In passing, it should also be remembered that some circuits seem to have been closed to overseas distribution, which may only be represented by sporadic examples, even though they were not closed with respect to riverine traffic or even nearby coastal routes; the case of the marbles from the Alentejo in Portugal and their spread, and also that of those from Baetica should be borne in mind2. As a result of the comparison with the data collected on Aquileia, it can be seen that the problems suffered by our knowledge of the Baliares is shared by the majority of Mediterranean ports even in the case of the best studied examples.

Pensabene4 has recently reconsidered the role of Portus as a Mediterranean distribution point, and in the same colloquium P. Arnaud analysed the sea routes leading to Ostia, which may turn out to be a good guide for the identification of the redistribution system5 and the role of the islands, especially of the Baliares, as recipients within the same network.

The distribution of this material, which is relatively abundant in the latter city, leads one to consider the existence of a complex redistribution trade or an origin different from the one hitherto proposed for some of these materials. This study identifies that silver and lead mining took place in the western part of the Insula Maior, more specifically in Bunyola, recently re- studied2, and in Ebusus, at the site of La Argentera, the usual combination of metals arising from galenite exploitation in the Roman period, with a large silver-bearing component in the case of the Ibiza mine3.

The coast, once again it was necessary to sail via the Balearic Islands, thereby perhaps avoiding the Gulf of Lion, Vipsanius Agrippa, who would have been the owner of the mines assigned as ager publicus and also by locatio to other conductores; the authors also suggest the route from Carthago Nova to Comacchio, 99—, fig. The return cargo of these vessels laden with amphorae would have been lead, also present in Magdalensberg and in Aquileia; the ship also carried other material such as lead naiskoi and pottery stamped with ACO and SVRIVS.

The ultimate destination may have been Ravenna if it had not been wrecked. The lead material found in Minorca was cast by the Soc. The remaining material present on the ship seems to date the shipwreck to a period between 50 B. As regards internal consumption, one might mention the lead ingot found in Sa Pobla, an inland location, but within the area of influence of Pollentia, which might be considered to reflect the local use of this material1. The recent re-examination of the ingots found in the Comacchio wreck has made it possible to put forward some hypotheses as regards the routes between the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and the northern Adriatic2, for which the ports of the Balearic Islands must have been an almost obligatory port of call.

The number of vessels that sailed via these islands from Carthago Nova and the ports of Baetica must have been considerable to judge by the numerous shipwrecks that have been recorded around Sardinia with cargoes of lead ingots from those two areas3. A recent study, once again by C. Rico, highlights the routes between Hispania and Italy and the Baliares as a stepping stone for the trade in and distribution of lead and copper4.

P ublius Arul us L S Hispali s met alla , which should undoubtedly be checked against the piece itself, which, for the moment, it has not been possible to locate in the Museo Episcopal of Palma. The presence of Hispanic wine amphorae is not definite at Magdalensberg, but garum and salted fish amphorae are recorded.

However, Adriatic amphorae are recorded in Cartagena, cf. On the Adriatic considered as a Greek sea, cf. Salvi , 38—40, — R. Zucca , and 82—83, — P. A state of the question for the wrecks found around the Balearic Islands with Baetican material can be found in Colom Mendoza Shipping and the Movement of Materials and Products At this juncture, the existence of a Societas Baliarica1, of which only a number of ingots are known although its activity in Carthago Nova seems to have been considerable, should be mentioned2; perhaps the fundamental aim should be to establish whether it had business interests in any of the galenite exploitations in the Balearic Islands, an objective that, for the moment, would mean entering the field of conjecture.

Another important point to consider would be the possibility that the said societas might also have intervened in the cargoes or whether it limited itself to following the habitual distribution channels from Carthago Nova; in view of the lack of other evidence, the ingots found in Minorca might lead us to consider this second option as being more probable.

It should also be observed that the presence of lead ingots derived from wrecks cannot be attributed by itself to a need to import on the part of the Baliares; instead the greater part should be related to the use of the islands, in these cases the unsuccessful use of the islands, as ports of call on far longer journeys3. Another case to consider is that of the plumbum Cap[rar iense ] present in the cargo of a wreck from Cabrera, for which it has been suggested that it might be linked to the island itself4. This possibility should probably be ruled out because the place-name Capraria is very frequent and widespread in the Roman Empire and also because the societies of publicani or private individuals linked to this type of exploitations in the form of conductio can have a very wide range of origins and names, with the common feature of being present where the exploitation is most profitable, which is by no means proven for Cabrera.

