby causing a lack of commitment with the guidelines of the program.

The PNMT commended for the appointment of the chair should be an attribution of the municipal secretary of tourism as a way to give political sustainability to the Council. However, in practice, it was noted that both the Chairman of the Council, as well as the composition of COMTUR, were deliberated attributed representatives of private enterprise. Faced with this complex scenario, the PNMT proved to be a program that demanded a greater monitoring and it resulted more expensive than the Embratur predicted.

However it is noteworthy that the PNMT was th,,e only Federal program so far constituted in National Policy that prioritized and discussed the organization of tourism in the realm of cities.

Referring to the National Tourism Plan, established from onwards, there was an advance on the expansion of public policies for tourism in Brazil. Regarding to policies aimed at cities, it is observed that from this plan, a direction and strength begins the regional strategies, with the implementation of the Regionalization Program for Tourism - Routes of Brazil in Despite the instances of governance being characterized as regional organization, which housed the local tourism stakeholders, what in fact was observed was a predominance of the demands of tourist destination inductors.

A Journey to Inclusion, the Brazilian government makes an attempt to strengthen domestic tourism, promote tourism as a factor for regional development, ensure access to travel packages under facilitated conditions, invest in professional training and generating jobs and income and ensure further conditions to the promotion of Brazil abroad Ministry of Tourism, However it is observed that the PNT , as well as the Plan , had a strong role in promoting tourist destinations in Brazil and abroad. These marketing actions were focused on the 65 destinations inducers established in the Macro program of Regionalization of Tourism, prioritizing, thus, the transfer of federal funds for the actions of improvement of tourism offering and the promotion of these destinations.

In assessing the Program of Regionalization of Tourism, made by the Ministry of Tourism in , after six years of implementation of the proposal, the main constraints raised by members of the Thematic Board of the Regionalization Program were Ministry of Tourism, In this context, it is thought that the National Tourism Plan , created from the establishment of the Ministry of Tourism in Brazil, configured itself as an official strategy to conceive tourism through a regional approach. The PNT of comes to reinforce the character of regionalization of tourism in Brazil already proposed by the Plan of The PNT of is to strengthen the regionalization proposal, through the intensification of actions related to national mobilization on the program.

For this, we are organized sensitization, mobilization, tourist fairs, meetings with stakeholders, notebooks tourism, money, systems, networks, partners, internet based learning courses, workshops, in short, a wealth of devices was created under the Program. Despite the efforts, the Tourism Ministry itself acknowledged that there were gaps, particularly related to the effective compliance with the program and strategy of regionalization as a guiding framework policy" Ministry of Tourism, Despite the history of tourism planning being recent in Brazil, the country has acquired a position of emerging destination in the world.

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Specifically, concerning to the municipalities, it is possible to observe that tourism conquered priority in the agenda of local public policies. It can be argued that this insertion of the tourism agenda in the municipalities took place because of the national policy of expansion of tourism throughout the national country through the National Program of Municipalization of Tourism PNMT. Despite the difficulties faced in the operation of the program, often related to discontinuation of municipal management and limited financial resources to monitoring the program, the PNMT was characterized as a first national initiative to insert tourism in the cities agenda.

That is because of, specifically, the fact that the articulation and participation of state secretaries in the National Council of Tourism, in the discussion forums and in the Thematic Chamber instituted by the Ministry of Tourism. The PNT, indeed, consolidated itself as a base document to the actions in the touristic planning in Brazil, however it is pertinent reflect as of its role in the cities policies.

Created in , the Statute, praises the preparation of Urban Master Plans in Brazilian territories.

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Its aim is to define the social function of all the areas in the city, weather urban or rural, private or public. In this way, its preparation is mandatory in all Brazilian cities with more than 20 thousand inhabitants or integrants of metropolitan regions and urban agglomerations Ministry of Cities, Analyzing the integral document, it can be noticed that in any moments there is a connection between the national public policies for the tourism and the Cities Statute.

However, it is important to highlight the inseparability of the tourism and the use and appropriation of territories. In the document constituted by the National Plan of Tourism, it is possible to notice a direction to the development of actions related to the promotion of the Brazilian destination and to the organization of integrated roadmaps of regional character. However, related to cities, it can be noticed a lack of policies directed to the deployment of touristic activities in the cities.

As the Program recommends Ministry of Tourism, , the program must work on the association of the image of tourism to the internationally acknowledged products and all the products associated to touristic destinations, in the domestic and foreing market. The priorization of actions in the municipalities contemplated in the Program of Tourism Regionalization cannot generate exclusion of the other Brazilian cities from the national policies to the touristic development.

One of the alternatives to promote this inclusion is, exactly, related to the development of studies that can assess the level of tourism development of the Brazilian locals.