Furthermore, the evidence from Carthago Nova also enables us to see that the presence of a societas at more than one point should not be excluded, as has already been demonstrated. Finally, I would like to mention a product that hitherto has not been taken into account in this type of study, namely lead mirrors, a product found throughout the Mediterranean area, which reached all parts of the 1 Cf.

Poveda Navarro , where an attempt is also made to group other marks together with the recorded SOC. The Baliares have produced a substantial number of finds2, as has Sardinia3, all of which have been recently studied and published; depending on the forms and moulds involved, this might lead to the identification of new distribution routes for these products, although to what extent they may have been a complementary product to the distribution of lead proper, as would seem to be the case of the Comacchio cargo4, or in some cases local products, remains unknown.

Only a more exact typology and a study of the distribution of the models, now being undertaken5, will enable more exact contributions to this field to be made, the prospects for which are extremely encouraging. For the moment we do not dispose of abundant evidence for the existence of pottery production sites in the Balearic Islands although amphorae that are said to have been made there are known, from the so- called Phoenician-Punic ones in their different forms to the early imperial ones that were made until the second half of the 3rd century A.

Despite this evidence, it must be supposed that there were large scale imports, a situation that is recorded for the relatively fine tablewares7. In addition, Steinby , which brings together the examples from Majorca, , for tegulae and lateres. As far as lamps are concerned, cf.

Shipping and the Movement of Materials and Products published1. Even less clear is the case of building material, particularly of lateres and tegulae, for which we have examples in the Baliares, even though we are unable to determine their origins in all cases2. As is well known, ceramic materials are an exceptional indicator for trade in antiquity3, and they even enable us to trace the routes along which these materials circulated.

The recent identification of a lead anchor stock of uncertain origin, but preserved at Ses Salines, has enabled us to see the mark of the caduceus and that of the letters SES, surely corresponding to the Sestii, who are known to have been the owners of a substantial fleet, while at the same time they were great landowners and shipowners from the area of Cosa5.

The shank or caduceus often appears in association on the stamp itself 1 Mas, Cau and Orfila and Tsantini et al. For the Pollentia kiln, cf. Reynolds, as regards the Balearic Islands 20—21 for their contact with Carthago and 57—58, for the North African amphorae. In addition, Gianfrotta In contrast, a C.

For the rostra of the Aegadian Islands and their archaeological context, cf. Tusa and Royal and Gnoli a for a new inscription that mentions a P. Sestius; in addition, Gnoli F ilius repeated twice, appear in a chronological context datable to the late 3rd century B. According to this scholar, this would suppose the existence of a wine producer different from Sestius, who was undoubtedly the manufacturer of the amphorae and perhaps the shipowner1; in the case of the Sestii it is also possible to verify this last condition through the symbols used2.

Thus, a pozzolana stopper from Agde wreck number 1, published by B. Liou3, bears the repeated stamp M arcus. SVAVIVS, followed by a trident, which may well indicate shipowner status, if we bear in mind the symbols that accompany the stamps SES or SEST of Sestius, and as a consequence it would be a transport mark, a fact that would also be confirmed by the number of cork stoppers with their pozzolana seals found in the sixteen amphorae necks recovered.

We would seem to be in possession of the first definite archaeological evidence that could associate the name of the Sestii with their own ships provided P. Once the initial evidence providing a link with the vessels of the Sesti has been found, the basic problem is to define which of the Sesti is concerned5, that is to say the date. The route known until now as a result of amphora finds between Hispania and Italy, hugging the coast around the Gulf of Lion, 1 Cf.

See now also Nonnis For the anchor stocks found around Minorca, cf. It should be borne in mind that the marks associated with symbols seem to have been the earliest ones, cf. Panella and Morizio forthcoming , ns. Nonnis and Olmer Shipping and the Movement of Materials and Products even when starting from Carthago Nova, now has an alternative which would lead to Cagliari or to Turris Libisonis1 and in this last case to the Strait of Bonifacio.

The final destination remains unknown: There can be no doubt that the existence of this new route can be confirmed, but more chronological exactitude seems to be needed to ascertain the time when it could have come into being; it should probably be related to the period after the conquest of the Baliares and the consequent greater safety for the sea routes that were liable to pass via the islands.

If this fact is combined with the prosopographic evidence, we might be able to consider the 2nd century B. The existence of this trade route is similarly accounted for by the presence of material of Hispanic origin, particularly from Baetica, in the wrecks found around the lesser islands in the Strait of Bonifacio3, and this trade led to active exchange lasting well into Late Antiquity.

This might also be a suitable moment to consider the evidence put forward for the late phase of trade implied by ceramic containers, amphorae possibly used for the wine trade. Reynolds has made a useful contribution in this respect by pointing out the interruptions to the trade routes that stopped at the Islands and also a certain renewed vitality in the Vandal period marked by the export of wine from Ebussus.

Although this is a question that needs to be reconsidered with further evidence, there can be no doubt that in the Byzantine period the Baliares, like the other large islands of the 1 On the port of Turris Libisonis, Mastino, Spanu and Zucca Zucca , with references to the goods, including Hispanic products, which were handled there. The movement of ideas and the arrival of Christianity in the Baliares A recent study by Anna Collar justifiably contemplates the existence of religious networks in the Roman Empire2, although, as can be deduced from the maps she publishes for the aspects under consideration, the presence of the Baliares within them is minimal3, even though the islands clearly lay in the shipping lanes.

Nevertheless, the cult of the Magna Mater must have existed in the Balearic Islands as is demonstrated by the titulus pictus on the rock wall at Fortuna, to which I have already referred4, which records the lavacrum of the Magna Mater by two Ebusitani, one of whom was a priest of Asclepius, a frequently found cult in ports, although its distribution has never been considered from this point of view5.

The Imperial cult marks the beginning of this globalisation, 43—46; the army would have been another of its routes, as in the case of the cult to Jupiter Dolichenus, 79—; as could not be otherwise, Judaism, the diaspora and its ideological evolution indicate the most widespread level of Mediterranean diffusion, — Shipping and the Movement of Materials and Products As concerns the Jewish diaspora, the Islands here being studied were of particular significance which the studies by Josep Amengual1, to which reference should be made, enable us to evaluate both as regards the introduction of Judaism and also the subsequent conflicts of this religion with Christianity, especially in the Insula minor.

The letters of Consentius collected among the pseudo-Augustinian ones also provide information concerning contacts with Tarraco and the movement of ideas considered to be heretical2. The increasingly well-known Byzantine presence in the Baliares, as a result of the numerous archaeological finds that have gradually been identified and published, is still a subject requiring wider study for the islands as a whole, although it seems to be a phenomenon that, in principle, could well have attained the same level as in Sardinia, though the different historical development of the two regions subsequently reduced the impact of this influence in the Baliares3.

An insular identity in the Baliares? For the historians and geographers of the Graeco-Roman world, the population of the Balearic Islands was a subject of anthropological interest because of its singular characteristics4, which, as in the case of the funditores, are known to have been taken advantage of 1 Amengual i Batle , where the Circular from Severus of Minorca is also published; Amengual i Batle , —92, , , and Moreover, living on an island tends to produce good sailors; however, for the moment, there is no known documentation on the inhabitants in the Roman period in this respect although the Sertorian episode must have taken advantage of such resources.

If we turn to the identification of features to be found on the islands themselves, paying particular attention to funerary rites, which tend to be considered as an element that conserved signs of identity, only the cemetery of Sa Carrotja displays any noteworthy singularities, although in no way can they be identified as a native survival or a previous local custom; instead they should be seen as archaicising signs of an initial settlement, which can be conventionally dubbed colonial.

The initial urban establishment, that is to say the true foundation of Palma and Pollentia, must have taken place at a later date3. In addition, Estarellas Ordinas and Merino Santisteban The recruitment of soldiers by all sides in the Baliares must have led to a considerable reduction in the active male population. It should be remembered that even Caesar employed funditores for the conquest of the Galliae.

It should also be borne in mind that, in view of the numismatic finds, the coincidence with the Sertorian period was accepted by Mattingly However, the strategic role of the Balearic Islands as a bridge between Italy and Hispania must have been strengthened by all these events, even though not all scholars agree with this possibility, and some of them now accept again that the first foundation of Palma and Pollentia was carried out by Metellus; cf.

The Flavian municipalisation could have reflected a relatively late desire, if one should wish to consider it as such, to organise the territory perhaps after a moment of crisis, as has already been proposed1. Control of the north of the island in the area of Cap Cavalleria came with the initial organisation of occupation, almost certainly of a military nature, around a praesidium or stable encampment with its corresponding surrounding population, perhaps also of Roman origin.

Although significant due to its wealth of evidence, the case of Ebusus, a Punic island par excellence because of its very name, could not have been very different as regards the native population, who established a foedus with the Romans that was to survive long after. An emporion from its very origins, the port of modern- day Ibiza must have had an important role for Carthaginian shipping in the Mediterranean as a staging post en route for other ports, whether on the coast of Hispania or in the Italic Peninsula, or alternatively in the south of Gallia or on the Mediterranean islands.

The plentiful inscriptions from this island provide evidence of this stepping-stone function until a late date3, even though the Punic elements, even the clearly identifiable native ones, gradually disappear. Identities are always difficult to isolate and even this return to a prudent position as regards their foundation by Metellus is the study by Zucca b: Archaeological survivals with Roman material on sites dating back to the period prior to Romanisation demonstrate certain ways in which previous situations were maintained, but the urban centres fail to reveal such a past.

Moreover, inland territorial settlement is very poorly known despite the evidence for a substantial well-controlled inland road network. There are no milestones recorded from Majorca and Ibiza; such evidence is limited to Minorca, where the earliest evidence reflects the rebuilding of the road that crossed the island from Iamo to Mago in the Trajanic period. This lack of evidence should not lead us to the conclusion that they did not exist; instead it is indicative of the absence of inland settlement and the concentration of the inhabitants in the urban settlements and their surroundings, open to shipping, which, because of their own cosmopolitan nature, and once again it is not exactly a suitable term, confuse our understanding of events and probably contributed to the areas not directly affected by Roman interests continuing to follow traditional forms of life until a very late date.

At heart, what seems to be glimpsed is a continuous gradual loss, at least as regards the identifiable material culture, of the characteristic elements of the pre-Roman cultures, increasingly giving rise to a facies that was similar to that found in any of the provinces bordering the Mediterranean throughout its area. In short, the Roman Balearic Islands can be seen as more of a bridge that an isolated area, as occurs with almost all of the larger islands; it might be added that, with the data currently at our disposal, little can be extracted from their Roman facies to appreciate the special features that, because of their underlying background and their geographical location, cannot have been missing and must have left their mark on local society.

Shipping and the Movement of Materials and Products seek to insist on, and it is reasonable to do so, the particular survivals of the underlying cultural background. Atti del convegno internazionale Salerno, Castellabate, 18—22 giugno , 29— Ente Provinciale per il Turismo. Bilingualism and the Latin Language. University of Toronto Press. The Case for the Prosecution in the Ciceronian Era. The University of Michigan Press. Helvius Pertinax und M. El marmor de Tarraco. Il Paese delle Sirene. Castellabate e il suo territorio. Amengual i Batle, J. Insularity, Identity and Epigraphy in the Roman World —.

Real Academia de la Historia. Die Vereine der dionysischen Techniten im Kontext der hellenistischen Gesellschaft: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte, Organisation und Wirkung der hellenistischen Technitenvereine. Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra in Latin Poetry. IV seminario Genova, 18—19 giugno , edited by L. De Maria and R. Les routes de la navigation antique: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. Excavaciones en Sa Portella, Alcudia Mallorca. Los fenicios en Portugal: Las canteras en el mundo antiguo: Atti del convegno Roma, 24—26 gennaio , edited by G.

I ponti nella Historia Augusta: Atti del XVI convegno di studio Rabat, 15—19 dicembre , vol. Un campo iconografico ed i suoi simboli. Gli specchietti in piombo del Museo Archeologico G. I luoghi e le forme dei mestieri e della produzione nelle province africane. Gli specchietti de Cagliaritano. Soprintendenza Archeologica della Basilicata. Historia de la Hispania romana. Ovidii Nasonis Heroidum epistula Introduzione, testo e commento. Die Chronik des Hippolytos im Matritensis Graecus Die Provinz Germania Inferior.

Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato. Les marques de Sestius. Benzina ben Abdallah, Z. Le isole Eolie dal tardo antico ai Normanni. Accademia Nazionale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti. Le iscrizioni lapidarie greche e latine nelle isole Eolie. Atti del secondo convegno multidisciplinare Napoli, dicembre , edited by C.

Il mito di Arianna: La cronologia nel mondo antico.

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XI, edited by C. The African Emperor Septimius Severus. Blanes i Blanes, C. Font i Jaume, and A. I, edited by J.

Archeologia sottomarina alle Isole Eolie, transl. Quantifying the Roman Economy. Letter on the Conversion of the Jews. Breglia Pulci Doria, L. Le Monde Byzantin II: The Praetorship in the Roman Republic. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Scholars Press American Philological Association. Italian Manpower B. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy. Mobility, Gender, and Patronage. Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press. La lana nella Cisalpina romana. Studi in onore di Stefania Pesavento Mattioli.

Atti del Convegno Padova-Verona, 18—20 maggio Emissioni vulcaniche nelle isole Eolie. Generic Composition in Greek and Roman Poetry. Canali de Rossi, F. La colonna di Marco Aurelio. Cardelle de Hartmann, C. Art and Empire in the Natural History. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Les amphores du VIe au IVe s.

Pisa, Rome and Naples: Platonic Drama and its Ancient Reception. Trade-Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire. Religious Networks in the Roman Empire: The Spread of New Ideas. The Dance of the Islands: The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Atti delle giornate di studio Milano, 24 gennaio , edited by S. Lusuardi Siena and M. Institute of Classical Studies. Mimes, Sophron, and Other Mime Fragments. Conduites symboliques et comportements exemplaires de Lucullus, Acilius Glabrio et Papirius Carbo 78 et 67 a.

Storia dei Romani IV: Dalla battaglia di Naraggara alla battaglia di Pidna. Dalla battaglia di Pidna alla caduta di Numanzia. Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World. Figures of Confusion in Catullus Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vols. Atti del convegno di Como settembre , — A Roman Colony on the Island of Mallorca. Costa Ribas and J. Pertinace di Alba Pompeia.

Accademia Ligure di Scienze. The University of North Carolina Press. Actes du colloque de Paris 19—20 mai Greek Culture in Roman Ecphrasis. New York and Oxford: The Economy of the Roman Empire: Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Harvard University Press and Heinemann. New Haven and London: The Evolution of Boats into Ships, edited by A. Sociedade romana e epigrafia. Museo de Arqueologia e Etnografia. Ancient Marble Quarriying and Trade. London and New York: Da Apollonia e Dyrrachium ad Herakleia Lynkestidos. Eliano, Oppiano e la tonnara antica.

Avances en su conocimiento. Ricognizioni, scavi e ricerche nel Cilento, edited by G. Ricognizioni e ricerche — , 22— Lyric Poetry and the Drama of Position. Nota su un senatore della tarda Repubblica. Accedunt Hippolyti praeter Canonem Paschalem. The Ovidian Heroine as Author: Reading, Writing, and Community in the Heroides. Appiano e la storia delle Guerre civili. The Archaeological Heritage of Hvar, Croatia.

Cesare, Pompeo e la lotta per le magistrature. Competing Views and Voices in Catullus A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, vol. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Universitat de les Illes Balears. The Semiotic Impulse of Catullus Personal aspects of the Roman theatre.

Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani. Aquilio Proculo tra i rinvenimenti sottomarini a Punta Licosa nel Cilento. Actes Badalona, 6—9 de maig de , — Nuovi materiali per lo studio dei traffici marittimi. American Academy in Rome. Studi di storia marittima, edited by F. Merci, mercati e scambi nel Mediterraneo. Rintone e il Teatro in Magna Grecia. Centro Edizioni della Scuola Normale Superiore.

Gli Eoli in Occidente: Catalogo della mostra fotografica degli scavi di Capo Graziano Filicudi. Centro di Documentazione per la ricerca Paolo Orsi. Alla ricerca di Lipari Bizantina. Guerre e commerci nel Mediterraneo romano. Gal Bocchus entre los praefecti fabrum originarios de Lusitania. Rome, Byzance et Carthage.

Untersuchungen zur Verbannung in der Antike. Fantasy, materia and Male Desire in Propertius 1. Piraterie und Herrschaftsetablierung in der mediterranen Welt zwischen Antike und Mittelalter. Die Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Arbeit in seinem Denken. National Museum of Archaeology. Ajuntament de Ses Salines. Production and distribution in the Roman empire in the light of instrumentum domesticum. The Journal of Roman Studies. Maritime Technology in the Ancient Economy: Journal of Roman Archaeology.

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Instituto de Arqueologia da Faculdade de Letras. Il mare degli antichi. University of Chicago Press. Documentary Studies, edited by P. Laurentii Veronensis De bello maioricano libri octo. La guerra de Mallorca en ocho libros. Studia graeca et latina 6: On the problem of the average duration of life in the Roman Empire. Results with annotations on the typology of ancient anchors. Late Roman Amphorae in the Western Mediterranean.

A typology and economic study: British School at Rome. Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. A History of Exile in the Roman Republic. Aspects of the Roman experience in Iberia, — B. Le iscrizioni del Museo Civico di Catania. Corpus Iuris Civilis, 2 vols. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Untersuchungen zur Auswirkung der Insellage auf die Gesellschaftsentwicklung. Atti del Convegno di Como 5, 6, 7 ottobre , 97— Retail and Regulation in the Late Antique City.

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In Cardoso and Almagro-Gorbea , — La nave romana di Grado. Campagne di scavo 8 agosto — 5 settembre e 8 maggio — 24 luglio E indici dal volume 31 al Maluquer de Motes, J. Le sorgenti delle isole Eolie.

Atti Congresso Palermo , 65— Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th—6th c. BC, edited by N. Museum of Cycladic Art. The Excavations of —, edited by A. Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis. Storia della Sardegna antica. Merci, mercati e scambi marittimi della Sardegna antica. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, vol. The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. Geografi, viaggiatori, militari nel Maghreb: Sobre AE , 45 de Narona. Prehistoria e historia antigua, — Oktober , edited by I.

Notas y reflexiones de lectura. Su reflejo en la red viaria. Actas Zaragoza, 1—3 de diciembre de , edited by G. Information, Containers, and Shipwrecks. Studies in Maritime Archaeology. Stephani Byzantii ethnicorum quae supersunt. Inscriptions Latines de la Tunisie. Presses Universitaires de France. AE 22mm 13 views Pergamum, Mysia, C. Laureate head of Zeus right Rev.

BMC Lee S. Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia, BC. Diademed, middle-aged head of Ariobarzanes I right Rev. AE17 13 views Kings of Macedonia. Head of Zeus right in oak-wreath Rev. B-A to left and right of Athena advancing right, holding shield and hurling thunderbolt. Euboea, Chalcis, B. AE12mm 13 views Euboea, Chalcis, B. Head of Hera, three-quarter face to r.

The tyche of Antioch seated L. Gierson notes this to be one of the rare examples of a pagen type of diety in sixth century coinage. Large E, officina letter "delta" to r. Constantinople Sear a DO 68b-d 15mm 1. Crowned arms divide D - O. Date inside angles of cross. Helmeted head of Roma right, X behind. Diademed head of Venus right, SC behind. Unknown symbol banker's mark left of center. Simpulum, sprinkler, axe and priest's hat References: RIC b; Sear SNG BN var. Diademed head of Zeus-Ammon right.

Phoenicia, Arados B. C 13 views AE Turreted head of Tyche right, border of dots Beveled flan. Aradian era date Weiser ; RG Near VF, encrusted red and green patina. He didn't coin for other rulers. His stycas are characterized by a diversity of central motifs. He seemed to have a more considerable artistic freedom than the other moneyers. There is on this coin one of the simplest special motifs double circle on the reverse. Elagabalus, 13 views Trajanopolis mint, Elagabalus, A.

AE, 17mm 2g, O: Rauch Sommerauktion Bartosz Awianowicz. Turreted head of Tyche right, EP behind, circle of dots around. AVG radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right rev: RIC 67; Sear This coin has the correct obverse legend and the correct reverse type for RIC I have listed the other Hilaritas coins in this collection as varieties of RIC because they are not listed separately.

Elagabalus, - AD 13 views Obv: Silver Denarius, Rome mint, AD 2. The supreme god of Odessos was the Thracian god Darzalas. Elagabalus - antoninianus RIC 94 13 views Elagabalus. Silver antoninianus, minted in Rome; 4. Billion Drachm from Elymais 13 views A billion drachm from Elymais. Carlos III, of Spain El Cazador Shipwreck Treasure. Elis, Olympia, th th Olympiad ca. Eagle standing right with open wings, F in right field. Leu Numismatik AG 90, 10 May , This is a unique and unrecorded example of the last output of the Hera mint in the Olympia.

Although from the same obverse die as HGC 5, the reverse iconography involving a right facing eagle and right field ethnic is unrecorded by Hoover Handbook of Greek Coinage or Seltman Temple Coins. Elymais - Orodes I 1st half of IInd C - AE drachm 13 views bust of king left, wearing tiara ornamented with star in crescent, pellet in crescent, anchor rev.

Orodes II early-mid 2nd century A. Bust facing forward, wearing tiara with crest of rays with central vertical line and dots at rim, two diadem bands below tiara with row of pearls; to right dot within crescent above anchor with one crossbar at top; pellet border.

Dashes with regular pattern; no border. Unidentified King uncertain dates 13 views van't Haaff Abstract bust facing right, details unclear. Upturned crescent with dot above and below, all within wreath. According to van't Haaff, too few of these coins are known to determine their denomination. Apparently, on the few coins that are known, too little detail on the obverse remains to obtain a complete description; the photo in van't Haaff is unclear.

Those that are known to van't Haaff have three dots below the crescent and none above, although these coins appear as well with a single dot above and another below. Attribution confirmation coutesy of Robert L3 http: Bust facing right Rev.: Turreted head of Tyche right, border of dots. Forepart of stag, kneeling right, head turned back laney. Etenna, Pisidia 13 views Etenna, Pisidia. Overturned amphora to left. RIC X 84 2. Pearl diadem with jewel at front, draped, wearing earing and necklace being crowned by the hand of God REV:: Empress seated on throne, hands folded across breast, being crowned by the hand of God.

Cross in right field EX:: Eudoxia Victory 13 views Attribution: It depends on the third letter from the mintmark which is not clear from my desktop Wildwinds: Constantine I AE Follis. RIC 76 Antioch Obverse: Antioch mint, 19 mm diam. Divus Pater Traianus 13 views Ae, not based on an actual original coin Obv.: RIC 13 views Denarius, Obv: RIC 37 13 views Denarius, Obv: RIC - 2 13 views Sestertius, Obv: Sold on eBay as replica, Posthumous commemorative of AD. RIC ; Cohen Ex: Varbanov , RPC Vol. Dattari 1 comments shanxi.

Left, holding patera and scepter Romanorvm. Rome, AD, Obv: Faustina Sr Pietas 13 views Silver denarius, Rome mint, weight 2. AR Denarius 19mm, 3. AV Semissis 18mm, 2. Pherai, region of Thessaly - BC. Head of the nymph Hypereia right. Rogers ; SNG Copenhagen Braided, bearded head of Zeus right, border of dots. Fonteius - denarius 13 views Mn.

Denarius 13 views Mn Fonteius C. Rev Zeus enthroned left holding eagle and scepter in left field Demeter facing with two torches,symbol below throne. Lamsacus mint Life time issue,the vast majority of Alexanders drachms are Posthumous,and life time issue are scarce.

Rev owl facing wings closed AOE,on either side an olive branch. Rev incuse of mill sail pattern with thick bands. United States of America: Colonial Currency, New Jersey: Freiburg im Breisgau, 16th cent. Capped bust of Liberty facing left, within a circle of 13 stars, below. Valentinian I unknown Victory Advancing 13 views Mint mark not visible ecoli. Athens New Style Tetradrachm Obv: Head of Athena right, wearing crested Attic helmet Rev: All within wreath AR, Thompson a,b Ex Sothebys London, June 1 comments shanxi.

Rome Mint AD. RPC This type was formerly attributed to Caligula. Antoninianus, Rome mint, sole reign Obverse: Siscia mint , According to Stevenson, this empress met an unfortunate end, as did so many of the rulers from this period. Galerius Follis 13 views Obv: Galerius as Caesar 13 views Obv: Thessalonica, 1 March AD Id: Gallienus, RIC V 1 Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae.

Gallienus, RIC V 1 b.

Gallienus, RIC 13 views Obv: Radiate head right Rev: Gallienus 13 views Antoninianus Obv: Mint of Asia or Antioch. Value mark I to right R: Gallienus roma 13 views Antioch mint, struck AD 4. Liberalitas standing left, holding abacus and cornucopiae laney.

Trebonianus Gallus Tetradrachmai 13 views on the right: Trebonianus Gallus Tetradrachm 1, 2nd Officina, 2nd Consulship. Trebonianus Gallus Tetradrachm 3, 1st Officina. Laureate head of Apollo left Rev.: Bull butting left Mysia, Gambrion; Ref.: Pacification of Gand 13 views Belgium, Brass Medal 17 mm , th anniversary of the pacification of Gand. Unattributed Greek 13 views b D, laureate head facing left. George on horseback, slaying a dragon, in exergue. Great Britain, Victoria, - 13 views Obv: Silver Half Crown 14 grams, German Occupation of Poland: The "B" varieties were issued in , and feature fine, regular K The stamps are similar in appearance to the earlier Hitler Head Issues, the later Hitler Head Issues, and the issues commemorating Hitler's 53d and 54th birthdays.

Rome mint, Struck CE, Roman provincial issue of Markianopolis, Thrace. Geta, - AD 13 views Obv: Billon Limes Denarius, Type struck at Laodicea, ca. Not in Varbanov engl. Hristova Jekov No. Not in Pfeiffer Iulius Antonius Seleucus was legatus Augusti pro praetore governor of the province and supreme commander of the Roman legions. L Z Minted in Alexandria Egypt. Emmett 7 R3. L in left field, Z in right field Milne Emmett 7 R1. Minted in Alexandria L A. Emmett 1 R1. Emmett 6 R1. Minted in Alexandria L B. Emmett Year 2 Rated R5 maridvnvm. Minted in Alexandria L D.

RIC 83; Sear RIC 90; Sear The reverse of this coin is the only dated reverse of the second series minted at Antioch. Ex Helios Numismatik shanxi. Sear 5 dpaul7. S-C, Gordian in military dress stg. Silver Antoninianus, Rome mint, - AD 4. Bust right; radiate; draped; cuirassed.

Nicopolis ad Istrum mint. AE 26 mm, Radiate, draped bust right. Thrace, Hadrianopolis; Moushmov Radiate and cuirassed bust right REV:: Fides standing facing, head right. Demetrious Tetradrachm 13 views mitresh. Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right Rev: F in left field. From cleaner lot, Serbia. Great Britain - 1 Penny - Victoria 13 views Part of a large, mixed world lot I bought on a whim. Arados 13 views AE 15, Phoenicia, Arados, ca. Head of Zeus and his consort? Prow of galley with Athena fighting, holding sword and shield, inscription above and below.

Dark green patina with earthen highlights, about VF. AE monogram to outer left AE unit; struck B. He was notorious for his cruelty and in B. Prancing horse right, [monogram below]. Guernsey - 2 Doubles - 13 views Part of a large, mixed world lot I bought on a whim. Princely States of India, Gwalior: V Parte I Pag.

III var Pag. Taller de Roma Referencias: Alexander Jannaeus - to 36BC 13 views Pb prutah or tessera? Hadrian Denarius 13 views Philoromaos. Hadrian as Caesar 13 views Obv: One of my early acquisitions, this little coin looks like it's been through hell, including a harsh cleaning in the end. It's found a home for now, but needs to be upgraded ickster. For more information please look at the thread 'Mythological interesting coins', coming soon.

Italia denarius 13 views Robert R8. Wilhelm II - Imperial China, Southern Song: Numbers for the year of casting below.


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Imperial China, Wang Mang: No legend To left, bust of Heraclius, bearded, facing. To right, smaller bust of Heraclius Constantine, beardless, facing. Both wear paludamentum and crown with cross. Catania mint DO ; Sear 5. No legend Three figures standing, facing: Heraclius, center; Martina, to right; Heraclius Constantine, to left.

Each wears chlamys and crown with cross, and holds globus cruciger. Martina's crown has a loop on either side of the cross and pendilia descending to her shoulders. Crosses in upper field to left and right. Constantinople mint, first officina Sear unlisted year 7. Large ""; Above, cross; To left, star; To right,. Carthage mint Sear 5. C-HE across field, Marsyas standing right, right hand raised, wineskin over shoulder Rev.: RIC 59b; Sear RIC 58b, C17 shanxi. RIC a, Cohen Herennius Etruscus, Viminacium, CE.

He died in battle with his father. AVG diademed, draped bust right on crescent rev: She probably retained the title of Augusta under Trebonianus Gallus and coins may have been struck for her as late as BMC 32, Moushmov 48 Sosius. Skirmishes and wars between the British and the Bhutanese continued until , when a treaty was signed between the British and the Bhutanese in which the Duars were ceded to British India in return for a rent of 50, Rupees a year.

Head of Herakles right, wearing lion's skin headdress Rev: En el A. Messana - Sicilia - Italia Referencias: Artemis in short chiton standing left beside stag looking up to her, on whose neck she places her r. AR Diobol 11mm, 1. Moesia Superior, Viminacium laney. Constantius AE3 13 views Antonivs Protti. The image of a Saracen's head appeared on their coat of arms. He died in the early s, at which time Johannes succeeded him as kammergraf.

Ratings pertain to the usual variety, in which there are random pellets around the cross. Since the letters R V are so often omitted from the cross side, Toma accepts the crown side as the obverse. This coin, with the letter O privy mark below the crown, was struck at an unidentified mint in per Pohl. This appears to be a variation of the privy mark.